GENERAL BIOLOGY

August 08, 2019

EXTRACTING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

Teacher: Kristine Ellen Nanglihan

Student: Cedrick P. Sansano
PLT College Inc., 33, Zulueta Street, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

ABSTRACT

Samples of cell tissues from the Mayana (Coleus Atropurpureus), Onion (Allium cepa),
Celery (Apium graveolens), and Cheek Cell on the purpose of studying their components,
structures, similarities, and difference were subjected to studies in the school laboratory.
Mayana, it is possible to see the epidermal cells that tend to be irregular. In addition to
the epidermal cells, the leaf spores (stomata) in between the epidermal cells. Typically, the
stomata are bean shaped and will appear denser (darker) under the microscope.
Also, the bean-shaped structures are referred to as guard cells and contain a nucleus and
chloroplasts were also noticeable.
Onion. Subjected to examination, onion cells displayed large, rectangular interlocking
cells, clearly visible distinct cell walls surrounding the cells, dark stained nucleus,large vacuoles
at the center, and small granules may were observed inside the cells (within the cytoplasm).
Celeri. vascular bundles are present. Comprising the xylem and phloem. Aside from the
vascular bundles, presence of cells were found towards the edge of the stalk, grouped near the
border. Clearly visible distinct cell walls surrounding the cells can also be seen.
Cheek cells displayed the following characteristics as observed; large irregularly shaped
cells with distinct cell membranes, a distinct nucleus at the central part of each individual cell
(dark blue in color), and a lightly stained cytoplasm in each cell.
It was evident that plant cells were also made up of millions of cells. Plant cells have a
nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria too, but they also contain the cell ,vacuole
and chloroplasts. On the other hand, animal cells have an irregular structure and are made up of
four key parts: Nucleus, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm and Mitochondria.

Keywords: Cells, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell Wall, Eukaryotic
 INTRODUCTION
Only living things have cells. Plant cells can be distinguished from animal cells by three
characteristics. First, plant cells are bounded by a cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, whereas
animal cells have only a cell membrane to protect their insides from the outside environment.
Second, plant cells have mitochondria and chloroplasts (an organelle that uses photosynthesis) to
produce energy, while animal cells only have mitochondria. Finally, plant cells contain vacuoles-
storage units-which are absent in many animal cells (Keegstra, K., 2010).
The similarities between plant and animal cells are that they are both eukaryotic cells
(cells that contain a nucleus). They share many kinds of cell parts (or organelles) such as the
nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytosol and cell
membrane (Campbell, et.al 2006)
Moreover, animal cells and plant cells are similar in that they are both eukaryotic cells.
These cells have a true nucleus, which houses DNA and is separated from other cellular
structures by a nuclear membrane. Both of these cell types have similar processes for
reproduction, which include mitosis and meiosis. Animal and plant cells obtain the energy they
need to grow and maintain normal cellular function through the process of cellular respiration.
Both of these cell types also contain cell structures known as organelles, which are specialized to
perform functions necessary for normal cellular operation (Lopez, 2003)
Thereby, learning about how cells work—and what happens when they don’t work
properly—teaches us about the biological processes that keep us healthy. It also uncovers new
ways to treat disease. Cellular research has already led to cancer treatments, antibiotics, medicine
that lowers cholesterol, and improved methods for delivering drugs. However, much more
remains to be discovered. For example, understanding how stem cells and certain other cells
regenerate could offer insight on how to repair damaged or lost tissue. (Griffiths, 2007).
Considering all these, a study on cell tissues from four samples, namely, Mayana (Coleus
Atropurpureus), Onion (Allium cepa), Celery (Apium graveolens), and Cheek Cell was
considered in this journal.

METHODOLOGY
Samples of cell tissues from the Mayana (Coleus Atropurpureus), Onion (Allium cepa),
Celery (Apium graveolens), and Cheek Cell on the purpose of studying their components,
structures, similarities, and difference were subjected to studies in the school laboratory.
1.1 Mayana (Colues Atropurpureus)

Specimen Description: (Botany) Mayana is an erect, branched, fleshy, annual herb, about 1
meter high. Stems are purplish and 4-angled. Leaves are variously blotched or colored,
usually more or less hairy, ovate, 5 to 10 centimeters long, rather coarsely toothed in the
margins; and in the most common form uniformly velvety-purple. Flowers are purplish,
 numerous, and borne in lax, terminal, simple or branched inflorescences, 15 to 30
centimeters long. Calyx is green, and about 2.5 millimeters long, with the upper lip ovate and
the lateral lobes short and ovate, the lower one being 2-cleft. Corolla is about 11 millimeters
long.

Materials:
1. Microscope
2. Glass Slide
3. Methane Blue
4. Drop of water
5. Mayana Stalk
6. Blade
Procedure:
Using a blade, a thin part of the Mayana was taken as specimen. It was placed in a glass
slide. A drip of water and methylene blue was dropped to the specimen, then was secured by
a coverslip. After 20 seconds, it was firstly viewed in a scanner objective. Later, it was
examined in the HPO to gather data relevant to the study.

1.2 Onion (Allium cepa)

Specimen Description. (Botany). The fresh market onion (Allium cepa L.) has been
classified to the Liliaceae and belongs to the genus Allium, section “Schoenoprasum”. It is
biennial, i. e. the plants blossom only in the second year. The bulb serves as a storage organ
for cold and dry periods, containing mainly water and only in second place reserve nutrients.
This means that after the maturing process the onion enters a so-called sprouting resistance.

Materials:
1. Microscope
2. Glass Slide
3. Methane Blue
4. Drop of water
5. Onion bulb
6. Blade
7. Needle

Procedure:

Having pulled of a thin membrane from the onion layer, it was placed at the center of the
microscopic slide with a drop of water. A drop of methylene was added.
Then, a microscopic cover slip was placed on the membrane and was pressed down
gently using a needle to remove air bubbles. The slide was positioned on the microscope
 stage. After 20 seconds, it was firstly observed in a scanner objective. Later, it was
scrutinized in the HPO to gather data significant to the study.
1.3 Celery (Apium graveolens)
Specimen Description. (Botany). Celery is a plant species, Apium graveolens, in the parsley
family (Apiaceae or Umbelliferae). The domesticated form Apium gravelens var. dulce is
grown for its edible leafstalks, leaves, fruits, and roots. The term celery also is used for the
crisp, edible leafstalks (petioles) of this plant and for the edible seed-like fruits that serve as a
flavoring. The term celeriac is used for a specially selected cultivar group (Apium graveolens
Rapaceum Group) of celery that is grown as a root vegetable for its large taproot, rather than
the stem or leaves.

Materials:
1. Microscope
2. Glass Slide
3. Methane Blue
4. Drop of water
5. Celery leaf/stalk
6. Blade
Procedure:
A thin section of the celery was place in the glass slide with a drop of water. Then. A
drop of methylene blue was added. It was covered by a microscopic cover slip.

The specimen was then subjected to study to gather relevant data by placing it on the
microscope stage. It was examined after 20 seconds with the scanner objective and the HPO.

1.4 Cheek Cell

Specimen Description: The inner lining of the mouth is composed of the basal mucosa
which has the squamous epithelial cells. These check cells replicate every day and the
dead cells are shed from the body.

Procedure:
The cheek cells were gently scraped with a toothpick. These were transferred to a
glass slide with water and a drop of methylene blue. After 20 seconds, the side of a
coverslip was attached and was secured using an adhesive tape. The fold scape containing
the glass slide was placed on the stage of the compound microscope and was observed
using the microscope’s 10x objective lens, and it was examined again with the HPO.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1. Mayana cells viewed under the Figure 2. Onion cells viewed under the
microscope. microscope.

Figure 3. Celeri cells viewed under the Figure 4. Cheeks cells viewed under the
microscope. microscope.

The figures above show the images of the four specimens as they were examined using
the compound microscope.

Figure 1. Mayana. When viewed under the microscope, it is possible to see the epidermal cells
that tend to be irregular. In addition to the epidermal cells, the leaf spores (stomata) in between
the epidermal cells. Typically, the stomata are bean shaped and will appear denser (darker) under
the microscope.
 Also, the bean-shaped structures are referred to as guard cells and contain a nucleus and
chloroplasts were also noticeable.

Figure 2. Onion. Subjected to examination, onion cells displayed large, rectangular interlocking
cells, clearly visible distinct cell walls surrounding the cells, dark stained nucleus,large vacuoles
at the center, and small granules may were observed inside the cells (within the cytoplasm) as
seen in Figure 2.

Figure 3. Celeri. As seen in Figure 3, vascular bundles are present. Comprising the xylem and
phloem. Aside from the vascular bundles, presence of cells were found towards the edge of the
stalk, grouped near the border. Clearly visible distinct cell walls surrounding the cells can also
be seen in the figure.

Figure 4. Cheek Cells. As seen in Figure 4, cheek cells displayed the following characteristics
as observed; large irregularly shaped cells with distinct cell membranes, a distinct nucleus at the
central part of each individual cell (dark blue in color), and a lightly stained cytoplasm in each
cell.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of the study, I learned that structurally, plant and animal cells are
very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound
organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, and peroxisomes
Although, the overall function of the cell is the same, there are some important
differences between animal and plant cells. The first difference is that plant cells have an
organelle called chloroplast. Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll (which gives the
plant its green color).
By viewing the specimen in the microscope, it was evident that plant cells were also
made up of millions of cells. Plant cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and
mitochondria too, but they also contain the cell ,vacuole and chloroplasts. On the other hand,
animal cells have an irregular structure and are made up of four key parts: Nucleus, Cell
membrane, Cytoplasm and Mitochondria.

REFERENCES

Keegstra, K (2010). "Plant cell walls". Plant Physiology. 154 (2): 483–486.
doi:10.1104/pp.110.161240. PMC 2949028

Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston,
Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780132508827.
Griffiths G (December 2007). "Cell evolution and the problem of membrane topology". Nature
Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (12): 1018–24. doi:10.1038/nrm2287. PMID 17971839.

López-Bautista, JM; Waters, DA; Chapman, RL (2003). "Phragmoplastin, green algae and the
evolution of cytokinesis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.
53: 1715–1718.