FECAL IMPACTION

 Osmoconformer
- Large, hard mass of stool is stuck in colon or o Subjected to change O to the
rectum because of constipation, dehydration. environment.
To avoid this, drink plenty of water, eat foods o Body osmolarity match to the
rich in fiber. environment
o Maintains the same osmolarity
KIDNEY STONE o Ex: marine animals such as starfish,
snail, etc.
- Happens when there is an excessive intake of
 Osmosis- movement of water
foods that contain high amount of salt.
from higher to lower
BLADDER CANCER concentration.

- Contains tumor  Osmoregulator

- Common in boys who are smoking.
DIALYSIS
- People undergo this treatment if there is acute
renal failure
- Their dialysis serves as alternative filtration of
 Stenohaline
kidney to maintain homeostasis
 Euryhaline
EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS
 Interstitial fluid
o A solution that bathes and surrounds
the tissue cells of multicellular animals.
o Main component of extracellular fluid,
which also includes plasma and 1. Ammonia
transcellular fluid.
 Internal environment
o It is the fluid environment that bathes
the cells (extracellular fluid) composed
of the interstitial fluid and blood.
 Osmolarity
o Concentration of a solution expressed
as the total number of solute particles
per liter.
 Osmoregulation
o It is the regulation of water and ion
balance 2. Urea
 Excretion
o A process by which metabolic waste is
eliminated from an organism
o Also helps in the regulation of water
and ion balance
o Has the ability to regulate O even if
the environment changes its O
o Different osmolarity to the
environment.
o Osmosis is regulated
o Ex: mammals
o Do not survive in high range of salinity
o Osmoconformers
o Survive in wide range of saline
o Osmoregulator
NITROGENOUS WASTES
a. Primary nitrogenous waste
b. Detoxified by converting it into a
relatively nontoxic form such as urea or
uric acid.
c. Ex: invertebrates, larval amphibians
teleosts marine
d. Highly toxic
e. Highly soluble in water
f. 1 g of ammonia needs 300-500 mL of
water to be diluted.
g. Animals that excrete ammonia are
called ammonotelic
h. Process of excreting ammonia is called
ammonotelism.
a. End product excreted in urine when
ammonia is metabolized by animals
b. Colorless, odorless solid, high soluble in
water
c. Less toxic compared to ammonia
d. Used in nitrogen excretion, in fertilizer
and in chemical industry
 e. Ex: mammals (humans), amphibians,
some fishes
f. 1 g of urea needs 50 mL of water to be
diluted
g. Animals that excrete urea are called
ureotelic
h. Process of excreting urea is called
ureotelism
3. Uric acid
a. Not highly soluble in water
b. Looks like a white paste/powder-
structure or form
c. Energetically costly
d. Reduced water loss and less toxic than
ammonia and urea
e. Ex: birds, reptiles, terrestrial anthropods
f. 100 000x less than toxic than ammonia
g. Does not need or very little amount of
water is needed.
h. Animals that excrete uric acid are
called uricotelic
i. Process of excreting uric acid is called
uricotelism
RENAL CAPSULE
 Is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney;
covered in a layer perirenal fat known as the
adipose capsule.
RENAL CORTEX
 Outer part of the kidney that contains the
glomerulus and convoluted tubules. It is here
the renal corpuscle is located.
MEDULLA
 Consists of multiple pyramidal tissue that
contain a dense network of nephrons
RENAL PELVIS
 Collects urine from the excretory tubules and
passes it to the ureter
RENAL ARTERY
 Carries oxygenated blood to the kidney
RENAL VEIN
 Carries deoxygenated blood after waste
products have been removed from the kidneys
to the heart.
URETER
 Carries urine away from the kidney
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Renal artery carries oxygenated blood
Kidney filters the blood
Renal pelvis serves as reservoir which collects the urine
from the nephron (nephron is the functional unit of
kidney)
Muscle causes peristalsis (wave) wherein the urine is
pushed downward to the ureter
Ureter delivers urine from the kidney to urinary
bladder
Removed to our body through urethra
 - Secretion also happens in PCT
of organic acids such as
2 TYPES OF NEPHRON: medicines and uric acid.
1. Cortical nephron 85% *water follows solute; when there is
2. Juxtaglomerular nephron 15% high amount of ions, there is also
high amount of water excreted
resulting to dehydration.
ii. Loop of Henle (Friedrich Henle)
PARTS OF THE NEPHRON AND ITS 1. Descending loop
FUNCTIONS: -permeable to water.
- Water will be diffused
Has two major parts: by osmosis (movement
of water from higher to
1. Renal corpuscle lower across permeable
a. The initial or primary site of filtration membrane) to the
because the initial filtration happens at interstitial fluid of
glomerulus. medulla.
b. Consists of: - Another reabsorption
i. Afferent arteriole- brings blood of water. Reason:
to the glomerulus. Has granular a. Permeable to
cells that secretes hormone water.
renin- responsible for the b. Medulla is
glomerular filtration rate hyperosmotic
(responsible for the dilation and c. Some of the
constriction of arteriole) urea are being
ii. Efferent arteriole- takes blood reabsorbed in
away from glomerulus the lower
iii. Glomerulus- has podocytes that collecting duct.
is responsible for the formation 2. Ascending loop
of fenestration (su mga butas) - already found in the
it allows small solutes to enter medulla.
the bowman’s capsule. - has 2 parts:
Glomerular filtrate is the term a. Thin segment-
for those filtered by the first part of
glomerulus ascending loop.
iv. Bowman’s capsule- receives the The epithelial
filtrate. It is connected to a cells that are
convoluted tubule. 15-20% here are
blood plasma can enter permeable to
bowman’s capsule because only sodium.
few are filtered by glomerulus Passively, the
2. Renal Tubule sodium moves
a. Converts filtrate into urine out from the
b. Consists of: ascending loop
i. Proximal Convoluted Tubule to the
- Adjacent to bowman’s interstitial fluid
capsule of medulla.
- Reabsorption of water, NaCl, b. Thick segment-
K, amino acids, glucose, not permeable
bicarbonate (HCO3) to water and
- Approximately 65% of water salt. Is actively
and ions are reabsorbed by the reabsorb salt/
PCT, and approximately 100% sodium to the
or amino acids and glucose are interstitial fluid
also reabsorbed because it is of medulla.
still needed by our body.
 iii. Distal Convoluted Tubule peritubular capillaries form the interstitial fluid
- Distal to the bowman’s of the cortex in order to get into the lumen of
capsule the bloodstream.
- pumping of 3 sodium to the 2. Vasa Recta- Capillaries that are found in the
bloodstream and secretion of 2 medulla part of the kidney. It absorbs the
potassium. solutes and solvent that are found in the
- aldosterone: for ion balance, medulla.
responsible for the reabsorption
of sodium and secretion of
potassium.
iv. Collecting Duct INVERTEBRATE EXCRETORY
- found near the pelvis.
- upper part is permeable to
SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
water because there is
reabsorption of urea in the PROTONEPHRIDIA
lower part, making the
medulla hyperosmotic.
- Hormone involved: ADH
antidiuretic hormone (it focuses
on water conservation)
- Diuretics is formation of urine,
urine production.
- When the level of ADH
increase, there will be a
formation of aquaporins
(aqua= water, porins= pores)
for water conservation.

Function of kidney
1. Balancing the level of ion in our body
2. Filters the blood
3. Balancing of pH level
4. Balance/ normalize blood pressure
5. Excreting urine
Platyhelminthes – lives in moist areas (worms)
their urine is hypoosmotic compared in other part of
the body.
Mechanisms of Urine
Protonephridia (flat worms)
formation: - also called flame bulb system (simplest excretory
system of animals)
1. Filtration (glomerulus, bowmans capsule) - has tubules and flame cells (found in every end of
2. Reabsorption (PCT, loop of henle, DCT, branch)
Collecting duct, whole renal tubules) - inside the flame bulb system is the cilia (looks like
3. Secretion (PCT, DCT) flickering flame that is located inside the flame cell)
4. Excretion - flame cell is surrounded by a Slitlike opening that
serves as the fenestration. Mechanism that happens in
the slitlike opening is filtration.
-fluid that came from the interstitial fluid can enter
2 types of capillaries because the flame cell filters it.
1. Peritubular capillaries- all reabsorptions that - filtration happens through the slitlike opening found
happens in the PCT are absorbed by the in flame cell
- the cause of filtration is because the movement of
cilia.
- the fluid absorbed or fluid will continue while
INSECT
reabsorbing the useful materials and solvent.
- continued reabsorption in the tube, of Na, K,
hydrogen other solutes and water.
- in some animals, their nitrogenous waste also comes
out in their skin.
- waste will come out through nephridiopore

METANEPHRIDIA

FOUND IN ANNELIDS
Earth worm, mollusks (snail, slug, crustaceans)

 Earthworm’s body is segmented.

 Nephrostome
o funnel-like structure found in a
segment.
o It is not connected to a tube, thus it is
open to a segment in interstitial fluid or  Midgut
space. o Stomach
o Function of Nephrostome is filtration. o Surrounded by the Malpighian tubule
o Filtrates will enter a tubule wherein the  Hemolymph
reabsorption of ions and secretion takes o Fluid
place. o Blood of ants, cockroach
 Bladder septum o Equivalent to the human’s blood and
o Equivalent to a urinary bladder of lymphatic fluid.
mammals.  Malpighian tubules
o Function: for storage of urine. o We have 6 Malpighian tubules that
o If it is already full, the earthworm will surrounds the midgut
excrete it through nephridiopore o Secretes Na, K, and other solutes or ions
 The first two segments of earthworm doesn’t that came from the hemolymph
have nephridiopore and the rest has o The ions that is secreted will be found
nephridiopore. at Malpighian tubule
o There will be hyperosmolarity because
of the secretion.
 Hindgut
o Reabsorption of most water and some
solute
 Rectum
o Waste of insect is uric acid which looks
like semi solid waste because of the
secretion that happens in hindgut.