DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

OF MULTI-CROP GRATER MACHINE

ABAS SULTAN ACMAD

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SCIENCES,
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN
PHILIPPINES TAGUM-MABINI CAMPUS IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

JULY 2017
 APPROVAL SHEET

The manuscript attached here to, entitled “DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, FABRICATION

AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONOF MULTI-CROP GRATER MACHINE”
prepared and submitted by ABAS SULTAN ACMAD in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering hereby
accepted.

ENGR.RUEL F. TUYOGON ENGR. RUBEN V. CANTONES

Member, Advisory Committee Member, Advisory Committee

_______________________ _______________________
(Date Signed) (Date Signed)

ENGR. RONIE O. LUSARES

Adviser

________________________
(Date Signed)

Accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Agricultural Engineering (BSAE)

DR. IRENEO P. AMPLAYO

Department Chairman

________________________
Date Signed

DR. LARRY V. ACERES

Dean

______________________
Date Signed
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Approval Sheet

INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Significance of the Study
Objective of the project
Scope, Limitations and Duration of the Study
Definition of Terms

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mechanization/Automation in the Philippines
Agricultural Mechanization
Cassava Production in the Philippines
Potato Production in Asia and the Pacific Region
Processing Machines for Cassava and Potato Mechanisms

Grating Mechanism
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Project flow chart
Conceptual Design
Mechanical component
Material Requirements
Machine operation flow

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

LITERATURED CITED

APPENDICES
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Agriculture is the heart of each civilization; however, formers are facing a

continuing population explosion which has confronted mankind with various problems.
These problems include imminent starvation. Hence, optimum production is needed to
attain demand for food nowadays. To address the problem and ensure food
sustainability, alternative substitutes for staple food (such as rice) is one way to avert
food scarcity in the Philippines. Among with rice, corn, sugarcane as staple foods in the
Philippines, cassava, which is known biologically as Minihotesculentacrantz, is the third
largest source of low cost carbohydrates among crop plants and included as one of the
major crops in the Philippines because of its economic and industrial potential. Its
products are used for food, feed for livestock, starch for commercials and also biofuel.

Cassava is a commodity mostly grown by small farmers on small plots of land

and some urban consumers and factories obtain their cassava from rural areas where it
is grown. It has a high tolerance to drought and its minimum maturity is in one year for
harvesting of its tubers and not laborious on maintenance of the field. Cassava is the
most perishable of root tubers and can experience physiological deterioration within two
or three days after harvesting that it must be processed after harvesting by unit
operations involved in the appropriate processing of cassava includes peeling, grating,
boiling/parboiling, drying, milling, sieving, extrusion and frying to obtain such products
like flour, dried chips, cassava grates, gari and etc.

Potato is a very rich source of starch. It also contains phosphorus, calcium, iron
and some vitamins. Apart from use of fresh potatoes for the purpose of making
vegetables and gravy, they are dehydrated in the forms of slices, sticks, cubes or
powder to impart better shelf life. Yet another popular use is to make wafers or chips
that are why potato became popular food item not in home but also in hotels, canteens,
restaurant, etc.

Manual processing such as grating for cassava and potato is laborious and
intensive where there is retard process for producing such product. In rural areas,
manual operation of these two crops processing is practiced because there are no
locally available machineries. As the world is emerging with various type of technology
for better quality of life and efficient production of food, automation and mechanization
technology for agricultural machines are used for faster, lesser labor agricultural
production for sustainable agriculture. Modern agriculture requires modern approach
which responds to the necessity of mankind. In the Caraga Region, 27,783 metric tons
of cassava tubers were produced based on volume of production with 2,151 total
farmers on the lists from Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) in a year 2013. Locally
designed and fabricated cassava equipment is still low in the Caraga Region which
further gives less production for local industry and provides hindrance to optimum
production for local farmers. Thus, mechanization or automation contributes a valuable
factor to the economic and industrial potential of the cassava as commodity.

This study will be focuses on the design, construction and fabrication of a simple
but useful technology suitable for small-time farmers and entrepreneurs. The study aims
to grate cassava and potato efficiently and effectively than hand or manual grating
alone. Furthermore, this study also aims to determine the efficiency of the machine
according to its performance.

With this machine, it does not only reduce time of working and labor requirement
but also lessen the farmers’ problem in spoilage and wastage as it can improve the crop
market by increasing its utilization.

Significance of the Study

Due to the increasing demand for low cost carbohydrates, cassava is now
considered as one of the source for food and feed for livestock and also potato serve as
a source of starch. The machine can be utilized in rural areas of Davao del Norte region
where farming of cassava and potato is their primary commodity and it can be operated
by electricity for continuous operations. The grater machine of peeled cassava and
potato is easy to operate which gives less labor for the user.
Objective of the Study

Generally, the objective of this study is to design, construction, fabrication and

performance evaluation of multi-crop grater machine using Cassava and Potato as a
commodity.

Specifically, this aims to:

1. To develop a machine for cassava and potato grating that is electrically powered.
2. To determine the grating capacity, grating efficiency, grating rate and the power
consumption of the machine.
3. To determine the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR).

Scope, Limitations and Duration of the Study

The multi-crop grater will be use in this study to grate the crops that will be using,
namely cassava and potato. Parameter measured will be grating capacity ratio, grating
efficiency, grating rate. This will be conducted at USeP Tagum Campus, Apokon,
Tagum City.
The study will be limited only on the design, fabrication and performance
evaluation of multi-crop grater. The commodity that will be using to test are cassava and
potato.
 Definition of Terms

Efficiency The ability to do something or produce something without wasting

materials, time or energy: the quality or degree of being efficient.

Electric Motor Drives the grater machine.

Fixed Cost This refers to the cost that remains constant and does not vary with
shortterm changes in production.

Grater A device having a surface covered with holes edged by slightly

raisedcutting edges, used for grating crops, foods and other.

Grating A crop that reduce to small shreds by rubbing it on a grater.

Grating Capacity This refers to the ratio of total weight of cleaned ginger to the total
grating operating time.

Grating Efficiency The term means the ratio of weight of crop grated by weight of
cleanedcrops.

Loading Capacity The term means the ratio of weight of cleaned crops per operating
time of grinding.

Moisture Content Weight of water in a crop usually expressed in percentage by

weight on the wet basis.

Performance Efficiency This refers to the quality of work done by the machine.

Tachometer The term is a device used for indicating the speed of the rotation of
the machine.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mechanization/ Automation in the Philippines

The Philippines as an agricultural country is abundant with raw materials used to

produce products from farming where much of the rural areas depend for income and
employment. Its major land area utilization is devoted to palay, corn, sugarcane,
coconut other fruits, and vegetables. Although agriculture has the highest contribution to
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the country, the intensification, diversification of
agricultural production system and the level of mechanization in terms of available
mechanical power in the farm is still low due to the lack of agricultural engineering and
mechanization technologies. In the past mechanization strategies, land is cultivated with
the use of draft animals (carabao, horse, etc.) and manually operated tools were used
like plows, harrows for land preparations and harvesting; until the government realized
the need for tractorization (synonymous to mechaniztation) and extensive development
activities for agricultural industry in the country.

Mechanization is heavily biased that it is only applicable to large scale

agricultural operations in the 1940’s. Agricultural machines in that period were imported
from other countries until there was a shift model of mechanization from large to small
scale operation in 1970’s. As of 2012, the mechanization of various crops in the
Philippines. It shows that the level of mechanizing agriculture in most of the crops at
different operations is still low and is likewise due to less government support in small
scale enterprises for rural areas. At present, the government is focusing agricultural
mechanization under the Department of Agriculture and Philippine Center for
Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech) formerly BPRE and with the
cooperation of private sectors in the country to address the farmer’s needs for improving
agricultural practices in the country and to increase yield production. The government
agencies responsible for agricultural development faces problems to address the needs
due to the individual farmer’s negligence to government support and that is why the
government is targeting the farmer’s association established by the local producers of a
certain crops with the coordination of the local government. This government agencies
are redeveloping and creating new agricultural machineries in order to improve the
agricultural mechanization at full throttle.

Agricultural Mechanization

Kepner (1978) stated that mechanization has been aided by and in some cases
made feasible only because of the contributions of plant scientist and others, in the
biological science. It encourages better management of farm enterprises and makes it
possible by providing more free time for planning and study. Mechanization contributes
to timeless effort, which in turn often increases profits. History indicates that the process
of mechanization is dynamic, with no ultimate goal in sight. Each manufacturer must
continually improve his products and develop one in order to maintain a profitable
climate and grow or survive or otherwise, close shop.

Agricultural mechanization must be appropriate for small farmers. That means an

emphasis on those small farms that are average or less in size for any specific country.
Tools, machines and equipment must feasible for local shops and craftsmen. The
production skills and capabilities of this local entrepreneur need to be improve in most
countries in order to adequately fulfill the market need (Esmay, 1998).

Gilst (1976) stated that the importance of mechanization is to increase production

and to improve the quality of farm products. These are well recognized in the
agricultural sector of developed countries. However, mechanization is often questioned
and looked upon with skepticism in developed countries where mechanized scheme
have been many and people have lots of adverse opinion against mechanization (Pizon,
2003).

Moreover, Gilst (1976), as cited by Pizon (2003), reports that large schemes and
bulk scales of equipment are still practiced by private and government sector in the
developing countries, which are responsible for the mechanization in third countries.

Fuller mechanization and sophistication of farm equipment will admittedly

become more necessary and more practical in the future. But one must be taken to
ensure that mechanization will not outpace the technical and economic capabilities of
the small farmer, Montemayor emphasized (Maglinao, 1983).

Cassava Production in the Philippines

(Manihotesculentacrantz) is a perennial shrub of the family Euphorbiaceae

commonly known in the Philippines as balanghoy or kamotengkahoy, cultivated mainly
for its starchy roots and it is one of the most important food staples in the tropics.

Although cassava is a staple food, it is poisonous in its raw state because it

contains cyanogenicglucosides. These glucosides are converted to hydrogen cyanide
(HCN) by an enzyme called linamarase and can be removed by hygienic processes of
the commodity. Cassava is known to perform well even under unfavorable conditions
such as drought and poor soils. Cassava can be classified as sweet or bitter based on
linamarin content of the tubers but their differences are obscure where each cassava
stem usually bears multiple tubers. In 1999, Philippine cassava is comparatively small in
production compared to other countries in Asia like Thailand, Vietnam, China, Indonesia
and India, it shows in table 1. It, however, contributes 2 percent of the gross added
value in agriculture in the Philippines.

Country Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (tons)

Thailand 1,150,000 14.7 16,930,000

Vietnam 231,700 7.7 1,783,400

China 230,065 15.9 3,650,903

India 250,000 21.0 6,000,000

Indonesia 1,205,330 12.2 14,728,292

Philippines 210,000 8.5 1,786,710

Table1. Area, Yield and Production of Cassava in Asia, 1999

 Cassava is the most widely grown of the root crops in the Philippines. The
area planted to cassava expanded rapidly during the 1970s, but has remained fairly
constant during the 1980s and 90s (Figure 1). Production and yield reached a peak in
1978, after wich both declined in the early 80s and stabilized in the 1990s. Presently,
about 210,000 to 250,000 ha are planted to cassava annually (Table 2). The average
volume of production during the past ten years is close to 2.0 million tonnes. Of this
volume, it is estimated that 75% is utilized for food, 20% for starch processing and 5%
for feed (estimates based on data about starch production and trade of dried chips),
shows in figure 2 the Cassava Utilization in the Philippines.

Figure 1. Trend in Cassava harvested area, production and yield in the Philippines from
1961 to 2000.
Source: FAOSTAT, 2001
 Table 2. Area and Production of Cassava in the Philippines (1990-1999)
Source: Bureau of Agric. Statistics (BAS), 2000

Figure 2. Cassava Utilization in the Philippines

Although cassava is grown extensively in the Philippines, it is mostly grown in

small patches for subsistence. There are. However, areas in the country where cassava
is grown as a cash crop and on a commercial scale. These areas include Bukidnon,
Lanao del Sur and Negros Occidentaal. Table 3 shows that the principal cassava
growing areas are located in Mondanao, which accounts for 59% of the area and 71%
of production in the Philippines; of this, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM), which comprises Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi provinces,
is by far the most important region. Table 3 also shows that during the past ten years
cassava production has shifted from Bicol and the Visayas towards the Mindanao
region, especially to Western Mindanao and ARMM.

Cassava is generally grown with minimal inputs and care, and this is
reflected in the low national average yield of about 8.0 t/ha – one of the lowest yields in
the southeast Asia. However, in areas where cassava is grown for starch and dried
chips, the average yield is about 20 t/ha . the improvement in yield is mainly due to
adoption of high-yielding varieties and slightly better cultural practices. In the figure 3,
shows the historical Cassava Production in the Philippines in the year 2005 to 2014. In
the figure 4 shows the World Statistics of Cassava.

Table 3. Cassava are. Production and yield in the various region of the Philippines in
1990 and 1999.
Source: Bureau of Agric. Statistics (BAS), 2000
Figure 3. Historical Cassava Production in the Philippines, 2005-2014 (PSA-BAS)

Figure 4. World Statistics of Cassava

 In the first quarter 2016, production of cassava grew by 7.3 percent, from 541.39
thousand mt in 2015 to 580.82 thousand mt this year. The positive growth was
attributed to the following:

 increase in demand for feeds use from cassava feed millers and marketing
assistance from San Miguel Corporation in Isabela, Cagayan, and Quirino.
 bigger tubers harvested in Bohol due to use of high yielding variety (Rayong);
and
 expansion in area planted in Leyte due to technical assistance such as good
farm management practices conducted by non-governmental organizations
(NGO).

Lower production were noted in some areas due to the following:

 smaller tubers harvested in Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, Tawi-tawi, and Sulu
due to the effect of dry spell; and
 lesser area planted in South Cotabato due to drought.

Northern Mindanao recorded the biggest production at 182.88 thousand mt and shared
31.50 percent to the country’s cassava output. Cagayan Valley followed with 17.6
percent share, and ARMM with 16.9 percent (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Cassava: Top Producing Regions, Philippines, January – March 2016

Potato Production in Asia and the Pacific Region

Rice is the basic staple of the diet of most of the population of AP; potatoes
appear in these diets as accompanying vegetables. There are significant exceptions to
this, namely in the highland areas of China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
India, Mongolia and Nepal where potatoes are a dietary staple. In the subtropical
mountains of Southeast Asia the potato is an important vegetable in diet diversification
and an anchor in intensive cool-weather horticulture systems. The potato in these
countries fills a role in diet diversification and improved nutrition. The value of the potato
as a nutritious food is well recognized in those countries with a potato production
tradition and could be a vehicle for addressing specific cases of malnutrition in selected
areas where potato consumption is meaningful.

In the first quarter of 2016, sweet potato production went down to 113.39
thousand mt, from 117.20 thousand mt level in 2015 or a decrease of 3.3 percent. This
was attributed to the following:

 smaller tubers harvested in Negros Oriental and Guimaras due to

insufficient soil moisture caused by intense heat;
 lesser area planted in Iloilo due to insufficient rains during the planting
season; and
 lower yield in Leyte as tubers were damaged by weevils due to changing
weather condition.

Increases in production were noted in some areas due to the following:

 additional area harvested in Caraga;
 non-occurrence of weevils in Pangasinan; and
 favorable weather condition in Albay which resulted to bigger tubers harvested.

The top producing regions and their respective shares during the quarter were
Bicol Region with 20.7 percent; Eastern Visayas, 13.0 percent; and Western Visayas,
9.5 percent (Figure 6). In Table 4 shows the volume of Production by region in the
Philippines.
 Figure 6. Potato: Top Producing Regions, Philippines, January – March 2016

Table 4. Potato: Volume of Production by region, Philippines, January – March

2015-2016P

Processing Machines for Cassava and Potato Mechanisms

Processing machines are made to replace the manual method and to increase
product output in order to meet the required demand for food, fiber and materials.
Appropriate mechanization and automation is extremely necessary in order to achieve
the desired end product. For cassava and potato commodity, some manual methods
like grating, pressing or dewatering, frying, chipping, pulverizing are mechanized
successfully with years of innovation and development.

Grating Mechanism

Grating is the most painful and tedious operation. The capacity of the skillful
person could grate about 20kg/hr. Apart from the peelers, various types of cassava
grating machines have been developed. Many designs and construction were published
and showed development of grating mechanisms. Each grater is designed uniquely as
seen in the Figure 7.

Figure 7. Existing Design of Grating Machine

 Grating of fruits or vegetables is important to obtain the fine shredded products.
In current market, graters come in various shapes and sizes and each grater has
several different blades. Selection of the right size of blade for specific purpose is
important. According to Sharon and Christine (2000), large round holes work the best.
However, CIA (2007) stated that the smaller the hole, the finer the end result. The finest
side is used for grating and should be used on firm or hard textured food.
 METHODOLOGY
Project flow chart
The study will be conducted in a step by step procedure. Figure 1 show procedural
frameworks that will be used on the conduct of the research study.

Conceptual Design of Grater Materials preparation for

Machine construction of the design

Fabrication and Assembly of

Pretesting of the Prototype
parts of the Machine

NO
YES

Sampling testing of grater

Data Gathering
Machine

Analysis and Evaluation

Figure 1. Procedural Framework of the Research Study

Conceptual Design
The electric motor provides the primary rotary motion required to power the
machine. The motion and torque from the electric motor are transmitted to the grating
barrels via pulleys, shafts and bearings then the grating barrels rotate. The peeled
cassava tubers and the peeled potato tubers drop from the loading platform or in the
hopper section and reach the grating points by gravity via the inclined self loading
plates. The grated pulp drop through the critical gaps between the grating barrels and
the trapezoidal plates through the inclined exit channels into the receiver. The inclined
pulp exit channels (chute) are in opposite directions.
 Fig.1 Isometric Drawing of Multi- Grater
Fig.2 Side View of Multi- Crop Grater
Machine
Machine

MATERIALS NEEDED
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION UNIT

Fabrication and Assembly of Individual Parts

1. Gather materials needed
2. Fabricate and assemble the different parts
3. Assembling of whole parts
Pre-Testing and Adjustment
Pre-testing will be done when the design will already be fabricated to determine
some adjustment needed by the design and to insure the effectiveness of the machine.
The small adjustment needed by the multi-crop grater will be to obtain the better
performance of the machine.

Experimental Design and Layout

The experimental design of the soon to be constructed Multi-Crop Grater

Machine will be done using a Complete Randomized Design (CBD) with two treatment

and four replication (T1R1, T2R2). To minimize the error; it is important to replicate at

least three times in every treatment. The study also considered the suggested number

of DAFI based on the research of Ordenet. al (2003).

Treatment

T1 T2

T1R1 T1R2 T2R1 T2R2

T1R3 T1R4 T2R3 T2R4

Statistical Analysis
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be use in the study for its statistical tool in

order to test the significant differences of the treatment that will be gathered on the

study. Since the CRD will use the experimental design, it requires that the analysis of

variance must follow for determining the effect of the independent variable to the

dependent variables.
Result and Discussions

Conclusion and Recommendation

LITERATURED CITED

https://www.academia.edu/23221277/_Design_Fabrication_and_Performance_Evaluati
on_of_an_Automated_Combined_Cassava_Peeler_Grater_and_Presser_for_Small_Sc
ale_Processing_?auto=download

http://edepot.wur.nl/175663

https://www.idin.org/sites/default/files/resources/KNUST%20Cassava%20Grater%20Te
eth%20Summer%202014.pdf

http://digilib.bsu.edu.ph/greenstone/collect/undergra/index/assoc/HASHefb8.dir/doc.pdf

http://213.55.85.90/bitstream/handle/123456789/279/Final%20Thesis%20Martha.pdf?s
equence=1&isAllowed=y

http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_2_120.pdf

http://jeteas.scholarlinkresearch.com/articles/Design%20and%20Performance%20Evalu
ation%20of%20a%20Double.pdf

http://ljs.academicdirect.org/A09/103_110.pdf

http://www.ijeit.com/Vol%206/Issue%209/IJEIT1412201703_07.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/CIAT/the-philippine-department-of-agriculture-and-its-
cassava-industry-roadmap?from_action=save

http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/asia/proceedings_workshop_00/84.pdf

https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Vege%20Bulletin%202016%20Jan-
Mar%20Final%2007012016.pdf

https://betuco.be/manioc/Cassava%20-%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Abas Sultan Acmad

Sex: Male

Nationality: Filipino

Date of birth: April 10, 1995

Contact Address:

• Physical address: Blk. 21 Lot 11 RTU Grand Village Apokon, Tagum City,

Davao del Norte, Philippines

• Cellphone Number: 09752866009

• Email: abasbantuas@gmail.com

Education Information

Tertiary Education: University of Southeastern Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering (2013-Present)

Secondary Education: Tagum City National High School

Elementary Education: Magugpo Pilot Central Elementary School