Solution-3681 Environmental Control Systems 2nd Assignment

Department of Home & Health Sciences
Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Environmental Control Systems (3681)

Assignment No. 02
Submitted to:
Ar. Nazia Iftikhar
Block No: 6
Dept. of Home & Health Sciences,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Sector H-8,
ISLAMABAD, (051-9057744)
Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor
3rd Semester, Roll No. BN-523998
M. Sc Sustainable Environmental Design
OGIL, # 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC)
Block – 08, Clifton, KARACHI
explorationist@gmail.com / (0332-527 2364)
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Total Marks: 100
a) Assignment-2 is field research based comprises of three parts.
i. Part 1 is a selection of a public building in your area or region.
ii. Part two is the critical evaluation of the selected building in terms of passive heating
and passive cooling according to the climatic features of your area or region.
iii. Part three is based on the alterations suggested by you to improve the functionality of
selected building.
iv. Students will be required to prepare a report for assignment 2. (Refer general
guidelines for detail instructions).
v. The student is supposed to do a presentation in the workshop to the resource person
and course mates; he should prepare slides or other illustrative material for effective
presentation.
Brief
a) You are required to select a public building which is located in your area/locality or
region.
a. Describe the climatic features of your area/locality and region.
b. Based on the climatic data develop a checklist of passive features that address the
aspects for solar heating and ventilation in building design.
b) Based on your checklist examine your selected building according to the parameters
related to passive heating and cooling.
a. Analyze the building design according to the sun path,
b. What building materials is used to stabilize the interior temperature.
c. What design elements are used in the building that cater direct gain, indirect gain or
isolated gain.
d. Explain the design features that are accountable for natural ventilation in your building.
Features may be the part of your building design or the landscape available outside.
e. What are the mechanical components installed in the building that are accountable for
heating and cooling.
c) After a detail critical analysis of the selected building give your suggestions to improve
it.
d) Support all your findings with drawings, sketches, charts and photographs. You need
to discuss each aspect which is mentioned above.
All of the above must be considered in relation to local climatic conditions
throughout the year
2
By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises to Almighty Allah, the creator of the Universe who blessed me with the
knowledge and enabled me to complete this research. I feel great pleasure and honor to
express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my mentor and honorable Ar. Nazia
Iftikhar (AIOU Faulty Member), for her guidance, encouragement and friendly attitude
during the semester.
I specially acknowledge the efforts of all the teachers and management of the AIOU for their
support and advice. I pay my thanks to all the Management Staff & Regional Director of the
AIOU Campus Karachi, for their kind support.
I wish to thank Mr. Rehan Farooqi, Mr. Waqas Ali Naqvi, Mr. Zia ul Haq, Mr. Anjum Taj, Ar.
Syed Umar Zafar (Dolmen City Project) and Other M.Sc Sus. Env. Design Class Fellows for
valuable discussions and knowledge sharing (including data sharing) during the compilation
of this assignment.
I further wish to record my thanks especially to Dolmen City Management (Mr. Babar Jamal,
Abrar Randhawa) for allowing me to conduct this study and providing me this opportunity to
learn about Environmental Impacts in their educational institute and could utilize their data
& resources.
M. Hammad Manzoor
3
CONTENT LIST
S. NO TOPIC / DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE 5
DISCUSSED
2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 10
3 METHODOLOGY (TARGET GROUP, 11
INTERVIEW/QUESTIONNAIRE) ADOPTED FOR THIS STUDY
4 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
5 RESULTS & OUTCOMES WITH STATISTICAL & GRAPHICAL 14
PRESENTATION
6 CONCLUSIONS 28
7 RECOMMENDATIONS 30
8 REFERENCES & RESEARCHES CITED 31
4
1. INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE DISCUSSED:
Selection of the Building:

Dolmen City Project, Clifton, Karachi
Location
Dolmen City Project
5
6
The Dolmen City Project was initiated by the International Complex Projects Limited (ICPL)
is a Mixed Use Development Project covering an area of 37,666 square yards. The salient
features of the project are as under.
The project is of International Complex Projects Limited (ICPL).ICPL has formed an

excellent team of highly reputed firms and individuals to undertake the project. All members
of the team have executed numerous similar projects, and are fully capable of putting
together a world-class state of the art project.
Modern management tools and work methodology is being used to implement the project
on a fast and right track.
The Project has been undertaken by:

1) ICPL, the Developers, along with
2) M/s Arshad Shahid Abdulla, The Architects
3) M/s Consult-Tech, The Structural Consultants
4) M/s FND, The HVAC Consultants
5) M/s Matrix Consultants, The Electrical Consultants
6) M/s Y.S Associates, The Plumbing Consultants
7) M/s Paragon Constructors
ICPL galvanizes resources from skills to infrastructure comprising in depth industry

knowledge, experience and best practices, enabling customers to focus on their core
businesses while ICPL meets the customers infrastructure and management demands and
expectations.
7
OFFICE LOCATION
International Complex Projects Limited
HC-3, Block 4, KDA Scheme No. 5,
Clifton, Karachi
Tel: +92-21-5296062-4
Fax: +92-21-5296061
Email: info@dolmengroup.com
CONTACT / RESOURCE PERSON

Mr. Jabir Hussain Dada
Senior Leasing Manager
International Complex Projects Limited
HC-3, Block 4, KDA Scheme No. 5,
Clifton, Karachi
Tel: +92-21-5296062-4
Fax: +92-21-5296061
Email: info@dolmengroup.com
OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
Dolmen City is among the most prestigious mixed use development projects of Pakistan. It
is built to serve corporate and commercial clients in an ultra modern business environment.
The Project has been initiated to respond to the principles of sustainable development
initiatives that aim at socially equitable, and economically viable development to improve
the quality of life for all citizens of Pakistan without altering the balance in Ecosystem.
8
PROJECT STATUS AND CONSTRUCTION/OPERATION SCHEDULE
The above table has provided the details of the project components The construction work
at Dolmen City has been divided into five phases. Executive Tower has already been
completed and is operational since 2006; The Harbor Front has also been completed and is
operational since 2008; Shopping Mall structure has been completed; Construction of two
40 storey towers:
(a). Tower A's structure has been built upto + 30,000 level only.
(b). Tower B's structure has been built upto + 41,600 level only.
9
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
The objective of the study a public building remained
 To select a public building which is located in locality/ Karachi region.
 Study the climatic features of your area/locality and region.
 Based on the climatic data develop a checklist of passive features that address the
aspects for solar heating and ventilation in building design.
 Study the parameters related to passive heating and cooling.
 Analyze the building design according to the sun path
 Study the building materials are used to stabilize the interior temperature.
 Study the design elements are used in the building that cater direct gain, indirect
gain or isolated gain.
 Study the design features that are accountable for natural ventilation in your building.
10
3. METHODOLOGY (TARGET GROUP, INTERVIEW/QUESTIONNAIRE) ADOPTED

FOR THIS STUDY:
Methodology:
The theme of the methodology was to select the building which really needs to address the
climatic data that can highlight the aspects for solar heating and ventilation in building
design, parameters related to passive heating and cooling, analyze the building design
according to the sun path, building materials are used to stabilize the interior temperature
and the design elements are used in the building that cater direct gain, indirect gain or
isolated gain.
Physical Visit:
Frequent visits had been made to study the in details to fulfill the objectives of the study and
numerous meetings had been convened with the Architect, administrators, management
members of the Dolmen City Mall and detailed discussion and idea sharing had been made
in this regard.
Building Selection:
Dolmen City Mall was selected due to the following reasons;
 High Rise Building
 Solar Heating System
 Traditional Building Material used
 Sun light Exposure
 Passive Heating and Cooling Techniques used
TARGET GROUP:
During the planning phase, plan has been made by considering that selection of participant
should be based on random sampling of the participants, in order to have true pictures of
the objectives of my study.
 Method of Selection (Sampling):
There are many methods for selecting the participants, and the type of sampling will
depend on how you will use the information. The common (and simplest) method for
selecting participants for focus groups is called "purposive" or "convenience" sampling. This
means that you select those members of the building whom we think will provide best
information. By keeping in this view, Administrator/management, Architect(s), and
Public/locals had been selected as Target Group.
Target Audience
Administrator /
Management Architect (s) Public / Locals
11
INTERVIEW / QUESTIONNAIRE:
The Interview / Questionnaire were planned to ask from the participants by keeping in view
the group sessions. It was worked out very carefully throughout, and we need to be ready
and willing to change it several times if necessary.
Questions were prepared as survey form which could help us to extract the information as
outcome / results.
 Interview with Administrator

 Interview with Architect (s)
 Interview with General Public / Local Residents
12
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
The following research publications have been brought into consideration with respect to
national and global perspective;
1. Climatic Design of Buildings using Passive Techniques

By Hans Rosenlund
Published in BUILDING ISSUES 2000, Volume 10, Number .1
The purpose of this paper has been worked out with the objective of this study is to present
information about the climatic design of buildings today, using passive techniques. It
explains central concepts in climatic design and gives recommendations on how to carry
out the design in different climates. The focus is on building design, but urban climate is
also considered. Ways to gain more knowledge are presented and illustrated with a case
study
2. HEATING AND COOLING IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS USING

FAÇADEINTEGRATED TRANSPARENT SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR SYSTEMS
By Christoph Maurera, Thomas Baumann , Michael Hermann , Paolo Di Lauro , Stefano
Pavan , Lars Michel , and Tilmann E. Kuhn
Published in: Journal of Building Performance Simulation · November 2013
The purpose of this paper has been worked out to New façades of high-rise buildings often
include renewable energy converters to allow “green building” operation. At the same time,
numerous tenants value visual transparency. Transparent solar thermal collectors (TSTC)
aim at decreasing the non-renewable primary energy demand and increasing the visual
transparency at the same time. On the one hand, this paper presents the main modelling
challenges that arise when considering building façades and especially integrated TSTC
systems. New TRNSYS Types have been especially developed for this purpose. A
simplified model is presented for comparison. On the other hand, the overall performance
for a building with façade-integrated TSTC, as measured by its nonrenewable primary
energy demand, is treated. This is achieved by considering a complete simulation model
coupling the TSTC, building and HVAC operation. Possibilities for primary energy savings
are investigated using the building mass as additional thermal storage.
13
5- ANALYSIS / RESULTS & OUTCOMES WITH STATISTICAL & GRAPHICAL

PRESENTATION
ORIENTATION FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
14
ARCHITECTURAL FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
15
16
17
CLIMATIC FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
18
WIND DIRECTION & SPEED FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
19
20
SUN PATH FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
21
MATERIAL USED FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
The structure of the Dolmen City consists of low rise podium in two levels and 4 nos high
rise towers. The low rise podium from grids 1 to 20 consists of two basements, ground and
7 upper floors whereas from grid 20 to 38 it consists of one basement, ground and two
upper floors. This structure is based on raft foundations. The structure above the raft is a
reinforced concrete framed structure with column grids at 7500X7500 mm. The floor slabs
consist of flat slab system with drop panels.
The four high rise towers are founded on cast in place bored concrete piles going down and
anchored into the stone strata. The piles are capped by pile caps on which columns of the
high rise towers are founded. The superstructure consists of reinforced concrete framed
structure. The slab system is a combination of flat slab and beam and slab system. High
Performance Ready-mix Concrete has been used in the entire structure. Similarly High
Grade Deformed reinforcement bars have been used throughout the structure. The
basements have reinforced concrete retaining walls with membrane waterproofing on the
outside to make the basements water tight.
 Structure:
Framed Reinforced Concrete Structure Bearing on piles
 Flooring:
Mix of Wooden/Porcelain Tiles Marble/Terrazzo Flooring
 Other Architectural Materials:

False Ceiling, Decorative Wood Work, Wooden Windows with Glass, Thick Glass
used in partitions for cubicles, Textured Tiles, etc.
Surface Geology
The topography of the Dolman city area is flat sandy plain built along the sea coast on the
recently filled silt and sand sediments. In the Clifton area and in the vicinity of Dolman city,
following three types of coastal sediments can be identified.
 Sand bar deposits: The sand bar deposits comprise of medium to coarse sand,
micaceous and shifting sand dunes.
 Coastal sand dune deposits: These are medium sized and shifting sand dunes.
22
 Beach sand deposits: These are medium to coarse grained, unconsolidated sand
with pebbles and broken shells. These have been marked but keep on shifting by
wind into small coastal dunes.
Subsurface Geology
The subsurface geological bore hole data show that major sediments include filled material
(water saturated) upto 6 meters depth, while, silty fine sand, medium hard siltstone and clay
stone sediments occur upto 15 meters below the surface. Whereas, below this depth, there
is solid strata comprising of hard sandstone and siltstone upto the depth of 46 meters.
23
HEAT, VENTILATION, AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM – PASSIVE MEASURES W.R.T

DOLMEN CITY PROJECT.
HVAC Facility at Dolmen City:
HVAC is an acronym that stands for "heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ". This is
sometimes referred to as climate control. In certain regions the term "Building Services" is
also used, but may also include plumbing and electrical systems.
The design is based on the recommendations of the following:
 ASHRAE: Handbook of HVAC Applications

 ASHRAE: Handbook of HVAC Systems and Equipment
 ASHRAE: Standard 62: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
 All applicable regulations and requirements of local utility companies having
jurisdiction.
Since the Dolmen City Mall, holds very good entrance of Sunlight due to direct exposure to
the sun in all seasons.
Mall design is very sophisticated in this regard, they hold glass entrance to the sunlight at
Eastern Side, and Southern Side by direct sun light exposure and from top they have also
designed in sophisticated way for multi-purpose tasks i.e. to receive sunlight and for
ventilation purpose to.
24
Cooling Load Analysis
A complete analysis of the thermal performance of the building has been carried out by
using Carrier E20-II, HAP 3.23 software. Based on the basic architectural design and
functional utilization of the spaces, and the design parameters indicating cooling loads are
mentioned below:
CENTRAL CHILLED WATER PLANT:
Due to the phasing of construction, and the constraints of availability of plant room space,
the chiller plant is located in two areas, as noted below:
Location-1: At 3rd Floor Level. Two direct-fired absorption chillers (2 X 1000 TR) are
installed and have been commissioned, the first in 2006 and the second recently.
Location-2: The balance of the Chilled water Plant will be located at the 8th floor level of the
Tower 2 with n+1 chiller configuration for system redundancy. Therefore 8 X 1500 TR,
25
natural gas operated direct-fired absorption chillers are proposed to be installed, depending
on the actual operational diversity achieved when the project is commissioned. Chilled
water outlet temperature is specified to be 42°F.
The design is based on a primary-secondary distribution system for the chilled water. The
Chilled Water Circuits have been designed for following:
 Executive Tower
 The Harbor Front
 Shopping Mall
 Tower - 1 Office
 Tower - 2 Office
VENTILATION SYSTEM AT DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:
Dolmen City Project holds three different Ventilation Systems;
1. Mix Model Ventilation:

Mixed-mode ventilation refers to “a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses
a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows and mechanical systems
2. Air Duct Distribution Ventilation
HEAT REJECTION PLANT:
The heat collected by the air-conditioning system shall be rejected out of the building using
draw-thru cross flow cooling towers.
BASEMENT IMPULSE VENTILATION SYSTEM:
International standards, as noted below, require that where natural ventilation is not
possible, as in the present case, a mechanical extract system be installed.
Internationally the mechanical extraction is carried out by either of the following standards:
 ASHRAE (3.7 L/s per m2)

 NFPA (5.0 L/s per m2)
 BS EN12101
26
The basement ventilation system has been designed based on the BS EN12101. The
basements have been divided into zones, with fresh air-intake stations and extract air-
stations located.
REDUCED SOLAR HEAT TRANSFER:
Double Glazing of all glass panels have been provided along the peripheries of The
Harbour Front. The thickness of the two sheets of glass is 6 mm each and there is an air
gap of 12 mm between the two sheets. Both the sheets are tempered. Outer sheet of glass
is uncoated tinted nonreflective float glass whereas the inner sheet is Energy Advantage
Low-e glass. The double glazing along with the air space and the low-e treatment results in
considerable reduction in heat transfer with solar heat gain coefficient as low as 0.45,
besides considerable savings in air-conditioning and energy costs.
27
CONCLUSION:
Structure:
 Structure of the dolmen city is accessible, beautiful, functional, well made,
emotionally resonant.
 Well Connected among each level
Material:
 Most of the material used is traditional material
Wind Direction / Speed:

 Wind Speed in the Study area is 17 km/hr.
 Wind Direction in the study area is NW-SE.
 Dolmen Mall is in approx. direction of wind
Ventilation System:
 Ventilation system is very good of the dolmen city project.
 Holds open spaces and windows for ventilation
 Mixed Ventilation System
 Impulse Ventilation System
Solar Exposure Study:

 Holds good solar exposure.
 In the winter season, sun is having low angle and heat could be gained (at the back
side).
 During summer, the concrete areas on roof will have maximum heat gain and will be
hot during summer.
 Day light is available in the designated as a good visual comfort
28
CRITICAL ANALYSIS:
STUCUTURE VS UN-STUCTURED
Dolmen City project is a structured project but still requires some structural changes at roof
top and parking area.
TRADITIONAL MATERIAL VS GREEN MATERIAL

Dolmen City Project has been build with traditional material which lack use of green
properties
AFFORABLE VS UN-AFFORDABLE
Dolmen Mall has been made on conventional basis with traditional material, therefore
purchasing of office at dolmen mall is affordable
SUSTAINABLE V/S NON-SUSTAINABLE

The study project is a sustainable Project, because environmental consideration has been
made brought into consideration.
VISUAL COMFORT V/S NON VISUAL COMFORT

The study project is visually good in lightning system and hold good access to day light by
sun in designated areas.
ENERGY EFFICIENT
Dolman City Project could not be call as 100% energy efficient, since no insulation has
been used in walls, roof or floors
SUN EXPOSURE
Dolmen Mall holds good sun exposure.
NO SHADES
No shades has been built / installed on the windows, could allow to rain water to infiltrate
through windows
29
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Ventilation system needs to be revisit by installation and mechanical components

(compressor etc) in the dolmen city project.
 Green Plants needs to be planted at roof top in order to decrease the heat gain
effect by concrete during the summers.
 Insulation needs to introduce in order to handle the heat gain directly.
 Shades need to be installed on the windows in order to save the rain or

environmental impacts
 The Dolman city project management has to realize that the sea is normally 3.36
meter (11ft) below the road level and 2.7 meters (8.8 ft) below the average ground
level at Dolmen City Project site. This suggests that a tsunami of magnitude similar
to the 1945 Tsunami would affect the 2.5 meter contour on the beach front of Dolmen
City Project site. This would need to be mitigated by construction of adequately
reinforced protection wall in the front of Dolmen City. Such structure would also
mitigate the likely impact due to sea level rise in the years to come.
30
References & Researches Cited:
 https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dolmen+Mall+Clifton/@24.8026022,67.026328
7,16.75z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x8f468f64498f32f7!8m2!3d24.8024212!
4d67.0298246
 https://www.google.com.pk/search?
q=sq+yard+to+kanal&oq=sq+yard+&aqs=chrome.5.69i57j6j0l4.6812j0j7&sourceid=c
hrome&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.worldweatheronline.com/karachi-weather-averages/sindh/pk.aspx
 https://www.worldweatheronline.com/karachi-weather-averages/sindh/pk.aspx
 https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/jinnah_airport_karachi
 https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php#top
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238104641_Climatic_Design_of_Buildings_
using_Passive_Techniques
 https://www.thebalancesmb.com/designing-climate-responsive-architecture-3157812
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262964668_Heating_and_cooling_in_high-
rise_buildings_using_facade-
integrated_transparent_solar_thermal_collector_systems
31

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Department of Home & Health Sciences

Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Environmental Control Systems (3681)

S. NO TOPIC / DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE DISCUSSED:

Selection of the Building:

The project is of International Complex Projects Limited (ICPL).ICPL has formed an

The Project has been undertaken by:

ICPL galvanizes resources from skills to infrastructure comprising in depth industry

CONTACT / RESOURCE PERSON

PROJECT STATUS AND CONSTRUCTION/OPERATION SCHEDULE

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The objective of the study a public building remained

 To select a public building which is located in locality/ Karachi region.

 Study the climatic features of your area/locality and region.

 Study the parameters related to passive heating and cooling.

 Analyze the building design according to the sun path

3. METHODOLOGY (TARGET GROUP, INTERVIEW/QUESTIONNAIRE) ADOPTED

 Interview with Administrator

1. Climatic Design of Buildings using Passive Techniques

2. HEATING AND COOLING IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS USING

5- ANALYSIS / RESULTS & OUTCOMES WITH STATISTICAL & GRAPHICAL

ORIENTATION FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:

ARCHITECTURAL FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:

CLIMATIC FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:

SUN PATH FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:

MATERIAL USED FACTS ABOUT THE DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:

 Other Architectural Materials:

HEAT, VENTILATION, AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM – PASSIVE MEASURES W.R.T

HVAC Facility at Dolmen City:

The design is based on the recommendations of the following:

 ASHRAE: Handbook of HVAC Applications

Cooling Load Analysis

CENTRAL CHILLED WATER PLANT:

VENTILATION SYSTEM AT DOLMEN CITY PROJECT:

Dolmen City Project holds three different Ventilation Systems;

1. Mix Model Ventilation:

2. Air Duct Distribution Ventilation

HEAT REJECTION PLANT:

BASEMENT IMPULSE VENTILATION SYSTEM:

 ASHRAE (3.7 L/s per m2)

REDUCED SOLAR HEAT TRANSFER:

Wind Direction / Speed:

Solar Exposure Study:

TRADITIONAL MATERIAL VS GREEN MATERIAL

SUSTAINABLE V/S NON-SUSTAINABLE

VISUAL COMFORT V/S NON VISUAL COMFORT

 Ventilation system needs to be revisit by installation and mechanical components

 Insulation needs to introduce in order to handle the heat gain directly.

 Shades need to be installed on the windows in order to save the rain or

References & Researches Cited:

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