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Submitted by:

Rishelle Mae P. Victoriano


Lovely Jane Joren
Submitted to:
Engr. Marjoric A. Penetrante

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OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this report are the following:

1. To know the different types of waste and where they came from.
2. To know how waste affects the Environmental and Public Health.
3. To familiarize the Five Stages Hierarchy in managing commercial
and industry waste.
4. To be able to know and understand the Disposal System Technique
and their contribution to the public and environment.

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Overview

Refuse disposal or waste disposal is a blanket term in


collecting, processing or recycling waste materials. Households, schools,
hospitals, hotels, markets, shops, offices – everywhere we go we use,
consume, or exploit something, which afterwards leaves waste remnants.
Thing about all the waste just one individual is responsible for producing
a day; a package, a peel, paper, cartons and bottles – all the little things
we handle and eventually dispose of on a daily basis. One would be
astonished by the amount of trash we all produce.
Refuse Disposal covers different topics related to waste. In
this report we will discuss where waste came from; what are the different
types of waste; how we generate and store waste; the approximate time it
takes to degenerate waste; segregation of waste; Refuse Disposal System;
Solid Waste Management; Disposing of Commercial and Industrial Waste;
Waste Hierarchy; Requirement for Disposal System of High rise Building;
Disposal System Technique and the Importance of Proper Waste Disposal
to the Human health as well as to the environment.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Pages

Objectives -------------------------------- 2
Overview -------------------------------- 3
Discussion -------------------------------- 5-19
Technical Terms -------------------------------- 20
Review Questions -------------------------------- 21-23
Test Questions -------------------------------- 24-26
Answer Key -------------------------------- 27-28
Summary/Conclusion -------------------------------- 29
Final Rating -------------------------------- 30

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DISCUSSION:

Waste came from:


Each household generates garbage or waste day in and day out.
Items that we no longer need or do not have any further use will fall in the
category of waste, and we tend to throw them away. There are different
types of solid waste depending on their source. In today’s polluted world,
learning the correct methods of handling the waste generated has become
essential. Segregation is an important method of handling municipal solid
waste. Segregation at source can be understood clearly by schematic
representation.
One of the important methods of managing and treating wastes is
composting. As the cities are growing in size and in problems such as the
generation of plastic waste, various municipal waste treatment and
disposal methods are now being used to try and resolve these problems.
One common sight in all cities is the rag picker who plays an important
role in the segregation of this waste.

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Types of Waste

1. Domestic Waste
 waste that is generated as a result of the ordinary day-to-day use
of a domestic premise.
Domestic Waste/Household Waste includes ashes, food, paper, bottles,
tins, rags, hairs, cardboard, rubber. Household waste is generally
classified as municipal waste.
2. Commercial Waste
 can be defined as any waste generated as a result of carrying out a
business, including associated lawn and garden clippings from
normal maintenance of the business premises. Commercial waste
also includes rubbish produced by your customers ie. food wrappers
and containers.
 It includes waste papers, office stationary catering waste and
cartons
3. Industrial Waste
 includes various waste materials produced by industries, some of
whichmay be toxic, offensive and dangerous. Some of the waste may
be salvageable andvaluable; for example, metal waste may be melted
down and ire-used.
4. Medical waste
 It includes cottons pads, blood, pieces of organs, bones, pieces of
flesh, skins,syringes, plastics bottles.

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Generation and storage of waste
Door-to-door collection of waste is another method of segregation;
the rag picker plays a very important part in the segregation of waste. It is
now becoming more and more essential to look for methods by which the
garbage load on the land can be reduced. It has been seen that at present
segregation of waste at source level seems to be the best.

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Segregration of waste
Waste can be segregated as
1. Biodegradable and
2. Non-biodegradable
Biodegradable waste includes organic waste e.g. kitchen waste, vegetables,
fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden, and paper.

Non-biodegradable waste can be further segregated into:


a) Recyclable waste- plastics, paper, glass, metal, etc.
b) Toxic waste - old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans,
fertilizers and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
c) Soiled - hospital waste such as cloth soiled density and the type of
society with blood and other body fluids. Toxic and soiled waste must be
disposed of with utmost care.

REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM


Refuse disposal system, technique for the collection, treatment,
and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and
operation of these systems is often called solid-waste management.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


First of all, what is a solid waste?
Solid waste is the tangible animal and human garbage that are
discarded and deemed to be useless. This kind of waste comes from
residential, commercial, and industrial activities. As we know, waste can
be categorized as paper, plastic, metal, glass, and organic waste – each
can be handled appropriately in different ways. No matter what type – or
its origin in that matter – wastes should be managed accordingly to keep
the environment clean. That is where Solid Waste Management comes in.

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Solid Waste Management is the process of controlling, treating, collecting,
and disposing of solid waste in any way possible, to ensure that the public
health is conserved.

DISPOSING OF INDUSTRIAL
AND COMMERCIAL WASTE

• All businesses have a duty of care under the Environmental Protection


Act 1990 to dispose of their waste properly and sustainably.
• This includes having a clear audit trail of how that waste is stored and
where it is subsequently sent.
• The emphasis is on preventing waste from being created first and then
reusing, repurposing or recycling before settling on the final option of
disposing by incineration or putting into landfill.

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WASTE HIERARCHY

The important part to manage the commercial and industry waste is 5


stage hierarchy:
1. Prevention: The key for industrial and commercial sectors is to
ensure that they prevent the production of waste as much as
possible in the first place. This will mean different things for different
industries. Another option for businesses is to introduce new
technology to reduce waste such as greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Minimisation: Reducing waste is self- explanatory, and relies on


making a process more efficient. This option often applies to
industrial processes far more then the common domestic
environment. This can also apply outside industry, by homes using
more effiecient appliances or using their electric supply more
effectively.

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3. Preparing for Re-use: There are plenty of ways for businesses and
industries to prepare their unwanted waste for reuse. This could be
something as simple as using both sides of copying paper or cleaning
and repairing old equipment for reuse either within the company. In
bigger industries it could mean using quarry waste for road building
rather than sending to landfill as was previously the case.

4. Recycling: Most businesses and industries nowadays separate out


their waste to be recycled. This can include paper, card, plastic and
metal, all of which can be repurposed in some way. Paper for
example can be pulped and made into recycled paper. Glass can be
melted down to make new bottles and containers.

5. Other Recovery: Where recycling is not possible, other methods


such as heat and energy recovery can be used. This is particularly
used in industries such as agriculture where large amounts of farm
waste can be used in anaerobic digestion to provide fertilizer and
heat or electricity. Many councils nowadays use this as the last stage
of waste disposal and more and more cities and towns are beginning
to see incineration plants that also provide valuable energy to the
surrounding population.

6. Disposal: The final stage of the hierarchy is disposal to landfill or


straight incineration. For highly hazardous materials, specialist
landfill sites are needed, and disposal services must be specially
licensed to use them.

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REQUIREMENT FOR DISPOSAL SYSTEM
OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING

Chute system in high rise building

Refuse chutes in high-rise flats it is not practical or hygienic to


carry dustbins or bags down to the ground floor for subsequent collection.
A method of overcoming this problem is to provide a refuse chute carried
vertically through the building, with an inlet hopper on each floor. The
hoppers must be designed to close the chute when they are opened to
receive refuse, or otherwise people on the lower floors might be covered
with refuse from above when they put their own refuse into the hopper.
This type of hopper also prevents dust, smoke and smells from passing
through to the floors.

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 Planning
There may be more than one chute in a building and these
discharge into a refuse container, or an incinerator, inside specially
constructed chambers. Refuse chutes should be sited on well-ventilated
landings, balconies or adjacent to the kitchens and storage spaces. It
should not be sited in a kitchen. For sound insulation, any wall separating
a refuse chute away from a habitable room Washing down facilities may
be provided for the chute by means of a dry riser with jet heads fitted inside
the chute at each floor level.
Some authorities, “However, hold that bacteria breed more readily
in the presence of water and therefore washing down of chutes should be
avoided. Users should be advised to wrap the refuse to prevent soiling of
the chute. A chute can be arranged to discharge into two bins” by
bifurcating the end with a cut-off damper, operated by a caretaker when
one is filled. A special machine may also be used, which automatically
compresses the refuse into the bags. Ventilation The chute should be
ventilated by means of pipe. The ventilator should be of non- combustible
material.
 Materials
Refuse chutes should be of non-combustible and acid-resistant
materials. Glazed stoneware, spun concrete or asbestos cement pipes may
be used. Hoppers should also be made of non-combustible materials not
subject to corrosion or abrasion. Hoppers are manufactured from cast
iron, wrought and cast aluminum and steel. Steel hoppers are galvanized,
and cast-iron hoppers painted.

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TYPES OF SYSTEM

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DISPOSAL SYSTEM TECHNIQUES
1) Garbage Disposal Installation
Having a home garbage disposal reduces landfill waste by
pulverizing food waste and washing it down the drain. The food waste does
not become liquid, but it is altered enough not to ruin sewer pipes. A
garbage disposal is a step in the right direction, but it solves less than half
of the problem. Plenty of waste gets thrown away even with a disposal. Not
only that, but the material that can be put down a garbage disposal would
be better used in a compost pile.

2) Composting

Taking all your organic food scraps, including coffee grounds and
egg shells (excluding meat, bones, skin and lard) and throwing it in layers
on a compost pile eventually breaks it down and becomes nutrient-rich
fertilizer. You must keep the amounts in proportion and add grass
clippings and other yard debris as well, but when done right you are
helping to complete the cycle of life. This is one of the best ways to dispose
of (food) waste.

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3) Recycling

Instead of simply throwing everything away in trash, get in the habit


of recycling what can be reused or remade. Metal, paper products, certain
plastics, motor oil, electronics, appliances, mattresses, wood, rubber,
glass and other things can all be recycled. In some cases, you must pay to
have it hauled away. Other things people will gladly remove from your
recycling pile on the street. If everything that could be recycled was
recycled across the board, the aggregate trash amount would be drastically
reduced very year.

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4) Incineration

While this method is mainly used at the industrial level, residential


incinerators are available to dispose of waste. There is the danger of
releasing toxins from certain materials, though, so be sure you know the
potential hazards. Rather than throwing everything away to go to the
landfill, take the time to consider other waste disposal methods. In doing
so, you’ll cut down on the amount of trash you make, and with composting
you may end up with something usable because of it.

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5) Landfills

Throwing daily waste/garbage in the landfills is the most popularly


used method of waste disposal used today. This process of waste disposal
focuses attention on burying the waste in the land. Landfills are commonly
found in developing countries. There is a process used that eliminates the
odors and dangers of waste before it is placed into the ground. While it is
true this is the most popular form of waste disposal, it is certainly far from
the only procedure and one that may also bring with it an assortment of
space.
This method is becoming less these days although, thanks to the
lack of space available and the strong presence of methane and other
landfill gases, both of which can cause numerous contamination
problems. Landfills give rise to air and water pollution which severely
affects the environment and can prove fatal to the lives of humans and
animals. Many areas are reconsidering the use of landfills.

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The Importance of Proper Waste Disposal
Proper waste disposal is critical due to the fact that certain types of
wastes can be hazardous and can contaminate the environment if not
handled properly. These types of waste also have the potential to cause
disease or get into water supplies. There are rules and regulations in place
for how specific types of waste should be disposed of. Following them
allows for toxic waste to be safely discarded without the risk of
environmental contamination.

Proper Waste Disposal


and Environmental Health
Hazardous wastes that are not properly disposed of can leak and
contaminate soil and water, which can lead to issues with both the
environment and human health. Burning the wrong types of waste can
release gases into the atmosphere. When waste is properly discarded,
special liners are used to prevent toxic chemicals from leaking out and
precautions are taken so that any methane related to burning trash is
safely contained.

Proper Waste Disposal and Public Health


When waste is disposed of properly, it helps to prevent additional
pollution which can improve public health. Polluted air increases the risk
of respiratory illness. Waste that is properly disposed of has a lesser
chance of getting into the water supply and causing illness. In the 1980s,
there was an incident in New Jersey in which unregulated dumping led to
a chromium poisoning epidemic in a local school.

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Technical Terms

• Refuse Disposal - is an act of disposing of rubbish and waste.


• Garbage- trash, rubbish, or refuse is waste material that is
discarded by humans, usually due to a perceived lack of utility.
• Recycling- is a process of converting waste materials into new
materials and objects.
• Solid waste- is the tangible animal and human garbage that are
discarded and deemed to be useless.
• Domestic Waste- waste that is generated as a result of the ordinary
day-to-day use of a domestic premise.
• Commercial Waste- can be defined as any waste generated as a
result of carrying out a business, including associated lawn and
garden clippings from normal maintenance of the business
premises.
• Industrial Waste- includes various waste materials produced by
industries, some of whichmay be toxic, offensive and dangerous.
• Hazardous Waste- is waste that has substantial or potential threats
to public health or environment.
• Soiled - hospital waste such as cloth soiled density and the type of
society with blood and other body fluids
• Landfill -is a process of waste disposal focuses attention on burying
the waste in the land.
• Incineration- is a waste treatment process that involves the
combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What are the Different types of waste? Give examples.

Answer:
 Domestic Waste/Household Waste includes ashes, food, paper,
bottles, tins, rags, hairs, cardboard,rubber. Household waste is
generally classified as municipal waste.
 Commercial waste includes rubbish produced by your customers ie.
food wrappers and containers. It includes waste papers, office
stationary catering waste and cartons
 Industrial Waste includes various waste materials produced by
industries, some of which may be toxic, offensive and dangerous.
 Medical waste it includes cottons pads, blood, pieces of organs, bones,
pieces of flesh, skins,syringes, plastics bottles.

2. How do you practice waste management at home?

Answer:
 Keep separate containers for dry and wet waste in the kitchen.
 Keep two bags for dry waste collection-paper and plastic, for the rest
of the household waste.
 Keep plastic from the kitchen clean and dry and drop into the dry waste
bin. Keep glass/plastic containers rinsed of food matter.
 Keep a paper bag for throwing sanitary waste.

3. In your own understanding, what is solid waste management?

Answer:
 Solid Waste Management is the process of controlling, treating,
collecting, and disposing of solid waste in any way possible, to ensure
that the public health is conserved.

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4. Does something classified as ‘waste’ mean it has to go into the
garbage bag or depot?

Answer:
 No! Just because an item is considered waste does not mean it should
be disposed in your garbage bag or depot. Items such as electronics
and certain metals may not be recycled by our program, but they CAN
be recycled by other organizations.

5. Give one example of Disposal System Technique and its


importance.

Answer:
1) Garbage Disposal Installation
 Having a home garbage disposal reduces landfill waste by pulverizing
food waste and washing it down the drain. The food waste does not
become liquid, but it is altered enough not to ruin sewer pipes.
2) Composting
 Taking all your organic food scraps, including coffee grounds and egg
shells (excluding meat, bones, skin and lard) and throwing it in layers
on a compost pile eventually breaks it down and becomes nutrient-rich
fertilizer.
3) Recycling
 Instead of simply throwing everything away in trash, get in the habit
of recycling what can be reused or remade. If everything that could be
recycled was recycled across the board, the aggregate trash amount
would be drastically reduced very year.
4) Incineration
 While this method is mainly used at the industrial level, residential
incinerators are available to dispose of waste. There is the danger of
releasing toxins from certain materials, though, so be sure you know
the potential hazards. Rather than throwing everything away to go to
the landfill, take the time to consider other waste disposal methods. In
doing so, you’ll cut down on the amount of trash you make, and with
composting you may end up with something usable because of it.

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5) Landfills
 This method is becoming less these days although, thanks to the lack
of space available and the strong presence of methane and other
landfill gases, both of which can cause numerous contamination
problems. Landfills give rise to air and water pollution which severely
affects the environment and can prove fatal to the lives of humans and
animals. Many areas are reconsidering the use of landfills.

6.) What are the five stages of Hierarchy in managing commercial and
industry waste?
Answer:
 Prevention
 Minimisation
 Preparing for Re-use
 Recycling
 Other Recovery
 Disposal

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Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering

CE ELECTIVE 1

SANITARY ENGINEERING

Name:______________________________________ Date:______________

Year & Section:______________________________ Score:______________

Test I. Multiple choice. Encircle the letter with the correct answer.
1. It is the tangible animal and human garbage that are discarded and deemed
to be useless. This kind of waste comes from residential, commercial, and
industrial activities.
a. Solid waste c. Non-Biodegradable waste
b. Soiled waste d. Biodegradable waste

2. It includes plastics, paper, glass, and metal.


a. Industrial Waste c. Non-Biodegradable waste
b. Residential Waste d. Soiled waste

3. All businesses have a duty of care under the ___________________ to dispose of


their waste properly and sustainably.

a. Environmental Protection Act 1989 c. Environmental Protection Act 1990


b. Environmental Protection Act 1899 d. Environmental Protection Act 1999

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4. Burning the wrong types of waste can release_______ into the atmosphere that
could be harmful to human and environment.
a. gases c. cells
b. particles d. liquids

5.Wood takes ______ years to degenerate.


a. 5-7 years c. 120-25 years
b. 10-15 years d. 3-5 years

Test II. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if not. Write your
answer on the space provided.

_________1. Proper waste disposal is critical due to the fact that certain types of
wastes can be hazardous and can contaminate the environment if not handled
properly.
_________2. Some of the waste may be salvageable and valuable; for example,
metal waste may be melted down and ire-used.
_________3.Solid Waste Management is a process of waste disposal focuses
attention on burying the waste in the land.
_________4. Commercial waste includes organic waste e.g kitchen waste,
vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden, and paper.
_________5. All wastes are toxic.

Test II. Identify the following: (2 points each)

1. ________________ includes waste papers, office stationary catering waste and


cartons.
2. One of the important methods of managing and treating wastes is
______________.
3 .The final stage of the waste hierarchy is _______________.
4 .__________________, the emphasis is on preventing waste from being created
first and then reusing, re-purposing or recycling before settling on the final option
of disposing by incineration or putting into landfill.

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5. _______________waste that is generated as a result of the ordinary day-to-day
use of a domestic premise.
6-7. Hazardous wastes that are not properly disposed of can leak and
contaminate soil and water, which can lead to issues and could harm both
the___________ and___________.
8. ____________ is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
organic substances contained in waste materials.
9. ______________waste includes old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray
cans, fertilizers and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
10. The third stage of the waste hierarchy is _______________.

Test III. Enumeration (Write your answer on the back)

1-5 Disposal System Techniques


6-11 Waste Hierarchy (must be in order)
12-13 Requirements for Disposal System of High Rise Building
14-15 Types of Waste (give 2 only)
16-20 Give 5 reasons why we need dispose our waste properly

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ANSWER KEY:

Test I. Multiple Choice

1) a
2) d
3) c
4) a
5) b

Test II. True or False

1) TRUE
2) TRUE
3) FALSE
4) FALSE
5) FALSE

TEST II. IDENTIFICATION (2 points each)

1) Commercial Waste
2) Composting
3) Disposal
4) Environmental Protection- Act 1990
5) Domestic Waste
6) Environment
7) Human Health
8) Incineration
9) Toxic Waste
10) Re-Use

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TEST III. ENUMERATION

Disposal System Technique


1. Garbage Disposal Installation
2. Composting
3. Recycling
4. Incineration
5. Landfills

Waste Hierarchy
6. Prevention
7. Minimisation
8. Preparing for Re-use
9. Recycling
10. Recovery
11. Disposal

Requirement for Disposal System of High Rise Building


12. Planning
13. Materials

Types of Waste ( give 2 only)


14-15 Domestic Waste, Commercial Waste, Industrial Waste, Medical Waste

Give 5 reasons why we need dispose our waste properly


16-20 (Note: self-explanatory; the score depends on the accuracy of the answer)

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Summary:
Wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. Wastes has 4 types:
Domestic wastes - wastes that generated from our homes, Commercial
wastes that are generated from business premises, Industrial wastes, that
generated from industries and Medical waste that generated from
hospitals. The technique for the collection, treatment, and disposal of the
solid wastes of a community is Refuse Disposal System. The development
and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste management.
There are different Disposal system techniques, the Garbage
Disposal Installation it is a home garbage disposal reduces landfill waste by
pulverizing food waste and washing it down the drain. The food waste does
not become liquid, but it is altered enough not to ruin sewer pipes, the
Composting it is taking all your organic food scraps, including coffee
grounds and egg shells (excluding meat, bones, skin and lard) and
throwing it in layers on a compost pile eventually breaks it down and
becomes nutrient-rich fertilizer, the Recycling it is recycling what can be
reused or remade, the Incerination this method is mainly used at the
industrial level, residential incinerators are available to dispose of waste
and lastly, the Landfills this process of waste disposal focuses attention
on burying the waste in the land.
Proper disposal of wastes is important because if a hazardous waste
is not properly disposed of it can leak and contaminate soil and water,
which can lead to issues with both the environment and human health.

Conclusion
We conclude that we are able to know and understand the
importance of proper disposal of waste to ensure the safety in our
environment and for human health.

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FINAL RATING:

REPORTERS RATING:

Rishelle Mae P. Victoriano ------------- ____________

Lovely Jane Joren -------------- ____________

ENGR. MARJORIC ANDUTAN-PENETRANTE


RATED BY:

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