Rural Road Safety Action Plan - Bihar

RURAL ROAD SAFETY ACTION
PLAN
January 2019
RURAL WORKS DEPARTMENT

GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR
Table of Contents
PART A THE 2019 - 2024 ACTION PLAN
Message from the Honourable Minister for Rural Works Department

Executive Summary
1. Introduction
2. Importance of Road Safety for Rural Roads
3. Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar (RSAPRRB)
PART B BACKGROUND AND ISSUES
4. Road Network in Bihar

5. World Bank assistance for Bihar Rural Roads
6. Assessment of Current Road Safety on Rural Roads
7. Recommendations of World Bank and WHO on Road Safety
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Acronyms
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PART A
Message from the Honourable Minister of Rural Works Department, Mr Shailesh

Kumar
Road safety is one of the major area of concern of the last decade. RWD has
now developed the first Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar. It aims
to improve safety and reduce trauma on Bihar’s rural roads. This Road Safety
Action Plan for Rural Roads is a part of our effort to reduce road trauma in Bihar.
Our aim is to become a model state with respect to rural road safety in India.
We will set up a Road Safety Cell, and instigate a dedicated Road Safety Fund for
rural roads. In addition, there will be enhancements to the safe design of rural
roads, plus improved signage and pavement markings. There will be emphasis
on up-gradation of Trauma Care Centres in each district, Public Education and
Awareness programmes targeting schools, local communities and vulnerable
road user groups. Importantly we shall streamline the process of land acquisition
to permit safer road geometry to be developed.
We will continue to work closely with the RCD and other stakeholder
departments within Bihar as well as the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways and the Ministry of Rural Development, on joint road safety initiatives.
By working together, we can make Bihar a “safer driving state” in India and
achieve our goal of a 10% reduction of casualty crashes on rural roads in Bihar
by the end of 2024
Best Wishes,
Shailesh Kumar
Minister, RWD
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Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar (RSAPRRB)
Executive Summary
Globally, road traffic crashes kill an estimated 1.35 million people each year and
seriously injure up to 50 million more. These crashes disproportionately affect
the young, the poor and the vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and
cyclists. India alone accounts for more than ten percent of global road crashes.
Rapid motorization and road development programs are increasing the challenge
for safer road travel for all agencies responsible. Concerted efforts are needed
now to identify and implement positive changes.
The World Bank is assisting the State of Bihar to improve effective management
of rural roads under the Bihar Rural Roads Project (BRRP). The assistance has
two main components:
• Rural Roads Improvement involving civil works; and

• Asset Management and Institutional Effectiveness.
This Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar (RSAP) has been
developed under this project. The Action Plan sets a goal of steadily decreasing
the crash rate on rural roads in this state, and thereby reducing the burden that
road trauma is placing on the Government and people of Bihar.
The Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar is focussed on rural roads constructed,
or to be developed, under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY).
Numerous local officials, people and Police were consulted in the preparation of
the Plan. From these discussions there are a number of key challenges and
issues that face stakeholders as they endeavour to reduce this trauma:
An absence of accurate crash records on rural roads makes it difficult to identify

hazardous locations or specific crash types that warrant attention. It is not
possible to be sure of the full extent of the problem but local people confirm
community concerns that many crashes occur on rural roads. The professionals
responsible for designing, constructing and managing the rural roads have
embraced an immense task with skill and enthusiasm. However, and
understandably, they have focussed on the physical aspects of each road in the
rural road programs (PMGSY and MMGSY) setting aside the road safety aspect.
The RWD officers and Consultants (who prepare the DPR’s) require assistance
and training for raising their awareness and capability in addressing issues of
safety.
• The documents that have guided the RWD and others during the critical
years at the beginning of the rural road programs have ignored road safety.
For example, the Rural Roads Manual prepared by the Indian Roads
Congress has no chapter on road safety. In short, road safety engineering in
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RWD and other agencies and organisations in Bihar is a fledgling topic that is
in need of substantial and rapid development.
• Additionally, there is no process for the NRRDA to acquire land for the
purpose of improving the geometry of rural roads where necessary. Bihar,
unlike some other states, does not make any provision for acquiring extra
land, resulting in existing hazardous road alignments not being improved.
• Enforcement of road rules on rural roads is infrequent and, when coupled
with a general lack of community awareness of basic road safety issues, this
results in countless unsafe activities taking place on rural roads across Bihar.
The most obvious one is the lack of helmet wearing by motorcyclists, but
others may be related to drink driving and occasionally inappropriate
speeding through villages. When a crash does occur, the distance/time
involved in accessing good trauma and post-crash emergency care can
sometimes seriously worsen the outcomes.
These key challenges will not be reduced or eliminated in isolation or by simply

expecting one group or organisation to be solely responsible. The internationally
recognised way to begin to successfully reduce road trauma is to prepare an
Action Plan that can serve as a “road map” for the Government departments,
NGO’s and community groups and other stakeholders who will need to work
together on this problem.
The UN Decade of Action for Road Safety recommends that national and state
action plans be based on five pillars:
1. Road Safety Management
2. Safer Roads.
3. Safer Vehicles.
4. Safer Road Users
5. Post-Crash Response
This model is widely used around the world and it is considered to be the best
model to follow in the development of the first Road Safety Action Plan for Rural
Roads in Bihar. Accordingly, the Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar
has been prepared around these five Pillars. The Action Plan is outlined below.
Pillar 1: Improved safety management (Institutional and Capacity

Building)
• Establish a Road Safety Cell in RWD.
• Create a dedicated Road Safety Fund for Rural Roads.
• Set up the mechanism for Land Acquisition.
• Build institutional and management capacity in each department and local
bodies.
• Organize an Annual Road Safety Summit.
• System for proactive police role.
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• Establish database by obtaining the details from Local Police Thana, the
injured/casualty in road accidents.This should be updated on quarterly basis.
Pillar 2: Safer Roads

• Ensure that Road Safety engineering measures embedded within road
infrastructure projects.
• Implementing road safety audit during design and construction of new roads
and Road Safety Inspection of existing roads in operation stages.
• Develop a program to reduce hazardous road locations on rural roads
• Undertake a critical review of existing documents/ data book/ circulars and

modify, if required, to effectively address safety issues on rural roads
• Identify a model demonstration project for Road Safety on Rural Roads.
• Removal of potentially hazardous locations identified in these safety audits.
• Improve road safety at road work sites on rural roads in Bihar
Pillar 3: Safer Vehicles

• Safety features such as reflective tape on the back of the most common
vehicles on rural roads (bicycles, Tractors, and Trucks)
4: Safer Road Users

• Road safety education (with the support of NGOs) for the local community
and school children for safer road use.
• Increased helmet wearing by motorcyclists.
• Awareness campaigns through media (both digital and print)
5: Emergency Response & Care

• Establish a system of quick response time for crashes on rural roads
Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary level hospitals so that
crash victims are taken to the most appropriate one in a properly
equipped ambulance.
• First Aid training to Mukhiya and two local volunteers
1. Introduction
This Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar has been developed in
recognition that road safety on rural roads in Bihar requires attention and that
there is need for having an action plan to deal with this crucial aspect of rural
road development in the State.
In the absence of reliable data base for crashes on rural roads and any scientific
analysis of main causative factors, gaps, issues and needs were identified based
on site visits of some representative rural roads, interactions with local habitants
and police, desk study of documents, notifications, circulars issued by NRRDA,
Bihar Government, some project reports and discussions with State officers.
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The issue of road safety on rural roads in Bihar is in a very nascent stage; this
Action Plan has been evolved keeping in mind the constraints, challenges and
limitations. The prime objective of this Action Plan is to provide a road map for
bringing about reduction and gradual elimination of road crashes on rural roads.
2. Importance of Road Safety for Rural Roads
2.1 Road safety is an issue of global and national concern due to its
magnitude, gravity and the negative impact it has on the economy, public
health and the general welfare of people and families.
2.2 Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs), Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) and road
fatalities have been increasing in India over the last two decades mainly due to
the massive expansion of the road Other main reasons are that these
expanding road networks are not being safely designed and operated. RTCs and
RTIs have now emerged as a major public health concern. RTCs are not only a
leading cause of death, but also lead to disabilities and hospitalizations imposing
severe socio-economic costs.
3. Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar (RSAP)
3.1 The type of traffic in rural roads is quite different from other higher
categories of roads. The most common and essential trips to be made by
villagers in Bihar are from their home to fields, schools, colleges, for work
and hospital in case of medical needs. Walking, bicycle, two wheeler and
sometimes tractor (with and without a trolley) are commonly used modes of
travel for these types of trips on rural roads.
3.2 In the absence of any reliable data on crashes, it is not easy to identify
the main causative factors. It needs to be recognised that crashes are
predictable and preventable. Two basic approaches to be adopted are prevention
and reduction. Prevention through better and effective institutional mechanism
and undertaking road safety audit and reduction through building safe rural
roads which are forgiving and having self-explaining alignment with the
provision of safety measures.
The overall goal for this Action Plan is for Bihar to achieve a 10 per cent
reduction in the number of road crash deaths and injuries on Bihar Rural Roads
during the life of this five year Action Plan.
The Action Plan is based on the five pillars, as advised by UN in its Decade of
Action for Road Safety:
Pillar 1: Road Safety Management
Pillar 2: Safer Roads
Pillar 3: Safer Vehicles
Pillar 4: Safer Road Users
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Pillar 5: Post-Crash Response
3.3 Pillar 1: Road Safety Management
3.3.1 Institutional Arrangement
In this Pillar, it is recommended that the following actions are the most
important to be undertaken during this first Action Plan. They are essential for
setting the spirit of co-operation and consultation between government agencies
and they are essential to develop working structures that can continue the road
safety work from this initial Action Plan into subsequent Plans well into the
future.
a) Set up a Rural Road Safety Cell within Rural Works Department-

Government of Bihar, Transport Department vide its notification no 1885
dated 19th. April 2017 prescribes setting up of a Road Safety Cell. This
notification would be supported by the Action Plan.
b) Create a dedicated fund for use on by the Road Safety Cell-

Transport Department, Bihar vide the notification no. 3/ Pra/ Sadak
Surksha Nidhi – 14/2016, 1625 dated 30.03.2017 has established the
(dedicated) Road Safety Fund. Rural roads constitute around 87% of the
total road network in the State. Considering the proportion of rural
roads and needs for safety, a provision of , at least 30% of the State Road
Safety Fund would be made for rural roads safety is requested.
c) Establish a sustainable training programme for Capacity Building-
RWD/ BRRDA shall evolve a well-structured road safety training
programme for the building of capacity and capability of all their
officers, staff and other professionals involved in design, construction,
operation and maintenance of rural roads.
d) System for a structured public consultation of the design proposal
for each project-
The process of public consultation should normally include presentations/
discussions on proposed alignment, land issues, safety features and
needs, likely benefits, safe usage of the road, with local community
(village Sarpanch/ Mukhiya, Panchayat etc), local police personnel,
schools if located, The feedback from such consultations should be duly
taken into consideration in finalisation of DPR.
e) Provision for land acquisition for safer road design-
To provide safe alignment and removal of blind turns the State would
make provisions for some acquisition of land at critical locations. Suitable
cash compensation package would be created for various rural road
schemes which would hasten the implementation process.
f) The system for a more proactive role for local police on Rural
Roads-
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Maintain data collection of minor/serious/fatal crashes occurring on rural
roads. It shall provide help/assistance whenever requested for the
removal of encroachments.
Local police shall work to raise the awareness amongst the local
community about traffic signs installed for their own safety and about
the punishments for people caught stealing traffic signs.
g) Organize Annual Road Safety Summit-
Talks and presentations by national and international experts on Road
Safety.
Awards and recognitions to the best road safety projects and to Engineers
who have done commendable job of Road Safety in their projects.
3.4 Pillar 2: Safer Roads
Holistic Approach towards Road Safety would be adopted to make this as

most significant Pillar for making substantial and visible change during the
life of this Action Plan.:
Road Safety Action Plan has been basically divided into three heads
I. Short Term Action Plan

II. Mid Term Action Plan
III. Long Term Action Plan
Short Term Action Plan:
Following aspects will form a part of Short Term Action Plan
• Establishing the warrant and based there upon identification of black spots
on rural roads in the State, establishing of timeline for their removal and
adhering to the established time line
• STA’s and PTA’s shall ensure that all DPR’s include necessary road safety
measures such as proper shoulders, correct traffic signs and pavement
markings, passing places, speed management measures (rumble strips),
bus bays (if needed), delineators, hazard markers, W beam metal crash
barriers, studs/ cats eye. They should also ensure that appropriate site
specific safety measures are provided in DPRs, in cases where there is no
possibility for improvement of sharp/ blind turns.
• Develop and implementation of a well-structured training programme on
road safety on rural roads for RWD officers, consultants and other
professionals.
• Road Safety awareness and knowledge will be created amongst the
population through education, training and publicity campaigns. Road
Safety education will also focus on school children and college going
students.
• Development/ Construction of new road would not commence without
proper prior Road Safety Audit (RSA). All the Road Safety components
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should be strictly adhered and included in the estimate. Road Safety
Inspection (RSI) of existing road would be established practice.
• Provide safer road work sites at rural road. Attention will be given for
improving the conspicuity and warnings of all road work sites in rural
roads
Medium Term Action Plan:
Following checkpoints will be a part of Medium Term Policy
• The Government will establish a Road Accident Data Management System

within Police Dept. with the help of Health Department to collect, store,
analyse and disseminate the data which will aid in implementation road
safety measures.
• Continue training of all the Engineers related to Road Developing agency
on Road Safety Audits and other provisions pertaining to Road Safety.
RWD officers would also be trained to identify potentially hazardous
locations.
• Develop a demonstration corridor project that incorporates good road

safety practice along rural roads. A demonstration project, would be taken
up covering one, two or three rural roads and combining engineering
enhancements with Police enforcement (helmet wearing) and public
awareness.
• Strengthening the system of driver licensing and training to improve the
competence of driver by transport department
Long Term Action Policy:
Following aspects will form a part of Long Term Action Plan
• Road Safety Audits (RSA) to be done for New and under construction
roads and Road Safety Inspection (RSI) done, of already Constructed
Roads and recommendations of Auditors/ Consultant shall be strictly
followed
• Organizational Improvement to be done keeping in view importance of
Road Safety. Adequate number of Signage and informatory board to be
used where ever required
• Safe movement and crossing facilities would be planned, designed and
provided especially for vulnerable road users (VRUs), on road stretches
passing through dense population, habitations, villages nearby, schools,
built up areas Such measures may include proper and well maintained
shoulders, signs, markings, rumble strips, speed table. These can also be
used by physically handicapped people.
• All the Employing Institute within the vicinity of Road should be made
aware of Road Safety Rules and Regulations by organizing Training
Programs and Work shop.
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3.5 Pillar 3: Safer Vehicles
While safer vehicles are a notable objective for rural roads, it is recognised that
there are a wide variety of vehicles using these roads and that, in general, most
travel short distances and at modest speeds. Accordingly, the first Action Plan
would focus on making each vehicle more conspicuous in order to minimise
collisions especially at night.
a) The State shall enforce the provisions of Sections 128 and 129 of the
Motor Vehicles Act 1989 and Bihar Transport Department notification no
06 CMT vividh – 03/ 2013 Parivahan 5148 dated 24/8/2016 on the safe
movement of vehicles on rural roads. The most common vehicles on
rural roads are motorcycles, cycles, tractors with and without trolleys and
occasional cars and trucks.
b) Safety Features for most commonly plying vehicles on rural roads
(i) Bicycles
All new cycles to be sold in Bihar shall have following safety features:
• Red reflector on back wheel mudguard such that it does not
hit the ground when cycle falls over
• Red reflector in spokes of front and back wheels
• Amber reflectors on front and back of pedals
• Ringing bells fitted
Cycles already sold and in use shall be fitted with above safety features
at the cost to be borne by the State and the responsibility of fitting
them entrusted to the local Panchayat.
Local police shall undertake periodical checking campaign for
enforcement.
(ii) Motor Cycles
enforcement of compulsory wearing of helmets by driver and pillion
riders of motor cycles/ scooters.
(iv) Tractor and Tractor Trolley
All new tractors to be sold, shall have tail lights and fluorescent
orange equilateral triangle with red reflective border, fitted on the
rear side of the tractor seat and left and right rear side of the
trolley.
Tractors already sold shall be fitted with above safety features with
funding from State distributed through local Panchayat.
enforcement.
(v) Trucks
Conspicuity of trucks shall be increased by enforcing the provisions
of Transport Department notification no 5148 dated 24.08.2016
3.6 Pillar 4: Safer Road Users
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Individuals must be alerted to the risks they and their families encounter on
rural roads in Bihar. It appears that too many people who live along and who
use these rural roads are unaware of many of the risks they face. Increased
public awareness of the risks and therefore an improved understanding of how
they can minimise their risk should be a key activity under this Pillar.
a) Rural Roads directly impact local community. The State shall make efforts
to seek more involvement from the local community in raising awareness
about road safety.
b) The awareness campaign shall focus on the advantages and benefits to

local people on keeping the roads clear of encroachments and animals for
the speedy and un-interrupted passage of emergency vehicles such as
Ambulances, fire brigade and Police vehicles.
c) Engagement with Schools for safety awareness amongst school children

from the local area and imparting tips for safe travel to and from school.
d) Encourage the involvement of NGOs for campaigns and regular interaction

with local communities on safe use of rural roads.
3.7 Pillar 5: Post Crash Response
Once a crash occurs, it is essential for the victims to receive high quality urgent
medical treatment. On rural roads, ambulances are often too far away (in either
distance or time) and other vehicles may not be available to transport the
victim(s) to a suitable clinic or hospital. Reducing the consequences of crashes is
a notable and worthwhile activity.
a) Establish a system of quick response time for providing assistance for

crashes on rural roads
b) Awareness for the local people about the available phone numbers to call
in case of a serious and/or fatal crash and other emergency situations.
c) Training for Mukhiya and two other volunteers, (who could be the first to
arrive at the crash site), about CPR and other first aid related techniques.
d) Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary level hospitals that crash
victims are taken to in properly equipped ambulances.
e) The Thana should investigate the actual cause of accident whether it is
due to the faulty road or due to the fault of affected person.The aggrieved family
should be accordingly compensated by Road Safety Fund.
3.8 The Rural Road Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar
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The following matrix summarises the essential activities and tasks recommended
for the first Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar 2019 - 2024. This
Plan shall be resourced adequately and that activities begin at an early date.
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ROAD SAFETY ACTION PLAN FOR RURAL ROADS IN BIHAR
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY PROGRESS
OBJECTIVE MAJOR ACTIVITIES TASKS TIME BUDGET
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(a) Establish a Road 1. Prepare an appropriate RWD A structure for the Year $
Safety Cell (RSC) within structure for the Cell (a RS Cell is 1
RWD suggestion is offered in prepared and
Appendix 1) approved.
2. Identify appropriately Effective training Years $

experienced engineers to held for officers
support this program. (The on a regular basis 1-5
Improved safety management
suggestive strength is given in to develop skills

Appendix 1) and experience.
3. Offer positive work incentives A RS Cell is Years $$

to ensure that good and established and is
dedicated staff fill the RS Cell functioning 1-5
positions. efficiently.
4. Provide opportunities for The RS Cell is Years $$

personal and technical being recognised
development for Road Safety as a centre of 1-5
Cell officers. road safety
expertise.
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(b) Establish a Rural 1. Work in co-operation with the RWD A 30% share of Year $
Road Safety Fund (RSF) Transport Department to the Road Safety 1
for use with road safety arrange a 30% share from the Fund is to be
initiatives for rural roads notified and collected Road obtained and is
Safety Fund of the State being used for
effective road
2. Empower RSC to develop safety programs
programs to use this Fund. on rural roads.
(c) Capacity building in 1. Capacity building for RWD RWD High quality Years $$
road safety for Engineers and Bureaucrats training
professionals involved in workshops 1-5
rural roads established. RWD
engineers &
officers trained.
2. Capacity building for All Consultants Years $$

Consultants, contractors engaged in rural
engaged in Rural Roads, roads trained. 1-5
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
$$
3. Capacity building for STA’s 25% of other Years

and PTA’s professionals
trained annually. 1-5
4. Capacity building for Officers 25% of other Years $$

of local police, Transport professionals
Department trained annually. 1-5
5. Capacity building for 25% of other Years $$

personnel of local bodies professionals
trained annually. 1-5
6. Suggestive areas of trainings,

schedule and to make these
effective, is given in Appendix 3.
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OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(d) Permit land 1. Legislative provisions for RWD Necessary Year $$$
acquisition where need based acquisition of land notifications/ 2
needed for safer road orders from Govt.
design issued
2. Provision for suitable cash Land acquisition Year $$$

compensation for various rural underway
road schemes as/where 2-5
essential
(e) Enhanced working 1. Gain improved information RWD in Data collection Years $
relationship between about the number, type and coordination and crash record
RWD engineers and location of road crashes on the with Local keeping required 1-5
Police. rural road network. bodies & to be established.
Police.
2. Regular meetings between Regular meetings Years $

senior Police and RS Cell officers held
to review crash data collection, 1-5
storage and analysis
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
3.Improved amount and Increased amount Years $

accuracy of minor/serious/fatal and accuracy of
crashes occurring on rural roads crash data for 2-5
rural roads.
4. Police to assist local Reduced Years $

Engineering staff for the encroachment of
removal of encroachments on rural roads. 2-5
rural roads
5. Identify the need and Number of traffic Years $

locations for specific speed calming
management treatments 3-5
installed.
6. Local police to raise the Increased Years $

awareness amongst local knowledge of
community about traffic signs signs by villagers 2-5
(f) Hold an annual Road 1. Provide a system of awards RWD Awards instituted Years $$
Safety Summit for Rural and recognitions to the best and presented on
Roads road safety projects for rural an annual basis 1-5
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
roads
2. Provide awards and Awards instituted

recognition to Engineers and and presented on
Consultants for commendable an annual basis
work in road safety on rural
roads
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(a) Develop a program Identification of hazardous RWD Initial program Year $

to reduce hazardous locations on rural roads. established. 2
road locations on rural
roads Development of technically Suitable Year $
suitable treatments. treatments agreed 2
Approval of treatments and At least 20 sites Year $$$

funding. reported and 2
funding approved
in Year 2
Implement Identification and Years $$$

treatment of sites
increasing in 2-5
subsequent years
Safer roads
(b) STA’s and PTA’s to Prepare a checklist for use by RWD Improved quality Year $
ensure DPR’s include STA’s and PTA’s in their of road safety 1
necessary road safety assessment of DPR’s. STA’s and measures in DPR’s
measures. PTA’s
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(c) Introduce the road Develop a policy for road safety RWD Road safety audit Year $
safety audit process into audit that includes the policy developed 2
the RWD road design requirement for all DPR’s to be
process audited.
Undertake audits of at least 10 Successful Years $

DPRs in Year 1. Increase this completion of 10
number annually in subsequent audits in Year 1, 2-5
years. and increased
numbers in
following years
Engage an experienced Consultant Year $$

Consultant to assist the RS Cell engaged and 2
in this activity in Year 1. effectively
assisting the RS
Cell
Train RS Cell officers in the road Training for RWD Years $$

safety audit process. (A training engineers in the
schedule is suggested in audit process 2-5
Appendix 3)
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OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(d) Develop a Identify a list of suitable rural RWD in List of potential Year $
demonstration corridor roads for inclusion in a multi- coordination roads prepared. 2
project that incorporates disciplinary demonstration with Local
good road safety project. Police
practice along rural
roads Engage an experienced Consultant Years $$
Consultant to work with RWD engaged. Project
and Police to design and reports prepared 2-3
implement the demonstration and approved.
project.
Include public Numbers of Years $

consultation/awareness in each. villagers involved.
2-3
Design, obtain funding for, and Number of Year $$$

implement demonstration demonstration 3
project. projects
implemented
(e) Undertake a critical 1. RSC to engage a competent RWD DPRs include all Years $
review of existing Expert for critical review of all safety features
documents/ data book/ existing documents/ data book/ 1-5
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
circulars and modify, if circulars for modifications, to

required, to effectively effectively address safety issues
address safety issues on on rural roads of Bihar
rural roads.
2. Ensure that all traffic signs Regular Years $

with retro reflective sheeting, compliance checks
are correctly identified, showed indicate increased 1-5
in alignment plan and edge lines use of correct
with thermoplastic paints are retro-reflective
included in DPR and provided signs on rural
roads.
(f) Provide safer road Preparation of a short and RWD Better safety Years $$
work sites at rural roads practical Field Guide to be used practices are
by supervisors and contractors more common at 1-5
at road work sites. Field training rural road work
for engineers and supervisors, sites.
as well as contractor staff.
(g) Maintenance of rural Engineer in charge to RWD Improved Years $

understand the Contract to maintenance so
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LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
roads ensure good road safety that signs and 1-5

performance by Contractor. markings are
clearly visible at
all times.
Develop a system of penalties Penalty system Year $

for non-compliance. developed. 1
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AGENCY/ KEY
OBJECTIVE MAJOR ACTIVITIES TASKS PROGRESS TIME BUDGET
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(a) The State shall 1. Introduce legislation requiring RWD Legislation Years $
make legislation to all vehicles used on rural roads to prepared and
categorise the safe be conspicuous at night. in introduced. 2-5
movement of vehicles coordination
with Police
Safer vehicles
on rural roads. The

most common vehicles 2. Publicise the new legislation Legislation Years $
on rural roads are and promote the need for publicised
compliance through villages. through 2-5
motorcycles, cycles,
tractor with and normal
without trolley and channels.
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LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
occasional cars and 3. Police to undertake Increased Years $

trucks. enforcement of provisions of the owner
Motor Vehicle Act and Transport compliance 2-5
Department Notification (06 CMT with the new
vividh March 2013 Parivahan vehicle
5148 dated 24th August 2016) in regulations.
conjunction with periodic
enforcement of the road rules,
particularly helmet wearing.
(b) Improved 1. All new bicycles sold in Bihar RWD in All newly sold Years $
conspicuity of shall be fitted with a red reflector coordination bicycles
bicyclists, hand carts on the rear mudguard, red with comply with 2-5
and bullock carts. reflectors in spokes of both Transport the new
wheels, amber reflectors on the Department requirements
front and rear of each pedal, and
an operating bell.
2. Existing bicycles shall be fitted Increasing Years $$

with the above safety features. numbers of
The cost shall be borne by the bicycles that 2-5
State and the responsibility of comply with
26 | P a g e
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
fitting them entrusted to the local the new

Panchayat. requirements
(c) More conspicuous 1. Local police to undertake Police Regular Years $

motorcycles periodical enforcement of enforcement
Local bodies 2-5
provisions of the MVA begins to
take effect Years $
2. Head light and tail lights of on rural
motorcycles shall be in working roads 2-5
order.
Increasing Years $
3. Reflective tape shall be fixed numbers of
as prescribed in Notification no. 2-5
motorcycles
5148, dated 24.08. 2016 that comply
with the new
requirements
27 | P a g e
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
Increasing
numbers of
motorcycles
that comply
with the new
requirements
(d) More conspicuous All new tractors sold in Bihar Transport All newly Years $
tractors shall have tail lights and a sold tractors
Department 2-5
fluorescent orange triangle with complying
red reflective border, fitted on Panchayat with the new
the rear side of the tractor seat requirements
and left and right rear side of
the trolley in compliance with in
Notification no. 5148, dated
24.08. 2016 Increasing
Years $$
numbers of
Existing tractors shall be fitted tractors 2-5
with the above safety features complying
with funding from the Road with the new
Safety Fund, through the local requirements
Panchayat.
28 | P a g e
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(e) More conspicuous Conspicuity of trucks shall be Transport Increasing Years $

trucks increased by enforcing the numbers of
provisions of Transport Department trucks 2-5
Department notification no 5148 Panchayat complying with
dated 24.08.2016 the new
requirements
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(a) Involve Local 1. Promote participation of RWD with the Interview Year 2 $$
road users
Community in rural people and Village support of people

Awareness Raising on Panchayats in defining local State regarding their
Safer
safe use of rural roads road safety issues and develop information & understanding
partnerships to address them. Publicity
29 | P a g e
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
2. Provide training and Department People Years $$

guidance for local village changing their
Panchayat on best practices in behaviours and 2-5
application of road safety attitudes
countermeasures.
3. Prepare Videos in Local Reduced Years $$

Language number of
accidents 2-5
(b) Awareness against 1. Educating people about the RWD to Less storage of Years
using roads as consequences of road support Local materials on
backyards accidents to people and Police. rural roads. 2-5
animals due to encroachments
and restrictions caused for
speedy and unhindered
movement of emergency
vehicles such as ambulances,
fire brigade etc.
2. Local Engineers involving Successful Years $$

local Police to educate, meetings
conducted for
30 | P a g e
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
communicate and enforce panchayat 2-5

members and
rural leaders
(c) Engage local 1.Prepare education videos RWD through Fewer reported Years $$
schools to provide road aimed at school age children Education crashes
safety awareness as pedestrians, bicyclists and Department involving 2-5
lessons for school motorcyclists school aged
children children
2. Prepare curriculum Fewer reported Years $$

materials crashes
involving 2-3
school aged
children
3. Train teachers on Fewer reported Years $$

importance of Road safety crashes
involving 2-3
school aged
children
31 | P a g e
LEAD
AGENCY/ KEY
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(d) More focused and 1. Capacity building for Traffic RWD through Increased Year 2 $$$
targeted law Police to enhance their ability Local Police helmet
enforcement directed to enforce the road rules on wearing levels
at key areas – helmet rural roads on rural roads
wearing, drink driving,
and speeding
(e) Promote 1. Display the emergency RWD with the Records of Years $
awareness of an number(s) at entrance to each support of villagers
emergency phone village. Transport calling the 2-5
numbers amongst Department right numbers
those who use rural during training
roads. exercise.
2. Make people aware about Documents Years $

importance of calling these showing the
numbers in case of emergency villagers 2-5
calling the
right numbers
during training
exercise.
32 | P a g e
LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
(a) Establish a system of Strengthening the existing Health Increased Years $$$
reduced response times system of ambulance availability Department number of crash
to attend to the victims to crash victims on rural roads. victims reaching 2-5
of crashes on rural suitable medical
roads. treatment within
the “Golden Hour”
Improve understanding by local Increased Years $$$

Post-crash care
people of how to make urgent number of crash

contact with the ambulance victims reaching 2-5
system. suitable medical
treatment within
Identification of primary, Increased Years $$$

secondary and tertiary hospitals number of crash
near villages. victims reaching 2-5
suitable medical
treatment within
(b) Training on first aid 1. Organize annual training Health Hospital records Year $$
to Mukhiya and showing that the
33 | P a g e
LEAD
OTHER INDICATORS
AGENCIES
volunteers. workshops. Department Mukhiya and 3

trained villagers
giving first aid to
the victims before
bringing them to
the hospitals.
2. Engage NGO’s to coordinate Training provided. Year $$

the training. 3
3. Engage paramedics to train Mukhiyas trained. Year $$

the Mukhiya and other villagers. 3
4. Distribute videos and Pamphlets and Year $$

pamphlets during the training. videos prepared 3
and distributed.
34 | P a g e
PART B BACKGROUND AND ISSUES
4. Road Network in Bihar
4.1 The road network in Bihar is of 147,204 km length which comprises,

4,594 km (3%) of National Highways (NHs), 14,887 km (10%) of State
Highways (SHs) and Major District Roads (MDRs) and 127,723 km
(87%) of Rural Roads (RRs). NHs, SHs and MDRs are under Road
Construction Department (RCD) and RRs are under Rural Works
Department (RWD).
4.2 Currently Rural Works Department (RWD) is responsible for building and
maintaining the rural roads in the State of Bihar, which constitute
about 90% of the total road network in Bihar and remaining10% of the
roads are built and maintained by Road Construction Department
(RCD). Bihar Rural Roads Development Agency (BRRDA) is a State
Government Undertaking under Rural Works Department in-charge of
building rural roads in Bihar.
4.3 Rural Road Connectivity is a key component of rural development by

promoting access to economic and social services and thereby generating
increased agricultural incomes and productive employment
opportunities. Notwithstanding the efforts made at the State and
Central levels, through different programmes about 40% of the
habitations in the country are still not connected by all-weather roads. It
is well known that even where connectivity has been provided, the
roads constructed are of such quality (due to poor construction or
maintenance) that they cannot always be categorised as all-weather
roads.
4.4 The Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY) in the year 2000 to provide “all-weather” access to
unconnected habitations. PMGSY is a 100% Centrally Sponsored
Scheme. 50% of the Cess on High Speed Diesel (HSD) is earmarked for
this Programme. The primary objective of the PMGSY was to provide
connectivity to the habitation having the population of more than 1000 in
its first phase and later the connectivity to habitations having
population between 500 to 999.
4.5 Bihar State Government launched the scheme of Mukhya Mantri Gram
Sadak Yojna (MMGSY) in the year 2006 to provide simultaneous
connectivity to habitations with population between 500 to 999 and to
those not covered under PMGSY. Then, in the year 2013, the State
launched Mukhya Mantri Gram Sampark Yojna, to provide all weather road
connectivity to habitations with population between 250 to 499. MMGSY is
35 | P a g e
a highly ambitious scheme and the target is to cover 32,199 villages
and habitats with over 250 populations in 27 districts. In 11 districts
identified under the centrally-sponsored Integrated Action Plan exclusively
for the Maoist-affected districts, 8,658 villages linked with all- weather
roads
4.6 Another programme was launched, namely Gramin Tola Sampark

Nishchaya Yojna (GTSYN) to connect habitation below 250
population and ‘other’ roads for connecting habitations which have
been connected under other schemes and programme.
4.7 Bihar has already provided road access to 51 percent of its habitations,
leaving a balance of 49 percent. About 60 percent of the existing
rural road network is unpaved and is in poor condition. The network has
been developed mainly through improvements of existing tracks in
bits and pieces and has several deficiencies such as missing linkages,
dilapidated or absent bridges, inadequate geometry, poor drainage,
weak pavements, and missing road safety measures. The network has
also suffered severe damage due to floods, lack of maintenance,
inadequate quality of initial construction, and overloading in some parts of
the state.
4.8 Such a massive programme of rural roads development in the State
requires funding source(s), besides Bihar Budgetary sources and
funding from Government of India. It would also require capacity and
capability in implementation by agencies, consultants and the
construction industry, especially in areas of construction management
practices and the adoption of modern technologies. Other main areas
requiring attention are rural road safety, development of road designs
which use local construction material, are environmentally optimised and
sustainable. The objective of these developments of rural road is to give
impetus to economic development for rural people, improvement in rural
productivity, generate employment, timely medical attention, and increase
in literacy and reduction of poverty.
5. World Bank Assistance to Bihar
5.1 The World Bank is assisting the State of Bihar to meet its goal of
improving road connectivity and management of rural roads by
building all-weather roads in rural areas, under the Bihar Rural Roads
Project. This assistance covers 70% of the total project cost; balance to
be provided by Government of Bihar as counterpart funding. The
Project will help to improve and effectively manage the state's rural
road network. It will support the construction of about 2,500 km of
rural roads under the Mukhya Mantri Gram Sampark Yojana (MMGSY).
36 | P a g e
The roads will be constructed using cost-effective designs and will
incorporate engineering measures that ensure road safety.
5.2 This project has two main components:

Component 1 - Rural Roads Improvement: This comprises, civil works
for about 2,500 km of rural roads with safety engineering measures,
support for design, implementation and management, retrofitting road
safety, climate resilient measures on existing rural road network and
pilots on innovative bridge construction;
Component 2 – Asset Management and Institutional Effectiveness: This
includes support for Road Sector Modernisation Plan (RSMP) prepared by
RWD, Asset Management, institutional Effectiveness and Rural Road
Safety Management.
5.3 Road Safety Management envisages updating and improving this Road
Safety Action Plan as well as supporting its implementation through the
preparation of schemes for retrofitting road safety measures in the
existing rural roads network. It also includes capacity building of staff of
RWD and other agencies on road safety, work zone safety and road safety
audits. Awareness programs for local governments, communities and
others on safe use of rural roads will also be a part of this component.
In terms of details, this part of component envisages support for preparation of

Rural Road Safety Action Plan (similar to the one prepared for SHs and MDRs in
2014 with World Bank support).
Its implementation shall be through following key activities:
(a) Training RWD engineers in road safety engineering with focus on

undertaking short- term road safety assessments to identify road
safety related issues during design and construction.
(b) Designing suitable road safety measures in consultation with local
communities.
(c) Retrofitting road safety in existing network to address road safety
related issues in normal construction and maintenance programs
of RWD.
(d) Undertaking road safety audit of priority new roads in their design
and . road safety inspections of existing roads.
(e) Creating awareness programs for road safety for local communities
and students.
(f) Creating awareness programs for contractor’s staff for safety during
construction.
(g) Development of road safety modules in Asset Management System
(AMS).
37 | P a g e
(h) Pilot programs on IT based applications for collecting data on road
crashes and awareness programs for drivers training.
(i) Training and capacity building of local police and transport
departments about road safety management on rural roads.
6. Issues and Challenges for Road Safety in Bihar
6. 1 Issues:
i. The maintenance of reliable crash data for rural roads, on number
of crashes, injuries and fatalities.
ii. No provision and practice of land acquisition for rural roads thus
compromising on safe alignment towards improved road safety.
iii. Concern from road safety by policy makers, professionals and
general public.
iv. Infrastructural deficiencies for safer travel.
v. Understanding among agencies regarding black spots locations,
identifications and rectification.
vi. Utilisation of funds for road safety improvements and strategies.
vii. Adequately equipped Trauma Care Centres to treat crash victims.
viii. Proper and correct system for traffic signs and pavement markings.
ix. Enforcement regulations for police personnel with training and
equipment to track offenders and speeding vehicles.
x. Coordinated efforts on road safety amongst all stakeholder
agencies.
xi. Dedicated unit (Road Safety Cell) and Road Safety Fund for rural
roads to undertake timely Road Safety measures.
6. 2 Challenges:
i. Creating commitment amongst stakeholders (Policy/ Decision
Makers, Professionals/ Officers in Government, Consultants, STAs,
Contractors, Villagers, Road Users, Police, and Health on criticality
of road safety on rural roads.
ii. Treating road safety on rural roads as a public health problem.
iii. Setting up effective and proactive institutional mechanism. For each
district, Head of the DPIU or a senior engineer to act as the District
Rural Road Safety Officer (DRRSO).
iv. Road Safety Audit of design, construction of new roads and Road
Safety Inspection of existing roads and implementation of their
findings and recommendations.
v. Effective implementation in a time bound manner of Road Safety
Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar .
vi. Capacity and capability building for all Managers and Engineers of
RWD, BRRDA, STAs. PTAs, Consultants and Contractors for Road
Safety Engineering Design, Construction and Maintenance.
38 | P a g e
vii. Capacity and building of RWD Engineers for identification of
potentially hazardous situations/ locations on newly designed roads
and on existing roads
viii. Training and providing the police officers with tools for effective
enforcement performance and data collection.
ix. Creation of a system, (including ambulances, paramedics and tie up
with primary, secondary and tertiary hospitals) to respond to the
crash location in a timely manner and to shift the victims to the
hospital (within ‘golden hour).
x. Making sure that safety engineering measures are integral to road
design and Road Safety Audits are mandatory during Planning,
Design, Construction and Operation phases. To start with RSA at
design stage.
xi. Creating a reliable crash Database for rural roads
6.3 Causes for Rural Road Crashes
Rural road crashes accounted for 56% of total road crashes in Bihar during
2015. In the absence of any crash database, it is quite difficult to identify
negative factors for crashes on rural roads. All the same, a broad indication
provides for the following possible causative factors:
i. Approach of not acquiring any land resulting into poor alignment, sharp
blind turns and insufficient sight distance
ii. Abrupt changes in rural road alignment
iii. Poorly designed intersections
iv. Insufficient shoulder width
v. Shoulder drops (road edge drop-offs)
vi. Narrow culverts and bridges
vii. Absence of traffic signs with retro reflective sheeting and edge lines with
thermoplastic paint thereby increasing hazards especially during night
times and inclement weather.
viii. Lack of super-elevation
ix. Vegetation / tree branches obstructing vision
x. Over loading of passenger vehicles and poor vehicle condition
xi. Cattle and animals crossing roads, especially during nights
xii. Overtaking whenever carriageway is blocked by slow moving tractors,
animal driven vehicles / herds of cattle.
xiii. Pooling of water due to deteriorating roads, especially during rainy
season.
xiv. Unsafe use of road – walking and cycling covering almost whole road
width with chances of conflicts with motorised vehicles.
xv. Practice of not wearing of helmet.
xvi. Many local people using the road as their backyard even for cooking,
stacking fodder and feeding their cattle.
xvii. Deep depressions (eg. on hills) without provision of crash barriers.
39 | P a g e
xviii. Poor Vehicle Condition
xix. Non - conspicuity of bicycles, motor cycles, tractors with or without trollies
and trucks
7. Recommendations of World Bank and World Health Organisation

(WHO) for Road Safety
7.1 The World Bank Global Road Safety Facility, in 2009, prepared a useful
document for implementing the Recommendations of the World Report on
Road Traffic Injury Prevention. These recommendations were based on findings
from various countries, and are for the country applicable but those could
be adopted for States as well.
The Report makes six overarching recommendations:

• Identify a lead agency in government to guide the national road
safety effort.
• Assess the problem, policies and institutional settings relating to
road traffic injury and the capacity for road traffic injury
prevention in each country.
• Prepare a national road safety strategy and plan of action.
• Allocate financial and human resources to address the problem.
• Implement specific actions to prevent road traffic crashes, minimize
injuries and their consequences and evaluate the impact of these
actions.
• Support the development of national capacity and international
cooperation.
7.2 World Health Organization (WHO) suggests following actions for the
Governments to do to improve road safety:
i. Make road safety a political priority and ensure that road safety is
viewed to be a serious political issue.
ii. Appoint a lead agency for road safety, give it resources and make it
accountable.
iii. Set appropriate road safety targets and establish national road
safety plans.
iv. Develop mechanisms that promote a multidisciplinary approach to
road safety.
v. Support the development of safety advocacy groups.
vi. Set and enforce strong and uniform vehicle safety standards.
vii. Enact and enforce legislation requiring the use of seat belts and
motorcycle helmets, speed limits and the control of alcohol
impaired driving.
viii. Enforce safety laws already in existence.
40 | P a g e
ix. Ensure that road safety considerations are embedded in
environmental and other assessments for new projects and the
analysis of transport policies and plans.
x. Establish data collection systems designed to collect, analyse and
use these data to improve safety.
xi. Make funding of road infrastructure conditional upon compliance
with safety standards.
xii. Create budget lines for road safety and increase investment in
demonstrably effective road safety activities.
xiii. Support the development of safety advocacy groups.
xiv. Establish appropriate design standards for roads that promote
safety for all.
xv. Manage infrastructure to promote safety for all.
xvi. Provide efficient, safe and affordable public transport services.
xvii. Encourage walking and the use of non-motorised two-wheelers.
xviii. Set and enforce appropriate speed limits.
7.3 The countries such as Australia, USA, UK, Japan, Netherland and Sweden
had understood, appreciated and adopted most of these recommendations long
time back and that is why they have much better road safety on their roads.
8. Standards and Circulars from MORD/ NRRDA and Notifications from

Transport Department.
8.1 MoRD, NRRDA has brought out following documents, Manuals, Guidelines,
Standard Data Book for standardisation of project preparation, rate analysis,
Specifications for Rural Roads, guidelines and circulars to deal with road safety
on PMGSY roads.
a. Rural Road Design Manual (IRC SP - 2002)
b. Specifications for Rural Roads – 2014 by MoRD
c. Standard Data Book for Analysis of Rates for Rural Roads
d. PMGSY Scheme and Guidelines
e. Operations Manual
f. Rural Road Safety Manual, NRRDA, 2016
g. Road Safety Audit Guide for Chhattisgarh (MP) Rural Roads
h. D. O. No. P-17017/3/2002-RC 22/9/2003 from Shri S. Vijay Kumar,
JS(RC) & DG, NRRDA, Rural Road Safety – Nomination of PMGSY
officials to State, District Road Safety Committees
i. D.O. No. P-17019/6/2006/PII, September 16, 2009 – on Guidelines
for provision of speed humps
j. DO 17025/58/2010 – RC, 27/12/2010 on safety Audit
k. No. P-17021/1/04-Tech, 27/02/14 on Safety Audit
l. No P 15016/07/07/PI, 19/3/2014 on Reflective Tapes on Bicycles
etc.
41 | P a g e
m. No 11020/2/2014/Tech, 10/06/14 on Safety Provisions as per
Operations Manual etc.
8.2 It somehow appeared that either the RWD/ BRRDA officers, STAs/ PTAs
and Consultants were not fully aware of the provisions contained in these
Documents and Circulars or were not paying adequate attention to
incorporate safety features in DPR and in design process.
8.3 Transport Department, Government of Bihar has brought out following

notifications to deal with road safety issues in the State:
a. Notification no. 5148 dated 24. 08.2016 on affixing reflective tapes
om three wheelers, motorcycles, trucks, trailers, tractors,
trolleys etc.
b. Notification no. 1879 dated 19.04,2017 on definition, protocol and
rectification procedure of Black Spot for all categories of roads in
Bihar.
c. Notification no. 1885 dated 19.04,2017 on setting up of Bihar Road
Safety Council at apex level, of Executive Committee as Leading
Agency, of Coordination Committee in the Departments of
Transport, Police, Health, Road Construction and of
Education, and District Road Safety Committee under District
Magistrate in every district.
d. Notification no. 1625 dated 20.04,2017 on setting up of Bihar Road
Safety Fund.
8.4 However, some deficiencies and defective provisions have been found in
some of these documents which are discussed in succeeding paragraphs.
8.4.1 Rural Road Manual (IRC: 20 – 2002) has 10 Chapters. Surprisingly, there
is no chapter on road safety. There is only mention on Traffic Engineering
Requirements which briefly covers flaring at intersections, provision of stop
sign, direction sign and km stone. Considering the importance of the issue,
there should have been a separate chapter dealing with engineering measures
in design, construction, operation and the use of rural roads so that proper
guidance was available for actual incorporation in practice,
8.4.2 MoRD Specification – 2014, in its Section 1700 deals with Traffic signs and
markings etc. Its 1701.1 prescribes fabrication, supply and installation of
traffic signs as per IRC 67 which uses retro reflective sheeting for traffic signs.
However, its Section 1701.3.5 mentions reflectorised paint and section
1701. 3.6 mentions non reflectorised paint whose logic is difficult to be
understood more so IRC 67 prescribes epoxy paint for GI posts and red lead
paint for MS post supports in its Section 7.2.
Section 1702.1 of MoRD Specification for Road Marking prescribes providing road
marking at site including supply of material and carrying out work in
accordance with IRC 35. But its provisions are based on IRC 35 – 1997 and that
42 | P a g e
too not appropriately. These MORD Specifications were finalised in 2014 when
IRC 35 was under revision and discussion, which was published in 2015.
Adoption of older version when contents of later version were available is not
a good practice. Section 1702.3 of MoRD Specifications prescribes ordinary paint
conforming to IS 164 and also mentions yellow and black colours. IRC 35 - 2015
prescribes three types of paints: Thermoplastic Markings, Solvent/ Water borne
Road Marking Paints and Cold Applied Plastics. There is thus inconsistency. Even
IRC 35 – 1997 had recommended thermoplastic paint for better visibility
(especially in night time) and for longer life.
8.4.3 Standard Data Book for Analysis of Rates for Rural Roads – 2004 in its
Chapter 10 covers traffic sign, markings and other appurtenances. Its preamble
prescribes retroreflective sheeting and also semi reflective sheeting. Its Sections
10.3B and 10.4B mention ‘Semi Reflective Traffic Signs’. This provision is
technically wrong. There is nothing like semi reflective sheeting. Further the
details of this item are also technically wrong. It says semi – reflective
sheeting as per IRC 67 but IRC 67, does not prescribe anything like semi-
reflective sheeting, neither 2012 version nor earlier 2001 version. It also
prescribes reflective engineering grade tape as per MoRD Specification and
foundation as per technical specification Clause 1701. MoRD Specification
and IRC 67 does not mention semi reflective sheeting and reflective
engineering grade tape. Care should also be taken to support these signs on
GI circular posts and not on MS angle iron, which is not safe because of sharp
edges. Wherever DPRs provide incorrect ‘semi - reflective sheeting’ has to be
corrected and Correct material/ sheeting as per IRC 67 2012 needs to be
provided in DPRs and at sites.
8.4.4 PMGSY Scheme and Guidelines in its para 6.12 states that it is the
responsibility of State Government/ District Panchayat to ensure that lands
are available for taking up the proposed road works. It also states that PMGSY
does not provide funds for land acquisition but that does not mean that land
acquisition cannot be done by the State Government at its own cost and
that the State Government may lay down the guidelines for voluntary donation,
exchange or other mechanism to ensure availability of land. The process of
making land available for road works should sub- serve the common good
but should also be just and equitable.
Its Chapter 8 gives guidance on preparation of project proposal and clearance. It
includes ‘transect walk’ and consultation with local community on alignment,
land availability and impact on land owners.
Section 8.4 prescribes that while commencing with the preparation of the DPR,
the PIU will hold a consultation with the local community through the
mechanism of the Gram Panchayat in order to determine the most suitable
alignment, sort of issues of land availability (including forest land),
moderate any adverse social and environmental impact and elicit necessary
43 | P a g e
community participation in the programme. For this purpose the PIU will
organise an informal ‘Transect Walk’ as follows
• The Transect walk shall be undertaken by the AE/JE,
accompanied by the Patwari and the Pradhan/ Sar-Panch of
the Panchayat / Ward after adequate advance publicity. The
local Forest official may also be associated.
• During the walk, issues relating to alternative alignments,
land requirements for the road and its impact on landowners,
etc. will be discussed with members of the local community
present.
• Environmental impact on vegetation, soil and water etc. shall
be identified for resolution.
• During the walk, due opportunity shall be given to interested
persons to put forward their point of view.
• At the end of the walk, alignment shall be finalised after
recording the issues that arose during the walk and the
action taken / proposed to resolve the issues. This shall be
reduced to writing in a document by the Secretary of the
Panchayat and countersigned by the Panch/Pradhan. A copy
of this document shall be attached to the finalised DPR.
8.5 Operations Manual in its Chapter 6 gives guidelines for preparation of DPR
but does not include provision of basic road safety measures such as proper
layout of intersection at take- off point, traffic signs, pavement edge line
markings and delineators. Its Chapter 15 deals with road safety in some
details; its content are given below for ready reference and guidance:
8.5.1 Chapter 15 of NRRDA’s Operations Manual on Road Safety includes
following provisions:
(a) Background
The traffic on most existing earthen tracks and substandard existing
links consists mainly of bicycles, some two-wheelers, some
animal-drawn vehicles and a few agricultural tractors.
The construction of new links to hitherto unconnected habitations
and upgradation of existing links will generate a considerable
amount of motorised traffic on Rural Roads.
The sudden influx of high speed motorised vehicles to the rural
roads can severely endanger the safety of road users, particularly of
vulnerable road users like children (going to the schools), women
carrying headloads of agricultural produce, cyclists etc. The problem
gets aggravated because all the road users utilise the same narrow
road width of a single lane, where crossing and overtaking becomes
very difficult. Moreover, drivers of agricultural tractors, jeeps, light
commercial vehicles, two-wheelers and buses in the rural areas are
not always given to adequate observance of driving rules and traffic
signs. It is thus expected that as the rural roads get constructed
44 | P a g e
and upgraded, road safety will be an issue requiring serious
consideration. When crashes do take place, trauma care and other
facilities available in hospitals of towns and cities are not within the
easy reach of the crash victims. Under these circumstances,
preventive measures, both engineering and social, must be taken
up to the extent feasible.
(b) Engineering Measures in Design Phase
Incorporating appropriate safety design standards and features in
the rural roads can enhance road safety to a great extent. In view of the lower
levels of education in the rural areas, the engineering of roads to constrain users
to follow safe driving and behavioural standards may be necessary to
supplement cautionary signboard. Some of the engineering measures that
should be in-built into the design of rural roads are enumerated below. These
issues should also be considered at the time of the transect walk (See chapter
5) so that the local community alerts the engineers at design stage itself to local
traffic and pedestrian movement patterns that may have road safety
implications.
Rural roads usually have a tortuous path, keeping in view the narrow land width
available. All the same, the horizontal curves should be designed scientifically,
conforming to the selected design speed and terrain. The horizontal curves must
be provided with smooth transition curves and super-elevation. The pavements
should be widened at curves.
The vertical profile of the road should be designed such that the required
minimum stopping sight distance is available. Suitable summit and valley curves
should be provided.
In hill roads, blind curves are a safety hazard. Suitable vision berms may be cut
at such locations.
Passing places must be provided at convenient locations particularly on hill
roads.
The provision of rural connectivity leads to the introduction of bus services.
Properly designed bus-bays must be provided at bus stop, to ensure that the
buses do not hamper the normal traffic.
Where the roads pass through habitations and school, it is necessary that the
motorized vehicles travel at low speeds. This can be ensured by providing
adequately designed road humps or rumble strips.
The junction of rural roads with a main road is always a point of conflict and an
crash-prone zone. Such junctions must be designed scientifically by providing
minimum turning radii, flaring of the side road with taper,
acceleration/deceleration lanes and adequate sight distances.
Ramps must be provided where field paths and cattle crossings intersect the
road.
Traffic signage, incorporating warning and regulatory signs, can enhance road
safety, especially near habitations and school zones, sharp curves, narrow
bridges, junctions, submersible bridges and causeways. The design must
incorporate these.
45 | P a g e
Hazard markers like reflectorised delineators must be provided at dangerous
locations.
Submersible bridges and causeways should be provided with water depth gauges
and guide-posts that shall remain above the highest water level, at all times.
300mm diameter ducts should be provided in the embankment to enable
cultivators to thread agricultural wise pipes for irrigating their fields lying on
both sides of the road.
(c) Safety during Construction or Maintenance Operations
Construction zones create an environment where the road user is
confronted with sudden obstacles and unfamiliar conditions. Safety
in construction zones must be enhanced by:
Warning the road users (in the appropriate signage) clearly and
sufficiently in advance
Providing safe and clearly marked lanes for guiding road users
Providing safe and clearly marked buffer zones and work zones
Barricades, (plastic) drums, traffic cones, cylinders and signs
around work zones
Flagmen with red flags positioned to regulate and warn the road
users.
Using construction machinery carefully and parking such machinery
at locations where they are not traffic hazards.
Stacking construction materials such that only the quantity needed
for one operation is stacked along the road, and obstruction to road
users is minimised.
Providing well designed temporary diversions as necessary so that
the essential traffic moves with the least hindrance. The Contractor
shall be asked to provide these as part of his work. The bidding
document and specifications shall elaborate these requirements.
(d) Road Safety during Use
The Head of PIU will be the District Rural Roads Safety Officer
(DRRSO). To ensure operational safety the DRRSO shall ensure that
Routine maintenance of rural roads are regularly carried out.
All safety issues out of maintenance inspection are properly
addressed.
In all cases of crashes and inquiry/investigation thereof, safety
issues are resolved, and a report is made to the SQC for
examination whether standard design features need to be
incorporated in other rural roads.
All resolutions of Panchayats regarding safety issues are
acknowledged and action proposed/taken intimated to the
Panchayat.
Road safety awareness camps are organised involving Panchayats,
School, Rural road users (inhabitants as well as drivers), in
accordance with programmes drawn up by the State Quality
Coordinator.
46 | P a g e
The State Quality Coordinator will be the State Rural Road Safety
Officer (DRRSO) and shall ensure:
Adequate coordination with the State Road Safety Council and road
safety programmes.
Formulation of rural road safety awareness programme proposals
(for funding under PMGSY).
Implementation and coordination of rural road safety awareness
programmes in the field.
Hold quarterly meeting with DRRSO and take feedback for
improving safety standards.
(e) Institutional Arrangement
In order to enhance road safety, coordination shall be maintained
with the Road Safety Mission of the MoRT&H. At the State level,
SQCs and DPIUs shall ensure coordination with the State
Government’s Road Safety Programme, in particular through
membership of the State Road Safety Council and District Road
Safety Committees, created as per provisions of Section 215 of the
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (Act No. 59 of 1988). For this purpose, the
SQC may be nominated to the State Road Safety Council. For each
district, the Executing Agency shall designate the Head of the DPIU
or a senior engineer as the District Rural Road Safety Officer
(DRRSO). The State Government shall nominate the DRRSO to the
District Road Safety Committee. The State Government shall also
nominate the Panchayat Raj Institutions designated to take over
maintenance to the District Road Safety Committee. As part of the
Rural Road development and maintenance programmes, the State
Government shall ensure road safety audit of construction and
maintenance works along with quality monitoring.
8.6 Awareness and more attention by STAs, RWD field officers and
consultants would greatly improve the alignment and absence of safety
measures on most of rural roads.
8.7 Notification by Transport Department, Government of Bihar, on

constitution of Road Safety Council and other Committees, requires a critical
review to make the system really effective in tackling road safety issues in the
State. Issues requiring review, are:
• Notification prescribes layers of Committees. With this dispensation,
there is likelihood of no definite assigned responsibility and
accountability.
• The Power and Functions of Road Safety Council given at serial
number (12) are likely to be in conflict with the functions prescribed
for Coordination Committees. Even some functions would be in
conflict with the provisions made in a separate notification on
accident Black Spots. Further the Council comprises members who
47 | P a g e
are mostly bureaucrats and members of Executive Committee also,
which is supposed to be Lead Agency. This way, there would be no
separation of policy maker from implementer.
• It is doubtful that proposed Executive Committee with its
composition would be able to perform the role and responsibility of
the Lead Agency.
• The Lead Agency for road safety needs to have a team of full time
and dedicated professionals from fields of road and traffic
engineering, automobile engineering; traffic laws, operations, and
enforcement, developing strategies for influencing road user
behaviour, capacity building and education in the area of road
safety; data collection, reporting and analyses, accident related
medical care, trauma management and rehabilitation.
• There is no provision of experts in related fields to be part of Lead
Agency. There is provision of Executive Committee getting some
experts but only as and when required. Thereby, there would be no
continuity and handling of safety issues on real time basis.
• State Transport Commissioner has been made to be responsible for
day to day business of the Council. This may be practically quite
difficult as Transport Commissioner would have so many other tasks
to do.
• No clear mechanism has been prescribed on the funding and
approval of the recommendations of Road Safety Audit and on
rectification of accident black spot removal.
• Notification on black spot identification and rectification prescribes
the approval of the estimate by Road Safety Council but Notification
for Road Safety Council prescribes its meetings twice a year that is
in six month. This system would be quite ineffective.
8.8 NRRDA has been issuing circulars on road safety issues since 2003. These
are available on the web site of NRRDA (http://pmgsy.nic.in/cirdisp.asp). The
notifications done road safety issues, by the Transport Department are given
in its website (http://transport.bih.nic.in/)
Appendix 1.
Government of Bihar, Transport Department vide its notification no 1885 dated

19th. April 2017 constituted Road Safety Council (under the chairmanship of
Minister of Transport, with 14 Government and 5 non-Government members) at
apex level in the State, supported by Executive Committee (with Development
Commissioner as Executive Officer and 11 members) as Lead Agency,
Coordination Committees in Departments of Transport, Police, Health, Road
Construction and Education; and Districts Road Safety Committees under
respective District Magistrates.
48 | P a g e
This Notification prescribes establishment of Road Safety Engineering Cell under
the Lead Agency. The prescription of Executive Committee as the Lead Agency
needs review to make the whole establishment really effective to address road
safety issue in the State. Pending that there is requirement of setting up a Road
Safety Cell in Rural Road Department. The Rural Road Safety Cell needs to have
sufficiently experienced engineers to achieve the necessary outcomes. It is
suggested that it comprises:
• One Superintending Engineer

• Two Executive Engineers
• Two Assistant Engineers
• Two office staff
The roles and responsibilities of Road Safety Cell should be:
• To act as the lead agency to proactively deal with all aspects of rural road
safety.
• To act as the repository of knowledge of standards, guidelines, circulars
and best practices on road safety brought out by MoRD, NRRDA, IRC and
MoRTH and ensure that these are fully disseminated to all relevant
professionals especially the field officers for implementation in design,
construction, operations and maintenance.
• Monitor the progress of the targets set out in the Bihar Rural Road Safety
Action Plan (BRRSAP)
• Undertake critical review of all standards, specifications and circulars on
safety, for their technical content and correctness. This may be done
either in-house or through out -sourcing.
• Coordinate with STAs and PTAs to ensure that DPRs prepared for various
rural road project have undergone the process of local public consultation
and properly include all safety features and measures based on best
engineering practices.
• Procure a roster of competent consultants for works requiring specific
expertise.
• Ensure that head of the District Project Implementation Unit(s) (DPIUs) is
included into the District Rural Road Safety Committee and that the State
Quality Coordinator for PMGSY is nominated to the State Roads Safety
Council.
• Identifying black spots in accordance with the definition and prescribed
procedure, in Transport Department notification no 1879 dated 20th. April
2017, and rectification with corrective measures on rural roads.
• Evolve a road safety audit programme and for implementation of their
findings
• Arrange training (including Peripatetic training) of RWD and BRRDA
officers, STAs, Consultants and Contractors on rural road safety issues
and various safety related provisions in the existing Manuals, Standards,
Specifications and Circulars.
49 | P a g e
• Arrange training of RWD and BRRDA officers on Road Safety Audit and
making sure that it is put into practice by the trained staff. Arrange on
site practical training for field officers so that they are able to identify
potential hazards on their own.
• Engage with the local community either directly or through NGOs on
safety issues and raising awareness on benefits to them about the safe
use of rural roads.
• Organize domestic and International Best Practices site visits to
Executives and Engineering staff of RWD.
Appendix 2.
Bihar will need to create a dedicated fund for rural road safety since little to no
progress can be achieved without an adequate and stable flow of funding.
Identifying and securing sustainable funding is a key element underlying all road
safety action plans in Bihar.
Dedicated rural road safety fund may be created through, either or combination
of:
• Transport Department, Bihar vide the notification no. 3/ Pra/ Sadak

Surksha Nidhi – 14/2016, 1625 dated 30.03.2017 has established the
(dedicated) Road Safety Fund. This notification prescribes the sources
of funds. It is expected to have adequate amount to address road
safety issue in a significant measure. Rural roads constitute around
87% of the total road network in the State. Considering the proportion
of rural roads and needs for safety, it would be appropriate to allocate
at least 30% of the State Road Safety Fund for rural roads safety.
• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways New Delhi, has notified on
23rd June 2016 G.S.R. 619(E) an amendment to the Central Road
Fund (State Roads) Rules, 2014, namely (These rules may be called
the Central Road Fund (State Roads) Amendment Rules, 2016); to the
effect that ten per cent of the fund, allocated to the executive agencies
(as per the formulation based on fuel consumption and that of
geographical area) shall be earmarked for road safety works. This
would roughly be around Rs. 300 cr annually. This is for the potential
roads which are considered important from the perspective of
declaration as new national highways; the State Highways; the Major
District Roads; and for the other District Roads. Some portion, say
30% (around Rs. 100 cr.) may be assigned for Rural Roads Safety in
Bihar.
• 5% of fund allocated annually for various schemes for development/
improvement of rural roads (including PMGSY, MMGSY, GTSNY and
others) should be allocated for Rural Road Safety Fund. This may
amount to around Rs. 300 crore annually.
50 | P a g e
• Contributions (by way some taxes/ cess or as part of Corporate Social
Responsibility) from Private businesses, especially from manufacturers
of cars, trucks, motor cyclists and tractors having their show rooms/
service centres in Bihar.
This Rural Road Safety Fund should be utilised, through the Rural Road Safety
Cell, for interventions related to rural road safety such as:
• Capacity building, training and to ensure the effective development and

implementation of rural road safety action plan, strategies and legislation.
• Induction and Periodical training of RWD/ BRRDA officers on rural road safety
and road safety audit including exposure visits in India and abroad.
• Undertaking Road Safety Audit and implementation of its recommendations/
findings.
• Undertaking special studies such as critical review of standard, guidelines,
circulars etc.
• Supporting and funding activities for community participation such as
volunteers to support school patrols, protect signs and markings, or promote
publicity campaigns and cycle/motor cycle training.
• Engagement with NGOs on spreading road safety awareness amongst local
communities.
• Black spot removal through physical infrastructure provisions.
• Preparation of a Manual for safe design, construction and maintenance of
rural roads in Bihar.
• Funding for a demonstration project of safe rural road stretches.
• Funding for distribution of safety devices for cyclists, tractors, tractor trolleys
etc.
Appendix 3.
Well-structured and sustained programme for Capacity Building
RWD/ BRRDA shall evolve a well-structured road safety training programme for
the building of capacity and capability of all their officers, staff and other
professionals involved in design, construction, operation and maintenance of
rural roads.
The training shall be for the following:
• Engineers and Bureaucrats especially officers posted to Rural Road Safety

Cell.
• Professionals of the of Office of RWD and BRRDA.
• STAs and PTAs and other such entities.
• Consultants and Contractors.
• Officers of local police, transport department.
51 | P a g e
• Personnel of the local bodies.
• Local communities, Village Sar- Panch/ Mukhiya, identified volunteers.
• Students and teachers of local schools and colleges.
• Training for trainers.
Subjects and/or topics to be covered under the training are:
• Rural road safety.

• Guidelines, Standards, Manuals, Specifications, Standards Data Book,
Circulars/ notifications relating to rural road safety issues.
• Provisions of TORs and Contract Documents.
• Traffic Signs and pavement markings.
• Road Safety Audit and road safety inspections
• Safety Provisions in DPR preparation.

• On-site training of field officers on identification of potential hazardous
situations and provision of required safety measures.
• Identification of hazardous locations and site visits for Engineers,
Consultants and Contractors together.
• Retrofitting road safety on the existing road network to address safety
related issues in normal construction and maintenance programme.
• Guidelines, Standards, Manuals, Specifications, Standards Data Book,
Circulars/ notifications relating to rural road safety issues.
• Provisions of TOR’s and Contract Documents.
• Crash Data collection and easily retrievable documentation.
• General road safety awareness and safe use of roads.
• First- aid training to identify volunteers.
• Road Safety Management on rural roads.
Training schedule on rural road safety and safety audit can be as follows:
• Training for PIU staff (AE and below) is held on site through Peripatetic
Training (PT)
• Training for senior AEs and EEs is held at reputed/ identified training
institutes outside the State, for 5 days at induction stage and
subsequently 3 days at a time as refresher programme
• Training for bureaucrats, SEs and CEs of RWD and of BRRDA, outside the
State level for at least 2 days at a time
• Training for Project Consultants (design as well as execution) is held at
site for not more than 2 half days at a time.
• Training for Contractor personnel is held at site or in ITI/RITI/Polytechnic
(for not more than 2 half days at a time)
• Training for local community institutions is held at site or Panchayat
headquarter for not more than 1 day at a time
52 | P a g e
• Training for other District and State level stakeholders (including induction
events for STA/PTA personnel and SQM/NQM) should be held in the
District/State HQ; for not more than a day at District level and 2 days for
Sate level.
• Training should include exposure visits in India and abroad for best
practices on safe rural (low volume) roads
• Audio visual training material be developed on subject-specific and area
specific material based on standard templates.
Following conditions may help in enforcing the safety training of professionals

involved in rural roads:
• Contract conditions with Contractor must provide for mandatory training

at commencement of contract, prior to mobilization.
• Peripatetic Training (PT) at site must be a condition at crucial stages of
execution, e.g. compaction of earthwork and WBM, shoulders and side
drains, wearing course etc.
• Contract conditions for Design Consultants must specify mandatory
training at commencement and PT at site at crucial stages (e.g survey,
transect walk, safety measures, siting of CDs etc
• Staff at JE level in PIUs must undergo Induction Training before they can
be authorized to make entries in MBs.
• Staff deputed from other Departments and not familiar with PMGSY/
MMGSY must also undergo Induction training.
• Staff on promotion (JE to AE and AE to EE) must undergo Orientation
• Training commensurate with their higher responsibilities.
• STAs, NQMs and SQMs on appointment must undergo Induction Training.
53 | P a g e
ACRONYMS
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AMS = Asset Management System
ATSB = Australian Transport Safety Bureau
BRRDA = Bihar Rural Roads Development Agency
BRRSAP = Bihar Rural Road Safety Action Plan
CRRI = Central Road Research Institute
DoT = Department for Transport
DPIU = District Project Implementation Unit
DRRSO = District Rural Road Safety Officer
EU = European Union
FHWA = Federal Highway Administration
FMCSA = Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
FRA = Federal Railroad Administration
HSD = High Speed Diesel
GTNSY = Grameen Tola Sampark Nischay Yojana (GTSNY)
IRC = Indian Roads Congress
LVRs = Low Volume Roads
MDRs = Major District Roads
MMGSY = Mukhya Mantri Gram Sampark Yojana (MMGSY),
MoRD = Ministry of Rural Development
MoRTH = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
MP = Madhya Pradesh
NCRB = National Crime Records Bureau
NGO = Non-Governmental Organisation
NHs = National Highways
NHTSA = National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NQMs = National Quality Monitors
NMT = Non-Motorised Traffic
NRRDA = National Rural Roads Development Agency
PMGSY = Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY),
PTA = Principal Technical Agencies
RWD = Rural Works Department
RCD = Road Construction Department
VRUs = Vulnerable Road Users
LVR = Low Volume Roads
RCD = Road Construction Department
RSMP = Road Sector Modernisation Plan
RTCs = Road Traffic Crashes (crashes)
RTIs = Road Traffic Injuries
RWD = Rural Works Department
SAFETEA = Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act
SH’s = State Highways
SNRA = Swedish National Road Administration
54 | P a g e
SQC = State Quality Control Coordinator
SQMs = State Quality Monitors
STAs = State Technical Advisor
UN = United Nations
VRUs = Vulnerable Road Users
WHO = World Health Organization
55 | P a g e

Rural Road Safety Action Plan - Bihar

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Rural Road Safety Action Plan - Bihar

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RURAL ROAD SAFETY ACTION

RURAL WORKS DEPARTMENT

Message from the Honourable Minister for Rural Works Department

PART B BACKGROUND AND ISSUES

4. Road Network in Bihar

Message from the Honourable Minister of Rural Works Department, Mr Shailesh

• Rural Roads Improvement involving civil works; and

An absence of accurate crash records on rural roads makes it difficult to identify

These key challenges will not be reduced or eliminated in isolation or by simply

Pillar 1: Improved safety management (Institutional and Capacity

Pillar 2: Safer Roads

• Undertake a critical review of existing documents/ data book/ circulars and

Pillar 3: Safer Vehicles

4: Safer Road Users

5: Emergency Response & Care

2. Importance of Road Safety for Rural Roads

3. Road Safety Action Plan for Rural Roads in Bihar (RSAP)

3.3 Pillar 1: Road Safety Management

3.3.1 Institutional Arrangement

a) Set up a Rural Road Safety Cell within Rural Works Department-

b) Create a dedicated fund for use on by the Road Safety Cell-

3.4 Pillar 2: Safer Roads

Holistic Approach towards Road Safety would be adopted to make this as

I. Short Term Action Plan

Short Term Action Plan:

Following aspects will form a part of Short Term Action Plan

Medium Term Action Plan:

Following checkpoints will be a part of Medium Term Policy

• The Government will establish a Road Accident Data Management System

• Develop a demonstration corridor project that incorporates good road

Long Term Action Policy:

Following aspects will form a part of Long Term Action Plan

3.6 Pillar 4: Safer Road Users

b) The awareness campaign shall focus on the advantages and benefits to

c) Engagement with Schools for safety awareness amongst school children

d) Encourage the involvement of NGOs for campaigns and regular interaction

3.7 Pillar 5: Post Crash Response

a) Establish a system of quick response time for providing assistance for

2. Identify appropriately Effective training Years $

suggestive strength is given in to develop skills

3. Offer positive work incentives A RS Cell is Years $$

4. Provide opportunities for The RS Cell is Years $$

2. Capacity building for All Consultants Years $$

3. Capacity building for STA’s 25% of other Years

4. Capacity building for Officers 25% of other Years $$

5. Capacity building for 25% of other Years $$

6. Suggestive areas of trainings,

2. Provision for suitable cash Land acquisition Year $$$

2. Regular meetings between Regular meetings Years $

3.Improved amount and Increased amount Years $

4. Police to assist local Reduced Years $

5. Identify the need and Number of traffic Years $

6. Local police to raise the Increased Years $

2. Provide awards and Awards instituted

(a) Develop a program Identification of hazardous RWD Initial program Year $

Approval of treatments and At least 20 sites Year $$$

Implement Identification and Years $$$

Undertake audits of at least 10 Successful Years $

Engage an experienced Consultant Year $$

Train RS Cell officers in the road Training for RWD Years $$

Include public Numbers of Years $

Design, obtain funding for, and Number of Year $$$