PLANT DISEASE CONTROL

ƒ Procedure applied which tried to

reduce/minimize disease occurrence
Principles of plant disease
control

ƒ Correct identification (disease, causal

agent, factors affecting the disease)
ƒ Disease Diagnosis - Koch’s postulate
DISEASE CONTROL

PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF

PLANT DISEASE CONTROL

Exclusion
Eradication
Protection
Immunization
DISEASE CONTROL
ƒ 1. EXCLUSION – is the prevention of a new
pathogen” from being introduced into a
locality where it is currently unknown
unknown. This
necessarily involves legal methods of
control.
ƒ - Involves methods that are used to prevent
establishment of pathogen in an area where it
is not present/observed.
present/observed
ƒ - Legislative in nature
ƒ e g PLANT QUARANTINE
e.g.
DISEASE CONTROL

ƒ Plant quarantine regulation:

ƒ RP Act 3027 – This law and regulation
g
should help protect agricultural industry
the destructive insect p
pest and diseases
and to prevent the spread domestically
y
and internationally.
DISEASE CONTROL

ƒ A phytosanitary clearance - issued by

the quarantine office certifying that your
plant materials are disease free.

ƒ Target to control – Pathogen and the

ƒ host
DISEASE CONTROL
2. ERADICATION – involve removal of plant pathogen
that are established in an area
ƒ measures intended to eliminate,, inhibit or kill the pathogens
p g that
have become established within the plant or in an area.
ƒ e.g. > use of systemic chemicals, irradiation
ƒ > eradication of infested plants (rouging,
rouging pruning)
ƒ > eradication of alternative hosts

ƒ Target to control-
control- Pathogen and host
DISEASE CONTROL
PROTECTION-- Involves
3 PROTECTION
3. I l the
h prevention
i off
infection by putting a chemical barrier
(protectant ,,sprayer,
(p p y , dust)) between the
pathogen and the suscept, by controlling
certain environmental factors that affect
infection, or by crop management practices
that prevent or reduce infection.
ƒ > Killing the pathogens with toxic chemicals
(immediate & effective control)

ƒ Target to control : Pathogen

DISEASE CONTROL

ƒ IMMUNIZATION –Involves modifying

certain physiological or physical
features of the host so that it can repel
infection
ƒ Breeding of resistant varieties.

ƒ Target to Control - Host

B. Methods of Plant Disease
Control

ƒ 1. Sanitation
ƒ a. destroying
y gp plant refuse or debris ((which
harbors the pathogen) by burning or burying
them.

ƒ b Cleaning and disinfecting

b. disinfecting, fumigating
warehouse before and during storage of
produce.
p
Methods of plant disease
control
ƒ 2. Cultural methods
ƒ eradication of diseased plants 9or rouging) in
greehouses., nurseries or in the field to reduce or
eliminate inoculum sources.
ƒ Crop rotation or planting for a number of years of
non hosts of pathogens.
ƒ Practices that improve the growing conditions of
plants such as proper drainage, tillage,
fertilization, irrigation, etc.
Methods of plant disease
control
Cultural….

ƒ Plowing under of infected plant parts (Downy mildew)

ƒ Removal of infected plant parts (Fusarium,
Pseudomonas))
ƒ Pruning infected or dead branches
ƒ Burning of infected plant parts
ƒ Washing hands (TMV),
(TMV) disinfecting tools
tools, washing and
disinfection of containers, storage and transport facilities
ƒ Creating conditions unfavorable to the pathogen
Methods of plant disese
control
ƒ Good aeration of stored products to speed up drying of
surface
ƒ Proper spacing of plants in the field
ƒ Reducing
R d i off h humidity
idit ((spacing,
i iirrigation
i ti d during
i morning,
i
drip irigation, don’t wet the leaves – Downy mildews,
Oomycetes)
ƒ Use of traps and mulches – reduction of Pathogen
Pathogen--vectors
ƒ Silver plastic mulch has repellent effect on aphids and
thrips (virus-
(virus-vectors) Reflectant mulches cease to function
as soon as the p plant canopypy covers them
ƒ Sticky yellow traps (mainly monitoring of insect population
but to some extent also control)
ƒ
Methods of plant disease
control
Methods:
ƒ 3. Biological Methods:
> employ the use of micro organisms that compete
with parasite or antagonistic to the pathogens.

ƒ * Antagonistic soilborne Microorganisms

ƒ R
Resting
ti spores off severall plant-
plant
l t-pathogenic
th i microorganisms
i i
(Pythium, Phytophthora, Sclerotium, etc.) are invaded and
parasitized by several other fungi (e.g. Trichoderma sp.)
ƒ Bacteria,, Nematodes parasitizing
p g on plant
p pathogenic
p g fungi
g
ƒ Plant pathogenic nematodes are also parasitized by other
microorganisms, e.g. fungi (Paecilomyces) or bacteria
ƒ Introduction of antagonistic fungi or bacteria into conductive
soils (not very successful under field conditions)
Methods of disease
control
ƒ * Control through trap plants and
antagonistic plants
ƒ Corn planted around a field of beans will reduce the
incidence of virus infection through aphids as vectors
ƒ Trap plants used against nematodes (some plants not
p
susceptible to nematodes are triggering
gg g nematodes to
hatch – nematodes enter these plants but are unable to
develop into adults – population breakdown)
ƒ Similar results obtained by planting highly susceptible
plants
l t (plowed
( l d under
d b before
f th
the nematodes
t d reach h maturity)
t it )
ƒ Have been little used because of the additional expenses
and risks involved
ƒ Control through antagonistic plants (marigolds)
Methods of plant disease
control
ƒ * Control through trap plants and
antagonistic plants
ƒ Corn planted around a field of beans will reduce the
incidence of virus infection through aphids as vectors
ƒ Trap plants used against nematodes (some plants not
p
susceptible to nematodes are triggering
gg g nematodes to
hatch – nematodes enter these plants but are unable to
develop into adults – population breakdown)
ƒ Similar results obtained by planting highly susceptible
plants
l t (plowed
( l d under
d b before
f th
the nematodes
t d reach h maturity)
t it )
ƒ Have been little used because of the additional expenses
and risks involved
ƒ Control through antagonistic plants (marigolds)
Methods of disease
control
ƒ * Selection

> Plant seeds from resistant plants in

the field that survived the attack of
disease
Methods..
Methods

Methods:
ƒ 4. Physical Methods:
ƒ Control by heat treatment
ƒ Soil sterilization by heat (steam sterilization, 30
min at 82 ºC)
ƒ Hot water treatment of propagative organs
(seeds, bulbs, corms, nursery stock, e.g. seeds
11 min at 52 ºC, bulbs 3 h at 43 ºC)
ƒ Hot air treatment of storage organs (curing) e e.g.
g
Sweet potato at 28 to 32 ºC for 2 weeks (corn,
onion, etc.)
Physical methods

ƒ Control by eliminating certain light

wavelength
ƒ Alternaria,
Alternaria Botrytis
Botrytis, etc
etc. sporulate only if they
receive light in the UV range, blocking of such
wavelength by UV absorbent film on greenhouse
cover
ƒ Control by drying stored grains and fruit
ƒ moisture content below 12 %
ƒ Harvest of fruits later during day (no surface
moisture, storage under ventilated conditions
Physical methods

ƒ Control by Refrigeration
ƒ Control of post
post--harvest diseases
ƒ Low temperatures above freezing point inhibit or
retard growth of pathogens
ƒ Control by Radiation
ƒ UV, X
X--rays, γ-
γ-radiation , opposed by consumer
organizations,
g , not commerciallyy used
Chemical methods

ƒ Chemical methods
ƒ Classification according to target group
(nematicides,
( ti id ffungicides,
i id b
bactericides,
t i id …))
ƒ Methods of application:
ƒ Foliage sprays and dusts
ƒ Seed treatment
ƒ Soil treatment
ƒ Wound treatment
ƒ Postharvest treatment
Chemical methods
ƒ a. Foliage
F li spray and
d dust
d
* Most fungicides and bactericides protectants
- must be present on the plant surface in advance of the
pathogen to be effective
- Kill spores on germination

ƒ *S
Some are eradicants,
di t have
h direct
di t effect
ff t on the
th pathogen,
th that
th t
has already invaded the plant
ƒ * Some are systemic (Benomyl, metalaxyl, etc.)
ƒ If effective after infection with pathogen took place curative potential –
rescue treatment
ƒ * Do not spray during rain – washed off
ƒ * Fungicides often mixed with surfactants
ƒ compounds with low surface tension
Chemical methods

ƒ * Fungicide will spread better on plant surface

ƒ Foliage sprays and dusts
ƒ *F
Fungicides
i id often
ft mixed
i d with
ith sticker
ti k
ƒ Increasing the adherence of fungicide and the sprayed
plant surface
p
ƒ * For contact fungicides whole surface of plant
has to be covered
ƒ For older tissue application every 7 to 14 days depending
on rainfall
ƒ For yyounger
g tissues application
pp once to twice a week
Chemical method

ƒ b. Seed treatments
ƒ Control pathogens carried on seeds, tubers, etc.
ƒ Either with protectants or systemic fungicides
ƒ Applied as dust or thick water suspensions
Chemical method

ƒ c. Soil Treatment
ƒ Use of volatile chemicals as fumigants
(nematicides)
ƒ Application as dusts, drenches or
granules (metalaxyl, propamocarb,
triadimefon, etc
Chemical method

d. Treatment of tree wounds

ƒ In large scale orchard operations after pruning
fungicide
f i id application
li ti (b(benomyl,l captafol,
t f l etc.)
t )
ƒ Large pruning cuts or wounds need to be
desinfected with sodiumhypochlorite (10 – 20 %
chlorox bleach, phenol or bordeaux \mixture
ƒ than sealed with wound dressing (lanolin, rosin
andd gum, or commerciali l wounddd
dressing
i
Chemical method

ƒ e. Control of postharvest diseases

ƒ Diluted solutions of fungicides used for dipping fruits or
vegetables
ƒ Washing solutions right after harvest
ƒ Used as dust or gas (elemental sulfur, SO2)
ƒ Chemicals
Ch i l impregnated
i t d in
i the
th b
boxes or wrappers
containing fruit
ƒ Examples:
ƒ Chlorinated water for washing of tomatoes
ƒ Fungicides on citrus fruit – benomyl, biphenyl, etc.
Chemical method
ƒ Pesticide
P i id Formulations
F l i (total
( l 71
1 codes)
d )
ƒ WP = Wettable Powder
ƒ SP = Water Soluble Powder
ƒ EC = Emulsifiable Concentrate
ƒ DC = Dispersible Concentrate
ƒ SC = Suspension Concentrate
ƒ SL = Soluble Concentrate
ƒ WG = Water dispersible
p g
granules
ƒ SG = Water soluble granules
ƒ GR = Granules
ƒ DP = Dustable Powder
ƒ ES = Emulsion for seed treatment
ƒ DS = Powder for dry seed treatment
ƒ SS = Water soluble powder for seed treatment
ƒ WS = Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment
Chemical
ƒ Inorganic Chemicals used for plant disease
control
ƒ Copper compounds
ƒ Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulfate + calcium hydroxide –
hydrated lime)
8-8-100 (lbs, gallons)
ƒ Fixed copper compounds (copper compound of low
solubility is packed in a form that is stable in storage and
readily soluble in water)
ƒ Less phytotoxic
ƒ Copper oxychloride (Cupravit, Vitigran blue, Cobox
blue), copper hydroxide (Kocide, Champion, Funguran),
cuprous oxide (Nordox, Perenox), copper hydroxosulfate
(Snipe)
Chemical
ƒ Inorganic
I i Chemicals
Ch i l used
d for
f plant
l disease
di controll
ƒ Copper compounds
ƒ Effective against many fungal and bacterial diseases, e.g. Downy
mildews and phytophthora
ƒ Inorganic sulphur compounds
ƒ Ground sulphur as dust
ƒ formulated as wet paste prepared from kolloidal sulphur particles
ƒ Formulated as wettable powder, mixed with wetting agent during milling
ƒ Lime
Lime--sulphur mixture - boiling sulphur and slacked lime 2:1:5 (parts)
ƒ Inorganic
I i sulphur
l h compounds d
ƒ Cheap and safe
ƒ Elosal, Kumulus S, Thiovit
ƒ Against Powdery Mildew fungi (also mites)
ƒ Can not be sprayed
p y together
g with Copper
pp compounds,
p ,
organophosphates or other metal-
metal-containing pesticides
ƒ Carbonate Compounds
ƒ Sodium bicarbonate and other bicarbonate salts plus 1 % superfine oil
ƒ Phosphate and Phosphonate Compounds
ƒ Mono
Mono-- or Di-
Di-potassium phosphate
Chemical..
Chemical

ƒ Organic Contact protective Chemicals

used for plant disease control
ƒ Dithiocarbamates: Organic sulphur compounds
ƒ Derivatives of dithiocarbamic acid
ƒ Form Isothiocyanite
Isothiocyanite--Radical upon breakdown
ƒ Thiram , maneb (Maneb, Manzate D), zineb
(Dithane Z-
Z-78), Propineb (Antracol)
ƒ Mixed with zinc = mancozeb (Manzate 200200,
Dithane M-
M-45, Agromars Cozeb)
ƒ Broad
Broad--spectrum fungicides for many applications
chemical

ƒ Organic Contact protective Chemicals

used for plant disease control

ƒ Aromatic Compounds
ƒ Chlorothalonil (Bravo, Daconil), Dichloran
(Botran), Pentachlornitrobenzene (Terrachlor,
Pentaram), Biphenyl (Biphenyl)
ƒ Consist of a benzene ring
ƒ Broadsprectrum Fungicides for many
applications
pp
chemical
ƒ Organic Contact protective Chemicals used for plant disease control
ƒ Heterocyclic compounds
ƒ Captan (Captan, Marscap), Iprodione (Rovral)
ƒ Broadspectrum Fungicides for many applications, Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes
ƒ Organic systemic Fungicides
ƒ Are absorbed through foliage and translocated within the host plant
ƒ Most move upward in the plant with the transpiration stream
ƒ Most are site specific, only inhibiting one or a few specific steps in the metabolism of
the fungi
ƒ Leads to development of resistance
ƒ Acylalanins
ƒ Benzimidazoles
ƒ Oxanthiins
ƒ Organophosphate Fungicides
ƒ Pyrimidines
ƒ Triazoles
ƒ Acylalanins

Most important fungicide of this group is metalaxyl (Ridomil)

ƒ Effective agains Oomycetes (damping off)and Downy Mildews
ƒ Soil
Soil-- seed
seed--treatment and foliar spray - also effective as curative treatment
ƒ Often used in combination with broadspectrum
p fungicides
g to avoid resistance
chemical
ƒ Benzimidazoles
*Include important fungicides like benomyl
(Benlate) and thiabendazole,
thiabendazole Thiophanate (Topsin
(Topsin,
Fungo), etc.
*Broad spectrum fungicides, effective against a
large number of fungalpathogens
* Benomyl particularly effective against Powdery
mildewsand many fruit rots
*Highly effective against Cercospora, Fusarium,
Verticillium,Rhizoctonia, etc.
chemical

ƒ Oxanthiins
ƒ First systemic Fungicides discovered 1966
ƒ Example
E l C
Carboxin
b i (Vit
(Vitavax)) and
dOOxycarboxin
b i
(Plantvax)
ƒ Effective against Rust and Smut
Smut--fungi and against
Rhi
Rhizoctonia
t i
ƒ Used as Seed treatment
chemical

ƒ Organic systemic Fungicides

ƒ Organophosphates
g p p
ƒ Protective as well as curativeproperties
ƒ Example Edifenphos (Hinosan)
used against Rice
Rice--blast,
blast powderymildews
ƒ Fosetyl
Fosetyl--Al (Aliette) against foliar, root and stem
diseases caused by oomycetes and downy mildews
ƒ Treatments
T t t may be b effective
ff ti for
f 2 to t 6 monthth
chemical

ƒ Triazoles
ƒ Example
p Triadimefon ((Bayleton),
y ),
Bitertanol (Baycor), propiconazole (Tilt)
ƒ Show long protective and curative activity
against a wide variety of Ascomycetes,
Imperfect Fungi and Basidiomycetes
chemical

ƒ Pyrimidines
ƒ All effective against
g p
powdery y mildews,,
also against several other Ascomycetes
and Basidiomycetes
y (Rust
( and Smut
fungi)
ƒ Example Ethirimol (Milstem)
(Milstem), Fenarimol
(Rubigan)
chemical
ƒ Organic systemic Fungicides
-Example Propamocarb (Previcur)against Oomycetes,
some rusts

-Example Triforine (Saprol)against many ascomycetes

and imperfect F
Fungi,
ngi also some basidiom
basidiomycetes
cetes

- Examplep Imazalil ((Fungaflor)

g ) against
g many
y
Ascomycetes and Imperfect Fungi causing leaf spots,
fruit rots and vascular wilts
chemical
ƒ Other
O h Organic
O i Fungicides,
F i id Bactericides
B i id
ƒ Antibiotics
ƒ * Produced by one microorganism
microorganism, toxic to
another microorganism
ƒ * Mostly products of bacteria (streptomyces)
toxic to other bacteria and some fungi
f
ƒ * Example Streptomycin (Agrimixin) used as
spray and soil drench
ƒ * Example Basticidin(BLA-
Basticidin(BLA-S), used in Japan
against Rice blast fungi (Magnaporthe
(Magnaporthe grisea)
grisea)
chemical
ƒ Nematicides
N i id
ƒ Organophosphates
ƒ Example Fenamiphos (Nemacur)-
(Nemacur)- Systemic
ƒ Have low volatility, Can be applied before or after planting
ƒ No or minimal activity against soil fungi
ƒ Isothiocyanates
-Example Dazomet (Basamid) Active against nematode
soilil iinsects,
t weeds
d and
d mostt soilil ffungii
ƒ Active ingredient =methylisothiocyanate

ƒ Carbamates
ƒ Example Aldicarb (Temik) or carbofuran (Furadan)
ƒ Active against Nematodes and soil insects, see insecticides
- Systemic, Available as granules or liquids of
low volatility
chemical

ƒ Halogenated Hydrocarbons
ƒ Methyl bromide (banned) CH3Br
ƒ Used
U d as ffumigant
i t
ƒ Kills nematodes and insects, as well as weed seeds
and certain pathogens, broad spectrum Avermectins
(see
( A
Antibiotics,
tibi ti St
Streptomyces)
t )
Chemical
ƒ Resistance to Pesticides
ƒ Resistances developed against certain aromatic and
systemic compounds
ƒ Widespread and continuous use because of excellent control
ƒ Mode of action only single site (specific action) – control only
one or two steps in a genetically controlled event in the
metabolism of a pathogen
ƒ Selection of resistant individuals from a population or single
mutation enough to develop resistance
ƒ Use in combination or alternation with broad spectrum
f
fungicides
i id
ƒ Example Benomyl with Captan

ƒ -end
end--