CLIMATOLOGY

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 WEATHER AND CLIMATE
• The weather is a group of characteristics that present
the atmosphere in an established time and place.
• The climate is the periodic succession of different
types of weather over the years. Because of this, it is
necessary to analyze a region during 30 years to
establish the climate of a region.
• The science that deals with predicting what the
weather will be like in a certain zone is
called Meteorology.
• The science that studies different types of climate is
referred to as Climatology.
Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 CLIMATE
Elements & factors

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 ELEMENTS
OF THE CLIMATE

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 ELEMENTS OF THE
CLIMATE
The elements of climate are those
elements that appear in
the atmosphere and that are observable
and quantifiable.
The main ones are:
•Temperature
•Precipitation
•Atmospheric pressure
•Wind
Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 TEMPERATURE
 Degree of heat that the air has.

• Representation: through lines

that join points of equal
temperature called isotherms.
• Measurement: temperature is
measured with
the thermometer.
• It is expressed in either
degrees Celsius or degrees
Farenheit.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 PRECIPITATION
 Is the water that falls, solid or liquid,
from the clouds.
• Classification
• It is classified according to
the causes that provokes it:
• Orographic (produced by
relief), frontal or dynamic (due to the
contact between two different air
masses) and convective (due to the
heating of the Earth's surface).
• Representation
• Through lines that join points of equal
precipitation called "isoyetas“ lines.
• Measurement
• Precipitation is measured with
a pluviometer. It is expressed in
millimeters or in liters per square
meter.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
RELIEF RAIN

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
FRONTAL RAIN

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
CONVECTIVE RAIN

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
 It is the force that is
caused by the weight
of an air
column above the
surface. The pressure
at the sea level is
1013mlb.
• It is expressed in
millibars.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Representation: through lines that join points of
equal pressure, called isobars.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 WIND
 Wind is horizontal displacements of air created
by differences in pressure. The displacements go
from high pressure zones to low pressure zones,
but they are affected by the Earth's rotation (Law
of Coriolis).
• Representation: Isobars are used to see wind
direction. In the Northern Hemisphere, in the
anticyclones the winds go clockwise and the low
pressure areas go counter-clockwise. In
the Southern Hemisphere it's the opposite.
Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 WIND
• It also allows us to find
out its force because the
closer together the
isobars are, the greater
the speed of wind.
• Measurement: we use
an anemometer. It is
expressed in kilometers
per hour or meters per
second.
• Direction: it is indicated
by the weather vane.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 OTHER ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE

They are:
• the cloudiness
• the humidity
• the mist
• the dryness
• the evaporation, etc.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 CLIMATE FACTORS

We can classify them in three groups:

• Astronomics.
•Physical.
•Dynamic.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
ASTRONOMIC FACTORS:
LATITUDE

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 CLIMATE ZONES
The latitude or angular distance between whichever point and the
Equator, determines climates and different climate zones. As we get
farther away from parallel zero, temperature decreases. Distancing
from parallel zero also creates seasonal differences.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
CLIMATE ZONES

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 PHYSICAL FACTORS
• The relief.
• Proximity to or distance from the sea.
• Sea currents.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
RELIEF

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 PROXIMITY TO THE SEA
The sea acts as a thermal regulator, it heats
up and cools more slowly because the
temperature changes are less extreme on the
coast than inland.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
SEA CURRENTS

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 DYNAMIC FACTORS
• Jet stream.
• Centers of action.
• Air masses.
• Fronts.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 DYNAMIC FACTORS

• Centers of action: They are high and low

pressure. The existence of permanent centers of
action on Earth determines the different types of
climate.
• Air masses: They are portions of air with
certain characteristics of pressure, humidity and
temperature.
• Fronts: They are zones of separation between air
masses of different characteristics.
Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel
 JET STREAM
 Are very strong winds.
• There are two currents in each
hemisphere: the polar zone with a latitude of
approximately 60 degrees and the tropical zone with a
latitude of 30 degrees.

Its displacements and

undulations influence in
the general circulation of
the atmosphere.

Geography 3º E.S.O.
Teacher Ms. Isabel