Karakteristik:
WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies.
Their primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with
SAC resins. This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to
regenerate the resin, thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing
disposal problems.
demineralisasi
ditujukan untuk mengambil semua kation
dan anion dalam air
Melibatkan dua jenis resin penukar yaitu
kation dan anion
Biasanya digunakan resin siklus H/OH
Peralatannya lebih dari satu kolom,
biasanya 2 kolom
Proses
Pertukaran Ion
Contoh aplikasi
penukar ion untuk
merecovery ion logam
Cu
Reaksi Pertukaran Ion
Penukar Kation Siklus H
Reaksi Pertukaran:
Ca 2HCO3 Ca 2 H2CO3
Mg SO4 R – H2 H2SO4
R Mg
2Na 2Cl 2Na 2 HCl
2NO3 2 HNO3
Indikator Kejenuhan:
FMA turun : pH mendekati netral (saat in service pH
efluent rendah 4) atau Hardness mulai naik
Regenerasi:
Ca
H2SO4
Ca
R Mg R – H2 Mg SO4
2Na (4 %)
Na2
Sulfuric acid is normally used due to its affordable cost and its availability. However, improper use
of sulfuric acid can cause irreversible fouling of the resin with calcium sulfate. To prevent this
occurrence, the sulfuric acid is usually applied at a high flow rate (1 gpm per square foot of resin)
and an initial concentration of 2% or less. The acid concentration is gradually increased to 6-8% to
complete regeneration
Penukar Anion Siklus OH
Reaksi Pertukaran:
2 H2CO3 2HCO3
H2SO4 R – OH R SO4 2H2O
2 HCl 2Cl
2 HNO3 2NO3
Indikator Kejenuhan:
Kandungan silika (maksimum 0,12 ppm)
Regenerasi:
Cl
SO4 NaOH NaCl
R R – OH Na2SO4
CO3 (4 %)
Na2CO3
The above reactions indicate that demineralization completely removes the cations and anions from
the water. In reality, because ion exchange reactions are equilibrium reactions, some leakage
occurs. Most leakage from cation units is sodium. This sodium leakage is converted to sodium
hydroxide in the anion units. There-fore, the effluent pH of a two bed cation-anion demineralizer
system is slightly alkaline
Demineralization using strong anion resins removes silica as well as other dissolved solids. Effluent
silica and conductivity are important parameters to monitor during a demineralizer service run
To improve the removal of silica from the resin bed, the regenerant
caustic is usually heated to 120°F or to the temperature specified by
the resin manufacturer. Silica removal is also enhanced by a resin bed
preheat step before the introduction of warm caustic
Penukar Kation Siklus Na
Reaksi Pertukaran:
Ca 2HCO3 Na2CO3
Ca
Mg SO4
2Cl
R – Na
R Mg Na2SO4
NaCl
Indikator Kejenuhan:
Hardness mulai naik di effluent
Regenerasi (25 min contact time):
Ca 2NaCl R – Na Ca
R Mg (4 %) Mg 2Cl
Penukar Kation Siklus Na
H2CO3 = H2O + CO2
DEALKALIZATION: SALT SPLITTING PROCESS
menurunkan alkalinitas air
strong base anion exchange resin in the
chloride form
For best results, the dealkalizer should be
preceded by a water softener using strong
acid cation resins
exchanging bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate,
and nitrate anions for chloride anions.
Fouling
and
degradasi
2. Back washing
3. Aliran regeneran
4. Slow rinsing
5. Fast rinsing
6. Stand by
Anion resin is much lighter than cation resin. Therefore, the backwash flow
rates for anion exchange resins are much lower than those for cation resins,
and anion resin expansion is affected by the temperature of the water more
than cation resin expansion. The water used for each step of anion resin
regeneration should be free from hardness, to prevent precipitation of
hardness salts in the alkaline anion resin bed.
MIX BED RESIN
Due to increasing boiler operating pressures and the
manufacture of products requiring contaminant-free water,
there is a growing need for higher water quality than cation-
anion demineralizers can produce.
Therefore, it has become necessary to modify the standard
demineralization process to increase the purity of the treated
water.
The most significant improvements in demineralized water
purity have been produced by mixed bed exchangers.
A mixed bed exchanger has both cation and anion resin
mixed together in a single vessel. As water flows through the
resin bed, the ion exchange process is repeated many times,
"polishing" the water to a very high purity
Prosedur Loading dan start Up MIX BED RESIN
Sebelum loading resin, lakukan inspeksi detil vesel kosong
Proses Loading
isi vesel dengan air sampai 1/3 untuk mencegah kerusakan resin
isi resin kation sampai 5 cm di bawah ketinggian yang diinginkan
backwash resin pada 12 - 15 m/jam selama 30 menit
endapkan dan drain unggun sampai 5 cm di atas permukaan resin dan isi sisa
resin sampai ketinggian colector/distributor
lakukan backwash kedua 10 menit dan endapkan. pastikan permukaan resin pada
ketinggian yang diinginkan
isi air sampai ketinggian 1 m di atas permukaan resin kation, lalu isi anion resin.
lakukan backwash 5 m/jam selama 5 menit
bilas unggun dengan air bersih dari atas selama 30 menit
pertahankan level air 5 cm di atas mixbed resin
lakukan air mixing selama 15 menit
start up dan monitor air bilasan sampai nilai konduktifitas atau silika tercapai
1. In service
2. Back washing Regenerasi Mix Bed
3. Regenerasi resin
kation
4. Regenerasi resin anion
5. Rinsing
6. Drain
7. Air mixing
8. Refilling
9. rinsing
Batasan Operasi Demin Plant PT Pupuk
Kujang
CATION EXCHANGER ANION EXCHANGER
pH : 3.2 - 3.3 pH : 8.3 - 9.3
Conductivity : 300 -460 Conductivity : < 25 mmhos
mmhos Silica : < 0.1 ppm.
FMA : 30 - 60 ppm.
Batasan/Kendala
kandungan total solid, alkalinitas dan silica tak berubah
(untuk penukar kation)
air dengan kekeruhan tinggi mengganggu efisiensi resin
kekeruhan influen lebih 1 JTU secara kontinu bisa jadi
fouling, service run pendek, kualitas efluen jelek
logam berat (iron dan aluminium) bisa menyebabkan fouling
zat pengoksidasi kuat dapat menyerang dan mendegradasi
resin, seperti clorine.
Catatan
Fe2+ dan Mn2+ dapat juga dipisahkan dengan resin penukar ion, meskipun
harus hati-hati karena proses oksidasi dengan adanya oksigen akan
mengubah senyawa tersebut menjadi Fe3+ dan Mn4+ yang bisa mengendap
dan menyebabkan fouling
Like other ion exchange systems, demineralizers require filtered water in order
to function efficiently
Resin foulants and degrading agents, such as iron and chlorine, should be
avoided or removed prior to demineralization.
Demineralizing Plant PT Petrokimia Gresik)
Fil-1202
ABCD
D-1208
ABCD D-1221
D-1209
ABCD
D-1210
ABC
Anion exchanger
Operation (16Cation
hrs): Exchanger
Mixed-Bed
Operation
SO42- > Cl- > CO 2 > SiO2
hrs):Degassifier
(16exchanger
2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ •Remove
Output:
[R-(OH) filterCa
Sand2+HCl &
R-Cl
gravel
2+H2O]
TK-1201 •Cond.
[R-H +CaCl soluble
: max 2 ms
Output;
Menyaring padatan2 2 R-Ca+2HCl]
(15.000 m3) gasses,
•Cond. •SiO
Cation
: max 22 ms : max
2 Reactivity FMA0,2 ppm
•pH
Output; TH : 0 : esp. CO2
6-8
•pH : min 7,5
P-1203 ABC •SiO2 : max 0,2 ppm
(65 m3/h)
C-1243 P-1241 ABC
TK-1206 Interconnect to
(190 m3) Demin Plant II
TK-1102
P-1213 CD
D-1105 TK-1209
(90 m3)
P-1108 AB P-1218 AB
(190 m3/h) (20 m3/h)
3
PID Demineralizer