28.02.

2011

Kaba yapı (structure?) Foundations
Walls
Yapı (building) Slabs
Stairs
• Man‐made environment to serve human 
R f
Roofs
activities.
İnce yapı (finishing?) wall and floor finishing
doors,windows
Mimar (architect) painting
• Professional
Professional to design and construct that 
to design and construct that plumbing
environment.  bar bending (demircilik işleri)
sheet‐metak work(çinko ve tenekecilik
electrical and mechanical installation

Structures
1. Load‐bearing system (wood, masonry) FOUNDATIONS
The foundation system is that part of a building’ss 
The foundation system is that part of a building
Walls transmit the load to the foundation and ground. 
substructure which transmits the building’s loads 
(loads of the superstructure) down to the 
2. Skeleton system (wood, reinforced concrete, 
steel)  supporting soil. 

Horizontal and vertical elements arranged by axes

transmits the load to the ground. 

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Foundation systems

A foundation system typically consists of columns, piers,

or walls which rest on footings.

Elements of a foundation structure presented schematically:

• The soil (zemin)should carry (or resist) all dead 
and live load that is transmitted from the 
d li l d th t i t itt d f th
superstructure, without any damage.

• If it does not, the resistance of ground should 
be increased or the shape of the foundation
be increased or the shape of the foundation 
should be changed. 

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Footings spread:

FOUNDATION WALL (Temel Duvarı)

Temelden iletilen yük ile zeminin taşıma gücü arasında bir

FOOTING ( Sömel / Temel Pabucu )
dengenin oluşması gerekir.

Alternatively, a matt (or raft) foundation can be cast

Spread footings "spread out" the weight of the superstructure under the entire building footprint,
and foundation system on a larger surface area of soil or rock, reducing the tendency for differential settlement,
thereby reducing the stress or pressure on the soil or rock. and tying the structure together (useful in seismic zones).

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LIVE and DEAD

LOADS
SEISMIC FORCES or
EARTHQUAKES

WIND FORCES

WIND FORCES

EARTHQUAKE
FORCES

DOWNWARD LOAD
SETTLEMENT LOAD

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Why is footing placed below grade? Frozen Level

1) not a good idea to place building on top of organic matter (top soil),
as it is not structurally adequate.
2) soil below grade is already compressed/compacted by the weight of the
soil above, and is therefore more likely to be able to carry the imposed loads
of a building.
• The distance between
3) avoidid "frost
"f t heaving,"
h i " where
h certain
t i soils
il expandd when
h th the water
t iin th
them the ground surface
freezes. and the foot of
foundation

• Min 80 cm. &

Approximately 120-
120
140cm. in Turkey

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What FUNCTIONS foundations serve ?

Classification of Foundation
1.Prevent settlement
(i l di diff
(including differential
ti l settlement)
ttl t) off a structure
t t Foundation in general can be classified
2.Prevent possible movement of structure due to periodic into a number of ways, such as:
shrinkage and swelling of subsoil
1. Shallow foundation
3.Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind

4.Resist lateral forces due to soil movement 2. Deep foundation

5.Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures

FOUNDATION TYPES Different foundation types are used for different circumstances,

with the variables being building type, soil make up, and individual site properties.
Below shows the different foundation types:
SHALLOW(Yüzeysel) DEEP (Derin)
PILED
LINE POINT PLANE
STRIP/WALL (Kazık)
PIER RAFT
(Çizgisel - (ISOLATED (Radye -
Sürekli - PIER - PAD) Radyejeneral)
Mütemadi)
(Tekil -
Münferit -
Noktasal ) MAT RIBBED CELLULAR Pile foundations comprise of long, slender concrete, members which transfer the load
ONE TWO (plak) MAT MAT (mantar through weak or unstable soil. Therefore the more stable ground lower down creates
WAY WAYS the reacting force to the weight of the structure above.
(ters plak) The Raft foundation spreads the load over a whole ground floor space.
kemer)

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the selection of the type of foundation 
4. Quality. The foundation must be of adequate quality
1. Adequate Depth. It must have an adequate depth to so that it is not subjected to deterioration, such as
prevent frost damage. For such foundations as bridge the sulfate attack of concrete footings.
piers, the depth of the foundation must be sufficient
to prevent undermining by scour.

5. Adequate Strength. The foundation must be

2. Bearing Capacity Failure. The foundation must be  designed with sufficient strength that it does not
safe against a bearing capacity failure.  fracture or break apart under the applied
superstructure loads.
loads
3. Settlement. The foundation must not settle to such 
an extent that it damages the structure. 

6. Adverse Soil Changes. The foundation must be able

to resist long‐term adverse soil changes.

An example is expansive soil (silts and clays), which

could expand or shrink causing movement of the
foundation and damage to the structure.

7. Seismic Forces. The foundation must be able to

support
pp the structure duringg an earthquake
q without
excessive settlement or lateral movement.

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JOINT BEAM (Bağ Hatılı / Deprem Hatılı)

LINE ( STRIP / WALL )
FOUNDATIONS
• Line foundations
consist of a
continuous strip
under load bearing
walls.

Load Bearing
Systems

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PIER (ISOLATED PIER / PAD)

FOUNDATIONS
• Loads of a skeleton
system are carried Load bearing structure /
down through the Yığma Yapı Skeleton system / İskelet
soil inadequate Yapı – Karkas Yapı
bearing capacity
until satisfactory
foundation bed has
been reached

Skeleton System
Line foundation for Load Pier foundation for
bearing building type skeleton system

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PLANE / RAFT FOUNDATIONS

MAT FOUNDATIONS
• raft or reinforced concrete bed
under the whole building structure

RIBBED MAT
FOUNDATIONS

• transmits the loads of

the building to the weak
subsoil under the raft
CELLULAR MAT
FOUNDATIONS

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Örnek kesit çizimi
Slab on Grade(zemine oturan döşeme)
• Zemine oturan temellerde, farklı yük aldıkları için temel duvarı 
ile zemin döşemesini yaklaşık 2‐3
ile zemin döşemesini yaklaşık 2 3 cm lik oturma derzi ile 
cm lik oturma derzi ile
ayırmak gerekir.

• Zemine oturan döşeme; blokaj denilen yaklaşık 15cm 
yüksekliğindeki taşların yere, tabanları üzerinde dengeli 
duracak şekilde dik olarak yerleştirilmeleri  ve ,

• Üzerine grobeton denilen demirsiz beton dökülmesiyle elde 
edilir.  

Bodrumu olan 
yığma yapı temeli

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