A horizontal water jet impinges against a vertical flat plate at 25 ft/s and splashes off

the sides in the vertical plane. If a horizontal force of 350 lbf is required to hold the
plate against the water stream, determine the volume flow rate of the water.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 3

The horizontal force required to hold the plate against the water stream.

The density of water is,

 Step 2 of 3

Use moment equation for steady one-dimensional flow in -direction and calculate the
mass flow rate.

 Step 3 of 3

Calculate the volume flow rate as follows:

 Substitute for and for .

Therefore, the volume flow rate

A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 45°
from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into the
atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm2 at the inlet and 25 cm2 at
the exit. The elevation difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm.
The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring force
needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum- flux correction factor to be 1.03
at both the inlet and outlet.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 7

Given data:-
 The cross sectional area at inlet is .

The cross sectional area at exit is .

The elevation difference is .

The angle is .

The mass of elbow and the water in it is .

The momentum-flux correction factor for each inlet and outlet is .

Comment

 Step 2 of 7

Assumptions
1. The flow is steady, frictionless, incompressible, and irrotational.
2. Water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is

zero. 3. Let the mass flow rate be

Properties: Take the density of water as 1000 kg/m3.

Comment

 Step 3 of 7

Take the elbow as the control volume. Now, the inlet is at point 1 and the outlet at point
2.

Now, ,

Since the flow is steady. Also, .

Now, the inlet velocity is

Now, the outlet velocity is

 Comment

 Step 4 of 7

Now, use Bernoulli’s equation,

Thus,

Comment

 Step 5 of 7

Let the anchoring force of the elbow in x direction be and anchoring force of the

elbow in z direction be . Now, the momentum equation for steady one-dimensional

flow,

.
Now, the components of the equation in x direction is
 Comment

 Step 6 of 7

Now, the components of the equation in z direction is

Now, weight of the elbow and the water in it is

Now, substitute the known values and solve .

Now,
The resultant force

Comment

 Step 7 of 7
 Now, the angle,

Therefore, the anchoring force is . The force is acting at an

angle from the positive x direction.

Water accelerated by a nozzle to 20 m/s strikes the vertical back surface of a cart
moving horizontally at a constant velocity of 5 m/s in the flow direction. The mass flow
rate of water through the stationary nozzle is 30 kg/s. After the strike, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the plane of the back surface, (a) Determine the force
that needs to be applied by the brakes of the cart to prevent it from accelerating. (b) If
this force were used to generate power instead of wasting it on the brakes, determine
the maximum amount of power that could ideally be generated.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 5

Given data:-

The velocity of water,

 The velocity of the cart,

The mass flow rate,

 Step 2 of 5

Assumptions are
1. The flow is steady, frictionless and incompressible.
2. Water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus it is not considered.
3. The flow is jet flow so the momentum-flux correction factor is unity.
4. Neglect the friction.

 Step 3 of 5

Consider the cart as the control volume.

The relative velocity between cart and the water jet,

The mass flow rate with respect to the relative velocity is

 Step 4 of 5

Let be in positive x direction. Now, the momentum equation for steady one-
dimensional flow,

Thus, . Now, the braking force is

 Therefore, the braking force is

 Step 5 of 5

Power dissipated by the brake is

Therefore, the maximum power that could be generated is

A horizontal 5-cm-diameter water jet with a velocity of 18 m/s impinges normally upon
a vertical plate of mass 1000 kg. The plate rides on a nearly frictionless track and is
initially stationary. When the jet strikes the plate, the plate begins to move in the
direction of the jet. The water always splatters in the plane of the retreating plate.
Determine (а) the acceleration of the plate when the jet first strikes it (time = 0), (b) the
time it takes for the plate to reach a velocity of 9 m/s, and (c) the plate velocity 20 s
after the jet first strikes the plate. For simplicity, assume the velocity of the jet is
increased as the cart moves such that the impulse force exerted by the water jet on the
plate remains constant.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 7

Given data: The diameter of the jet is

The velocity of water is

 The mass of the plate is
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3

 Step 2 of 7

Assumptions are
• The flow is steady, frictionless and incompressible.
• Water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the pressure is not considered.
• The flow is jet flow so the momentum-flux correction factor is unity.
• The motion of water jet and the cart are horizontal.
• The relative velocity remains constant.

 Step 3 of 7

a)
Take the vertical plate on the frictionless
Track as the control volume.
Now, the mass flow rate of water,

 Step 4 of 7

Now, the momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow,

.
Thus, the momentum equations along the x – axis is

 Step 5 of 7
 Thus, the force on the plate is . Now, the initial
acceleration of the plate,

Therefore, the acceleration is .

 Step 6 of 7

b)

We know, . Also,

The final velocity is given as . So,

Therefore, the time taken to reach the velocity of is .

 Step 7 of 7

c)

We know, . Also,
The time is given as 20 s.
Thus,
 Therefore, the velocity of the plate after 20 s is .
Water flowing in a horizontal 25-cm-diarneter at 8 m/s and 300 kPa gage enters a 90°
bend reducing section, which connects to a 15-cm-diameter vertical pipe.The inlet of
the bend is 50 cm above the exit. Neglecting any frictional and gravitational effects,
determine the net results force exerted on the reducer by the water. Take the
momentum -flux correction factor to be 1.04.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 7

Given data:

Inlet velocity of the fluid,

Gage pressure at inlet,

Inlet diameter,

The height of inlet of pipe from datum,

The height of outlet of pipe from datum,

Outlet diameter,

Density of the fluid,

Momentum flux correction factor,

Acceleration due to gravity,

 Step 2 of 7

The reducer is as shown in figure:

 Step 3 of 7

Mass flow rate of the fluid at inlet,

 Step 4 of 7

Mass flow is constant throughout the duct,

Therefore,
 Step 5 of 7

By using Bernoulli equation, we have

 Step 6 of 7

Steady flow momentum equation with external force

By using the moment equation along -axis,

 By using the moment equation along -axis,

The net resultant force acting on the reducer by the water,

Therefore, the net resultant force acting on the reducer by the

water,

Comment

 Step 7 of 7

The angle of resultant force with positive -axis,

Therefore, the angle of resultant force with positive -axis,

A fan with 24-in-diameter blades moves 2000 cfm (cubic feet per minute) of air at 70°F
at sea level. Determine (a) the force required to hold the fan and (b) the minimum
power input required for the fan. Choose a control volume sufficiently large to contain
the fan, with the inlet sufficiently far upstream so that the gage pressure at the inlet is
 nearly zero. Assume air approaches the fan through a large area with negligible velocity
and air exits the fan with a uniform velocity at atmospheric pressure through an
imaginary cylinder whose diameter is the fan blade diameter.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 10

The diameter of the fan blade,

The flow rate of air,

The temperature of air,

 Step 2 of 10

Assumptions:
The flow is steady and incompressible.
The frictional effects are negligible.
Air approaches the fan through a large area with negligible velocity.
The pressures at inlet and exit are atmospheric.

The wind flow is uniform upstream and downstream, .

 Step 3 of 10

A fan with 24 in. diameter blades is shown in figure,

 Step 4 of 10

Density of air can be calculated by using ideal gas equation,

 Step 5 of 10

The mass flow rate of air,

 Step 6 of 10

The exit area,

 Step 7 of 10

The velocity at exit,

 Step 8 of 10

a) We have,

Then
 Therefore, the force required to hold the fan is

 Step 9 of 10

b) Apply the conservation of energy principle for the control volume between the inlet
and exit
Then the equation can be expressed as

We know,

and

 Step 10 of 10

Power required is
 Therefore, the minimum power required for the fan is

A soldier jumps from a plane and opens his parachute when his velocity reaches the
terminal velocity VT. The parachute slows him down to his landing velocity of VF. After
the parachute is deployed, the air resistance is proportional to the velocity squared
(i.e., F = kV2). The soldier, his parachute, and his gear have a total mass of m. Show

that and develop a relation for the soldier’s velocity after he opens the
parachute at time t = 0.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 5
 As the Air resistance force is proportional to the square of the landing velocity when
parachute is deployed,

…… (1)

Here, constant is , is the landing velocity, and is the force due to the
air resistance.

 Step 2 of 5

Landing velocity occurs when the air resistance is equal to the weight of the object.
Calculate the air resistance.
As the system is to be in equilibrium,

…… (2)

Here, is the force due to the air resistance and is the total weight of the
system.

 Step 3 of 5

From equations (1) and (2), obtain the value of constant .

Therefore, the value of the constant is .

 Step 4 of 5

Calculate the net force developed by parachute when the soldier has a velocity .

Here, is the net force acting on the system.

Substitute for and for .

 Substitute for .

 Step 5 of 5

According Newton’s 2nd law

Integrate to calculate the velocity,

Here when .

Up on substituting the integrands, obtain the equation for the velocity of the soldier.
Therefore, velocity of soldier as a function of time

is .
 A 60-kg ice skater is standing on ice with ice skates (negligible friction). She is holding a
flexible hose (essentially weightless) that directs a 2-cm-diameter stream of water
horizontally parallel to her skates. The water velocity at the hose outlet is 10 m/s
relative to the skater. If she is initially standing still, determine (a) the velocity of the
skater and the distance she travels in 5 s and (b) how long it will take to move 5 m and
the velocity at that moment.

Answer:

 Step 1 of 4

(a)
Calculate the mass flow rate of water through the hose by using the following equation

Here, density of water is , the cross-sectional area of the hose is A and the velocity of
the water at the hose outlet V
 Substitute and in the
equation

 Step 2 of 4

The force exerted on the skater by the water stream (F) is the momentum flux of the
water stream acting opposite to the direction of water flow.

(a)
Find the acceleration of the skater

Substitute and in the equation

Find the velocity of the skater after 5 seconds

The velocity of the skater after 5 s is .

 Step 3 of 4
 Determine the distance traveled by the skater (x) after 5 s.

The distance traveled by the skater after 5 s is .

 Step 4 of 4

(b)
Use kinematics to determine the time it takes to move 5 meters distance.

Here, distance moved is x

Substitute and in the equation

Therefore, the time taken for the skater to travel 5 m distance is

Use kinematics to determine the velocity of the skater after she has traveled 5 m.

Therefore, the velocity of the skater after she has traveled 5 m is .