UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIOPRODUCT PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

EXPERIMENT 1:PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FEED

Name: IFFAZRIN AFIQ BIN ISMAIL

ID NUMBER:55101217200
DATE:17 AUGUST 2018
LECTURE NAME:MADAM NIK IDA BINTI NIK PA
THEORY
The theory involved the experiment was proximate analysis of animal feed. Generally,
Proximate analysis is used as chemical method for describing feedstuffs. The proximate
composition of feeds and feedstuffs is useful for evaluating the macronutrient content. A
feedstuff is partitioned into six fractions: moisture, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free
extract, crude protein and ash. The sum of crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract
represents total carbohydrate. Each fraction except moisture represents the nutrient
group. Proximate analysis has been the key to determining the useful digestible or
metabolize energy of a feed. It does not define the nutrient content of the feed. It is an
index of nutritive value only because the fractions that it isolates are correlated with some
of the properties of feeds that have nutritional significance. Consequently, it is a useful
descriptive devise in establishing the characteristics of feeds. As with other specialized
tools, to use it correctly to its full potential requires much other nutritional knowledge and
judgement. There is a need to appreciate its design, weaknesses, and limitations to be
able to use the data.
Next,the theory is about the proximate analysis is a scheme for routine
description of animal feed stuffs devised in 1865 by Lenneberg and Strotman at Wendy’s
Experiment Station in Germany. It is often referred to as the Wendy’s System of Analysis
and is principally devised to separate carbohydrates into two broad classifications like
crude fiber and nitrogen free extract (NFE). The system consists of determinations of
water, ash, crude fat (ether extract), crude protein and crude fiber. As indicated, NFE is
a component of the system, but it is measured by difference rather than by analysis.
Proximate analysis allows us to make legitimate comparisons of feeds on the basis
of specific nutrients. This makes it possible to know how much better one feed is than
another in terms of specific nutrients.
This experiment show about moisture which is the determination of moisture is
one of the most important and most widely used analytical measurements. Moisture
content is frequently used as an index of stability and quality as well as a measure of yield
and quantity. Proteins are complex nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential to
life processes and are necessary constituents of animal foods. The Kjeldahl method
estimates the total nitrogen which is converted to total crude protein by means of an
empirical factor usually, 6.25, which depends on the proportions of the various nitrogen.
compounds present in a particular sample .Fat is reported as that substance which is
insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and soluble in organic solvents like
carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide, anhydrous ether or petroleum ether. Since small
amounts of substances other than fat, like waxes, resins, chlorophylls and carotenoids
are included in the ether extract, the result is generally designated as “crude fat” or “ether
extract”.
RESULTS
Table 1:Moisturizer of sugar cane hay
Sample Constant Weight Of Dried Sample Moisture
Weight Sample+ Aluminium Weight ,g
Aluminium Dish ,g (W1) (S)
Dish, g (W1)

Sugar Cane 31.4818 31.4818 2.0040 67.7246

Baggage

From formula given:

𝟑𝟐.𝟏𝟐𝟖−𝟑𝟏.𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖
Moisture = X 100
𝟐.𝟎𝟎𝟒
=67.7545
Wo=31.4818g
S=2.004
W1=32.128g
Below shows the formula of moisture. The crucible weight(constant weight),g without the
sugarcane baggage is 31.4818g.Then,after drying process the crucible weight after
incineration and ash ,g is 32.128 g. Thus, the sample weight is 2.004.The initial weight of
the sugarcane baggage is weighed,31.4818 g which is before drying process. So, based
on the formula of moisture.67.75% of moisture came out from the baggage in overnight
of 50 degree celcius.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of the experiment was to identify the expose the basic method of proximate
analysis and formulation in animal feed.The theory of scheme is about Proximate analysis
is used as chemical method for describing feedstuffs. The proximate composition of feeds
and feedstuffs is useful for evaluating the macronutrient content. A feedstuff is partitioned
into six fractions: moisture, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, crude protein and
ash. The sum of crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract represents total carbohydrate. Each
fraction except moisture represents the nutrient group. Proximate analysis has been the
key to determining the useful digestible or metabolize energy of a feed. It does not define
the nutrient content of the feed. It is an index of nutritive value only because the fractions
that it isolates are correlated with some of the properties of feeds that have nutritional
significance.
Next ,the experiment was began with drying method at 50° C for 0/N.
Drying method is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or
another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process is often
used as a final production step before selling or packaging products .A source of heat and
an agent to remove the vapor produced by the process are often involved. In bio products
like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost
invariably water. Desiccation may be synonymous with drying or considered an extreme
form of drying. Secondly, the method is to drying at 105° C for 3 hour .The sample is dried
again for 2 hours, allow to cool and weighed is observe. The procedure repeat until no
reduction of weight is observe. For total ash method is to determine constant weight. It is
to cool for 60 minutes in dessicator and weighed. This method is use formula that to
calculate of moisture.
Based on table 1,the results recorded about moisturizer of sugar cane hay
which is left overnight(24 hours)in the oven. Sugar cane baggage is placed in a constant
temperature oven of 50.The reading is recorded after being left for 24 hours. The readings
were taken and recorded to determine the moisturizer of the sugar cane baggage. This
reading was taken to determine the water content left in the sugar cane baggage.
Based on theory, the results to show that the proximate analysis is a scheme
for routine description of animal feed stuffs devised in 1865 by Lenneberg and Strotman
at Wendy’s Experiment Station in Germany. It is often referred to as the Wendy’s System
of Analysis and is principally devised to separate carbohydrates into two broad
classifications like crude fiber and nitrogen free extract (NFE). The system consists of
determinations of water, ash, crude fat (ether extract), crude protein and crude fiber. As
indicated, NFE is a component of the system, but it is measured by difference rather than
by analysis. Proximate analysis allows us to make legitimate comparisons of feeds
on the basis of specific nutrients.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion ,the objectives of the experiment were to expose the basic method of
proximate analysis and formulation in animal feed. Based on the result obtained,it can
deduce that the Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of
organic materials, such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy
sources by biological processes or agents, such as certain microorganisms. One example
is the industrial production of cortisone, which one step is the bioconversion
of progesterone to 11-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone by Rhizopus nigricans. Another
example is the bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol, which is part of scientific
research for many decades and it can produce of enzymes, animal feed, bioethanol and
bio plastic.Futhermore, although many efforts have been made on sugarcane bagasse
hydrolysis using pre-treatment methods.The moisture that used in this experiment which
is the determination of moisture is one of the most important and most widely used
analytical measurements. Moisture content is frequently used as an index of stability and
quality as well as a measure of yield and quantity. Proteins are complex nitrogenous
organic compounds that are essential to life processes and are necessary constituents of
animal foods.
Appendix/References
1. Proximate[2013][0nline].[Accessed 18 august]Available from the
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nalysis+of+animal+feed&oq=advantages+proximate+analysis+of+a
nimal+feed&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l3.14853j1j8&sourceid=chrome&
ie=UTF-8
2. Animal feed analysis.[2015][online].[Accessed 18 august].Available
from the world wide
web].https://www.fossanalytics.com/en/industrypages/animal-
feed-
analysis?utm_source=Google_Adwords&utm_medium=Adwords&
utm_campaign=Feed&utm_content=Ad&gclid=Cj0KCQjw5NnbBRD
aARIsAJP-
YR9xN6CxTsjpxxeveDJ4p1t_PioQOhgBweR3xSEED1rPFtIjpZwFCcoa
AjzMEALw_wcB
3. Proximate[2016][online].[Accessed 18 august].Available from the
world wide
web].https://www.slideshare.net/ganaderao/proximate-principles-
56128721
4. Bioconversion[2014][Online].[accessed 18 august].Available from
the world wide web]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion