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A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A YANKEE HOOD

a
Mauri Soininen
a
Department of Chemical Engineering , Abo Akademi SF-20500, Turkui, 50, Finland
Published online: 03 Apr 2007.

To cite this article: Mauri Soininen (1985) A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A YANKEE HOOD, Drying Technology: An International
Journal, 3:2, 153-170, DOI: 10.1080/07373938508916265

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 DRYING TECHNOLOGY, 3 ( 2 ) , 153-170 (1985)

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A YANKEE HOOD

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Mauri S o i n i n e n
Department of Chemical Engineering
Abo Akademi
SF-20500 T u r k u 5 0 , F i n l a n d

KEY WORDS AND PHRASES

Contact d r y i n g ; d r y i n g ; h e a t t r a n s f e r ; h i g h v e l o c i t y hood;
m o i s t a i r thermodynamics; paper d r y i n g ; Yankee c y l i n d e r

ABSTRACT

D r y i n g o f t h i n p a p e r s h e e t o n a Yankee c y l i n d e r
e q u i p p e d w i t h a s t e a m h e a t e d h i g h v e l o c i t y hood i s exam-
ined. When p o s s i b l e i n f i l t r a t i o n of a i r f r o m t h e s u r -
roundings is considered, then t h e process is f u l l y d e t e r -
mined b y t w e l v e v a r i a b l e s . One of t h e s e c a n b e c h o s e n a s
an independent variable. An e q u a t i o n g r o u p o f e l e v e n
e q u a t i o n s is d e r i v e d . The m e t h o d o f s o l u t i o n i s i t e r a -
tive. F i n a l l y , a n u m e r i c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n example i s pre-
sented.

INTRODUCTION

To d i m e n s i o n a d r y i n g m a c h i n e i s u s u a l l y r a t h e r s i m -
ple. After s e l e c t i n g reasonable values f o r the operation
p a r a m e t e r s , t h e d r y e r volume, h e a t i n g s u r f a c e s e t c . . can
readily be calculated.
The o p p o s i t e t a s k , c a l c u l a t i n g t h e d r y i n g c a p a c i t y
and a l l o p e r a t i o n p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s , of an e x i s t i n g d r y i n g
machine, a t varying o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ( a t d i f f e r e n t
d r y i n g steam p r e s s u r e s , a t changing d r y i n g a i r r a t e s e t c . 1
i s a p r o b l e m much more d i f f i c u l t .

Copyright 0 1985 by Marcel Dekkcr, lnc.

 154 SOININEN

R e c e n t l y t h e a u t h o r p u b l i s h e d a m a t h e m a t i c a l model
f o r r e s o l v i n g t h e p r o c e s s p a r a m e t e r s of an a d i a b a t i c d r y e r
(Soininen, 1983). I n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r , a p r a c t i c a l meth-
od i s d e r i v e d f o r a n o n - a d i a b a t i c dryer, specially for a
Yankee c y l i n d e r w i t h a s t e a m h e a t e d h i g h v e l o c i t y h o o d .
I t i s assumed t h a t t h e r e i s some a i r l e a k a g e f r o m t h e s u r -
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r o u n d i n g s i n t o t h e hood. I t i s shown t h a t , e x c l u d i n g t h e
c y l i n d e r a n d hood s t e a m c o n d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s w h i c h
s h o u l d b e known, t h e e n t i r e p r o c e s s c a n b e d e s c r i b e d
using 1 2 parameters. One o f t h e s e c a n b e c h o s e n a s a n
independent v a r i a b l e . F o r r e s o l v i n g t h e v a l u e s of t h e
r e m a i n i n g 11 v a r i a b l e s , a s y s t e m o f 11 e q u a t i o n s i s
derived. The s o l u t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t i n g e q u a t i o n s y s t e m
is i t e r a t i v e .

SIMPLIFICATIONS MADE

To s i m p l i f y t h e a n a l y s i s , t h e following a s s u m p t i o n s
h a v e b e e n made:
1. The w a t e r v a p o r p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e a s a f u n c t i o n o f
t h e d r y i n g s h e e t s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i s assumed t o b e
known (Eq. 11). T h i s means t h a t t h e h e a t and mass t r a n s -
f e r i n s i d e t h e drying material, a very important f a c t o r
f o r t h e d r y i n g p r o c e s s , h a s n o t been accounted f o r . How-
e v e r , when n o r m a l w a t e r s a t u r a t i o n v a l u e s a r e u s e d
(Eq. l l ' ) , t h e r e s u l t s a r e v a l i d f o r a v e r y t h i n s h e e t .
2. The d r y a l r mass f l o w r a t e o f t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r
f a n i s a s s u m e d t o b e known. A c t u a l l y , t h e volume f l o w
r a t e o f t h e f a n i s known. The v a l u e o f t h e mass f l o w r a t e
c a n , however, b e a d j u s t e d by i t e r a t i o n a s soon a s t h e
s t a t e o f t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r becomes known f r o m t h e f i r s t
solution.
3. The s h e e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e d r y e s t
d r y i n g a i r t e n d s t o b e l o w e r , and t h o s e o f p o r t i o n s i n
c o n t a c t w i t h t h e most humid a i r t e n d t o b e h i g h e r . r e s p e c -
t i v e l y , than the sheet average temperature. This varia-
t i o n , which i s r a t h e r s m a l l , i s n e g l e c t e d .
 YANKEE HOOD 155

4. The s h e e t i s a s s u m e d t o e n t e r t h e hood a t t h e d r y i n g
temperature, i . e . n o h e a t i s consumed f o r s h e e t h e a t i n g .

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS

The p r o c e s s t o b e s t u d i e d becomes e v i d e n t f r o m F i g .
1: t h e w a t e r t o b e e v a p o r a t e d , k v , i s c a r r i e d w i t h t h e
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s h e e t o n t h e Yankee c y l i n d e r Y i n s i d e w h i c h t h e s t e a m
condensing temperature is tCY. The c y l i n d e r i s c o v e r e d
w i t h a ( h i g h - v e l o c i t y ) hood H e q u i p p e d w i t h a n o z z l e
system denoted by N. A c i r c u l a t i o n f a n CF d e l i v e r s t h e
( d r y ) a i r mass a t r a t e A through a steam-heated (con-
d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e t C C )c o i l C a n d s u p p l i e s i t i n t o t h e
hood. T h e r e i s a l e a k a g e o f a i r , mo, f r o m t h e s u r r o u n d -
i n g s i n t o t h e hood. We a s s u m e t h a t t h i s a i r i s f u l l y a n d
u n i f o r m l y mixed w i t h t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r l e a v i n g t h e s h e e t
surface. P a r t of t h i s m i x t u r e is evacuated by t h e e x h a u s t
a i r f a n EF a n d u s e d i n a h e a t r e c o v e r y h e a t e x c h a n g e r HR
f o r h e a t i n g s u p p l y a i r , ml, which, added t o t h e c i r c u l a -
t i o n a i r from t h e hood, f l o w s t o t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r f a n
CF i n l e t .
The n u m b e r s i n F i g . 1 r e f e r t o c o r r e s p o n d i n g p o i n t s
o f s t a t e , o f d i f f e r e n t a i r f l o w s , i n a p s y c h r o m e t r i c Mol-
lier -i,x -chart (i = enthalpy, x = a i r humidity), see
F i g . 2 : p o i n t 0 i s f o r t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a i r , a n d p o i n t 1,
f o r t h e s u p p l y a i r a f t e r HR. Number 2 r e f e r s t o t h e e x -
h a u s t a i r , and 3 t o t h e m i x t u r e of t h e s u p p l y and e x h a u s t
a i r f l o w s b e f o r e CF. P o i n t s 1 , 2 and 3 l i e on a s t r a i g h t
line. From p o i n t 3 o n , t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r i s h e a t e d a t
C, t h e p o i n t o f s t a t e a f t e r C b e i n g 4 . In contact with
t h e s h e e t , t h e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s and i t s h u m i d i t y i n -
c r e a s e s , the f i n a l point of s t a t e of t h e a i r leaving the
s h e e t evaporation surface being 5. Point 7 represents
t h e humid a i r s t a t e n e x t t o t h e e v a p o r a t i o n s u r f a c e . For
very t h i n s h e e t s t h e h y g r o s c o p i c phenomena a r e o f m i n o r
importance and t h e w a t e r a t t h e s h e e t s u r f a c e c a n b e a s -
sumed t o have t h e normal f r e e w a t e r p r o p e r t i e s . In the
 SOININEN
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FIGURE 1. T h e Yankee h i g h v e l o c i t y s t e a m h o o d p r o c e s s
flow s h e e t .

c a s e o f t h e F i g . 2 , p o i n t 7 l i e s on t h e s a t u r a t i o n c u r v e
of the i , x -chart. F u r t h e r , making t h e u s u a l a s s u m p t i o n
t h a t t h e drying a i r f i n a l composition ( p o i n t 5 ) i s a mix-
t u r e of t h e o r i g i n a l composition ( p o i n t 4 ) a n d t h e bound-
a r y l a y e r a i r next t o the surface (point 7 ) . we conclude
that points 4. 5 and 7 l i e o n a s t r a i g h t l i n e .
A i r leaving the evaporating s u r f a c e ( p o i n t 5 ) is
then diluted by i n f i l t r a t e d a i r . The s t a t e of t h e mix-
t u r e is found a t p o i n t 6 , which l i e s on t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e
t h r o u g h p o i n t s 0 and 5 . From t h e p o i n t 6 t h e m i x t u r e i s
t h e n c o o l e d by hood h e a t l o s s e s QH t o p o i n t 2 , which r e p -
r e s e n t s t h e s t a t e o f t h e e x h a u s t a i r and t h e a i r which
returns t o the circulation.
 YANKEE HOOD
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FIGURE 2 . The d r y i n g p r o c e s s shown o n a M o l l i e r

- i , x -chart.

The c a s e o f a s h e e t w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e t h i c k n e s s n e e d s
a s e p a r a t e a n a l y s i s o f t h e h y g r o s c o p i c e f f e c t s which de-
t e r m i n e s t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r a i r c o n d i t i o n ( p o i n t 7). For
this analysis, e.g., t h e method o f K a r l s s o n and S o i n i n e n
can be used (Karlsson, Soininen, 1982).
We a s s u m e t h e f o l l o w i n g q u a n t i t i e s t o b e g i v e n :
- i O , xO and t o ( p o i n t 0 , F i g . 2 ) of t h e s u r -
rounding a i r
- i l , x ( - x ) and tl ( p o i n t 1) o f t h e s u p p l y a i r
1 - 0
- C o n d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s tCCa n d t C y i n t h e hood
c o i l o r i n t h e Yankee-cylinder, r e s p e c t i v e l y
- The c i r c u l a t i o n a i r mass f l o w r a t e fi
 SOININEN

- The i n f i l t r a t i o n a i r mass f l o w r a t e hO
- Geometric dimensions of t h e c y l i n d e r and o f t h e
hood; e . g . , the sheet drying surface, Ay, the
h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n s u r f a c e of t h e c o i l .
AC.
t h e hood i n s u l a t t o n p a n e l s u r f a c e ,
AH
- Heat t r a n s f e r and t r a n s m i s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s ;
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i.e. ky from t h e c y l i n d e r i n s i d e t o t h e p a p e r
o u t s i d e , a from d r y i n g a i r t o t h e p a p e r ,
kc
f o r t h e s t e a m c o i l , a n d kH f o r t h e h e a t l o s s e s
from t h e hood.
Then t h e f o l l o w i n g q u a n t i t i e s a r e t o b e d e t e r m i n e d :
- The h u m i d i t i e s x 3 ( = x 4 ) , x ( = x ) , x 5 a n d xs
2 6
- The t e m p e r a t u r e s t 3 , t 2 , t 6 , t 5 , t 4 and ts
- The s u p p l y a i r mass f l o w r a t e i
1.
- The e v a p o r a t i o n mass f l o w r a t e m
v
One o f t h e s e 1 2 v a r i a b l e s c a n b e c h o s e n a s a n i n d e -
pendent v a r i a b l e . To s o l v e f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g 11 v a r i a b l e s ,
a g r o u p o f 11 e q u a t i o n s i s r e q u i r e d .
F o r p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s we c h o o s e x 3 a s t h e i n d e p e n d e n t
variable.

EOUATIONS GOVERNING THE PROCESS

Mass B a l a n c e E q u a t i o n s

F o r t h e e v a p o r a t i o n , two mass b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n s , 1
and 2 , c a n b e w r i t t e n :

For t h e mixing o f t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r and of t h e

s u p p l y a i r b e f o r e t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a i r f a n CF, e q u a t i o n 3
holds :
 YANKEE HOOD

Energy Balance E q u a t i o n s

From t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e b a l a n c e
s p a c e c o m p r i s i n g t h e c i r c u l a t i o n f a n CF, we d e t e r m i n e
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t h e v a l u e of t h e d r y i n g a i r temperature between t h e f a n
a n d t h e h e a t i n g c o i l C, t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e b e i n g t 3 + P/C3.
H e n c e , u s i n g t h e w e l l known e q u a t i o n o f t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
of a h e a t exchanger with c o n s t a n t temperature ( i n our
c a s e t h e s t e a m c o n d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e t C C )on o n e s i d e o f
t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e , we w r i t e f o r t h e c o i l h e a t
t r a n s f e r , OC, equation 4.

S i m i l a r l y , f o r t h e h e a t d e l i v e r y from t h e d r y i n g
a i r t o t h e s h e e t s u r f a c e , O S , we w r i t e e q u a t i o n 5 .

Eq. 5 i s , h o w e v e r , n o t s t r i c t l y c o r r e c t , b e c a u s e
of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e d r y i n g a i r h e a t c a p a c i t y flow (e3
i n 5 ) is not constant during the process b u t increases
due t o t h e evaporation. The m a t h e m a t i c a l l y c o r r e c t
e q u a t i o n i s more c o m p l i c a t e d . The a u t h o r recently
derived a theoretically accurate equation for the case
o f an a d i a b a t i c d r y e r ( S o i n i n e n , 1 9 8 4 ) . I t was f o u n d
t h a t t h e simpler equation used i n eq. 5 generally gave
a r e s u l t w i t h an e r r o r o f l e s s t h a n 1 %. T h e r e f o r e , we
adopt t h e simpler approximate e q u a t i o n 5 i n t h i s analy-
sis.
For t h e hood h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s , O H , we w r i t e
 SOININEN

e q u a t i o n 6:

Because O H is a r a t h e r s m a l l q u a n t i t y i n r e l a t i o n
t o o C a n d P S , a much s i m p l e r e q u a t i o n c o u l d h a v e b e e n
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written instead of eq. 6. The f o r m g i v e n a b o v e , e q . 6 ,

h a s b e e n c h o s e n o n l y t o o b t a i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e two
-
c2 = . + m. 0 ) ( c
o t h e r h e a t t r a n s f e r r a t e e q u a t i o n s 4 and 5 .
(m + x2cpv).
I n eq. 6

Pa
The h e a t f l o w r a t e O S , e q . 5 , a d d e d t o t h e h e a t f l o w
r a t e k y A y ( t C y - t s ) f r o m t h e c y l i n d e r i s consumed b y t h e
w a t e r , mV ' which i s e v a p o r a t e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e t S , t h e
heat of evaporation being r s , and h e a t e d t o t h e d r y i n g
a i r f i n a l temperature t5. Hence we c a n w r i t e e q u a t i o n 7:

The " M i x i n g L i n e " C o n d i t i o n s

The c o n d i t i o n t h a t p o i n t s 1, 3 a n d 2 a r e l o c a t e d
on a s t r a i g h t l i n e c a n b e e x p r e s s e d t h u s ,

We now a p p l y t h e g e n e r a l f o r m u l a

making n e q u a l 2 o n b o t h s i d e s , a n d g e t
 YANKEE HOOD

Combining this with eq. 3 finally results in

cl(t2 - t1 ) = k3(t 2 - t3)

where
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Similarly, the mixing line 0 - 6 - 5 condition gives

and choosing n = 6

Applying the mass balance equation for the mixing

of the drying air after the nozzle system and the leakage
air

(which also can be derived from equations 1, 2 and 5)

after eliminating x 5 and using eq. 1 we get
 162 SOININEN

where
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The l a s t m i x i n g l i n e 4 - 5 - 7 w i l l be developed
a s follows:

Making n = 4

T h i s c o m b i n e d w i t h eq. 1 g i v e s

where

S h e e t Boundary Layer A i r S t a t e

The 1 1 t h e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b e s m u t u a l d e p e n d e n c e o f
the quantities x and t :
S
 YANKEE HOOD 163

As mentioned before, it will be assumed in this

paper that the sheet is very thin and that the depen-
dence of eq. 11 can be read from the i,x -chart satu-
ration curve, or calculated with eq. 11'
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Here po is the total pressure and pv ( tS ) the satu-

ration pressure of the water vapor at the surface tem-
perature t .

SOLUTION FOR THE EQUATION GROUP

From the derived equation group containing 1 1 equa-

tions, 11 unknown quantities will be determined using
the air humidity in the circulation fan, x3, as an .inde-
pendent variable. The solution must be iterative. The
sheet temperature is varied until the correct solution
is found.
From equations 5 and 1 0 , the temperatures can be
eliminated and we obtain a formula for the evaporation,
m :

Hence, making a guess for xs, the evaporation, m V'

can be calculated with eq. 1 4 , as a function of the in-
dependent variable x
3'
From equations 2 and 3 , x2 can be eliminated. The
remaining equation is solved for .
1'
 164 SOININEN

Now, from equations 1 and 2, the unknown humidities,

x5 and x2, will be
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Writing t - ts = en (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , CC or CYI,

-kC~C/t3 -aAy/C3 -kH~,/t2

and e = EC, e = E and e = EH

the equations 4...9 are as follows:

where we can give rs an approximate value of r 2

s
= (2509 - 2,513 ts/Oc)k~/kg.

e* = (1 + Mllej - Mlel

where

Ml = k1/(t3 - tll
B6 = (1 - Mole5 + M 00 0

where
 YANKEE HOOD

From e q u a t i o n s 1 8 t h r o u g h 2 3 , t h e s i x t e m p e r a t u r e s
can be determined. A f t e r s u c c e s s i v e e l i m i n a t i o n s , we
g e t e q . 24 f o r e3:
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e4 and O 5 c a n t h e n b e c a l c u l a t e d from e q u a t i o n s 1 8 and

19:

E q u a t i o n s 2 3 a n d 22 t h e n y i e l d t h e v a l u e s o f e6 and e2.
The c a l c u l a t i o n i s c o m p l e t e d b y s o l v i n g e q u a t i o n
2 1 f o r t h a t v a l u e o f BCy, t o w h i c h t h e e s t i m a t e d t -
and x - v a l u e s and t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s o f 9 v a r i a b l e s ,
e q u a t i o n s 1 4 t h r o u g h 1 7 a n d e q u a t i o n s 22 t h r o u g h 2 6 ,
correspond. T h i s v a l u e is g i v e n b y :

T h i s c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e i s t h e n compared w i t h t h e
actual value. I f it does not agree with d e s i r e d accura-
cy (e.g. within 1°c o r O , l O c ) t h e s h e e t t e m p e r a t u r e tS
is re-estimated and t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e r e p e a t e d u n t i l
t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e of BCy i s found.
After finding the correct solution, the s p e c i f i c
h e a t c o n s u m p t i o n q i s f o u n d f r o m e q . 28:
 166 SOININEN

T h e r e a r e , of c o u r s e , o t h e r ways t o s o l v e t h i s s e t
of e q u a t i o n s . The s o l u t i o n shown h e r e c a n r e a d i l y f i t
a desk top c a l c u l a t o r . (The a u t h o r ' s program c o n s i s t s
o f 245 l i n e s . )

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
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F o r a Yankee m a c h i n e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e t s o f p a r a m e -
t e r s a r e selected t o demonstrate the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of
t h e p r o p o s e d m a t h e m a t i c a l model:

; / A ~ = 0 , 8 kg/m2s i O / =~0y
, 0.1 and 0 . 2 kg/m2s

a = 0 , 1 5 kw/mzoC kc = 0 . 0 5 kw/m2 'C

Some o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d o p e r a t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s a r e
shown f o r t h r e e l e a k a g e a i r r a t e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e ta-
b l e a s f u n c t i o n s of t h e a i r humidity x3 i n t h e c i r c u l a -
t i n g fan i n Fig. 3: d r y i n g a i r t e m p e r a t u r e s b e f o r e t h e
f a n , t 3 , a f t e r t h e c o i l , t 4 , and a f t e r d r y i n g , t5:
further, the s h e e t temperature ( f o r t h e no-leakage case
only), ts, s p e c i f i c evaporation /Ay. and s p e c i f i c h e a t
consumption q . For t h e h i g h e s t a i r i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e
t h e curves' end a t t h e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e v a l u e o f x3. We
s e e t h a t t h e h i g h e s t c a p a c i t i e s a r e found a t very d r y
a i r a t m o s p h e r e s , a n d t h a t t h e h i g h c a p a c i t i e s a r e accom-
panied bk high s p e c i f i c h e a t consumption. The i n f l u e n c e
of t h e l e a k a i r e x c h a n g e , on t h e h e a t c o n s u m p t i o n , c a n
r e a d i l y be o b s e r v e d .
The e f f e c t o f t h e s t e a m c o n d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e on
t h e p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e s 4 and
 YANKEE HOOD
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FIGURE 3 . Demonstration example. Some i m p o r t a n t param-

e t e r s a s functions of the c i r c u l a t i o n a i r
humidity b e f o r e e n t e r i n g t h e hood, x
3'

5. These f i g u r e s a r e f o r a f i x e d a i r flow r a t e of k 1 --
0,0617 - m. The F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h a t t h e c y l i n d e r c o n -
d e n s a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , t C y , h a s a s t r o n g e f f e c t on t h e
drying capacity. Because o f t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l changes
i n t h e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e tCC - ts, the a i r side
temperatures a r e , according t o the c a l c u l a t i o n s , nearly
unaffected. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , F i g u r e 5 s h o w s t h a t t h e
e f f e c t o f t h e c o i l c o n d e n s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , t C C ,i s r a t h -
e r small. I n c r e a s i n g condensing temperature i n c r e a s e s ,
of course, the c o i l heat t r a n s f e r r a t e . Simultaneously,
however, a l s o t h e s h e e t t e m p e r a t u r e , t S , i s i n c r e a s e d .
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FIGURE 4 . E f f e c t o f t h e Yankee c y l i n d e r s t e a m c o n d e n s a -
t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o n some p a r a m e t e r s . The
v a l u e s f o r t C y= 1 5 0 a~r e~ t a k e n f r o m F i g . 3
(x3 = 0.18).

kglm s
m,/A,

FIGURE 5 . E f f e c t o f t h e c o i l steam c o n d e n s a t i o n temper-

a t u r e o n some p a r a m e t e r s . The v a l u e s f o r
tCC=
1 7 5 O ~a r e t a k e n f r o m Fig. 3 (x3 = 0.18).
 YANKEE HOOD 169

This reduces the f o r the drying i n t e n s i t y e s s e n t i a l cyl-

inder s i d e heat t r a n s f e r and, therefore, the drying in-
t e n s i t y , mv/Ay, i s v e r y s l o w l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e c o i l tem-
p e r a t u r e t CC. - The c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e i n good c o n f o r m i t y
with p r a c t i c a l experience.
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NOMENCLATURE

A heating surface

C specific heat
P
E h e a t c a p a c i t y flow r a t e

i s p e c i f i c e n t h a l p y o f humid a i r

k heat transmission coefficient

m mass f l o w r a t e

P pressure

P f a n power

q s p e c i f i c h e a t consumption

t temperature

X a i r humidity

a heat transfer coefficient

0 h e a t flow

e t - t
s

Indices

a air

C c o i l , condensation

CC c o i l condensation temperature

CY Yankee c y l i n d e r c o n d e n s a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e

H hood

s a t saturation. a t sheet surface

 SOININEN

S sheet
v vapor, evaporation
Y yankee cylinder

0 surroundings

0 through 7 see Fig. 1

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank Mr. Eino Kyto for his
aid in the preparation of the paper. Thanks are also
due to Teollisuusmittaus Oy of Turku and Oy Nokia Ab.
Metal Group, of Helsinki for their appreciated assis-
tance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Karlsson. M., and Soininen M. 1982. The influence of
the hygroscopic properties of paper on the transient phe-
nomena during contact drying of paper webs. In: Ashworth,
J.C. (ed). Proceedings of the third international drying
symposium, Drying Research Ltd., Wolverhampton.
Soininen, M. 1983. Mathematisches Model1 und Betriebs-
characteristik eines adiabatischen dampfbeheizten Konvek-
tionstrockners. vt "verfahrenstechnik" 17(9):524-528.

Soininen, M. 1984. Heat exchanger models for drying

machines (in Finnish). In: von Schalien, R. (ed). Use
of modeling and simulation in energy research, Abo Aka-
demi, Abo, Finland.