______

_____
______
_______ _
_____-_________
________ _____
 Collection of
methods and
methodologies
The act of
Collating old
gathering
facts
information

Involves
Systematic inductive and
investigation
RESEARCH deductive
methods
The qualities of
a good research
 Let’s recall:
Prove the aims of
research by giving an
example
 Generating
knowledge
or
information

Finding an
Developing
application
the
for the new
researcher
knowledge

Verifying
existing
knowledge
How can you say that a
particular research is
good research?
MAKE AN ACROSTICS ON THE WORD
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
R-E-S-E-A-R-C-H-E-R
 A Way to Prove
An Aid to
Lies and to
Business Success
Support Truths

Means to
Understand Means to Find,
Various Issues Gauge, and Seize
and Increase Opportunities
Public Awareness

A Tool for A Seed to Love

Building Reading, Writing,
Knowledge and Analyzing, and
for Facilitating Sharing Valuable
Learning Information
 FINAL ACTIVITY:
CONSTRUCT A POEM, PROMOTING THE
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN OUR
LIVES.
• MINIMUM OF 2 STANZAS
• 4 LINES PER STANZA
• FREE VERSE
Kinds and Styles
of Research
QUALITATIVE /
QUANTITATIVE
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH

Collection of extensive Collection of numerical data

narrative data in order in order to explain, predict
to gain insights into and or control phenomena
phenomena of interest of interest using the
using the inductive deductive process
process (statistical analysis)
(verbal synthesis)
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
• Characteristics/feature • Numerical value
• Subjective • Observer needs to be
• Participants are asked • Raw data neutral, dispassionate
about their experiences • Not biased • From the start, “states a
• The data gathering is • Yield hypothesis, what we are
relatively unstructured actionable going to measure and
results how we will measure it.
and often open-ended
• Start with a plan, but • Data is in the form of
design can change as the numbers and statistics
study progresses.
Ethnographic
Research
 Ethnographic research
• Refers to the investigation of the culture through an
in-depth study of the members of the culture ; it
involves the systematic collection, description, and
analysis of data for development of theories of
cultural behavior.
• It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic
formation, their ethno genesis, composition,
resettlement, social welfare characteristics as well as
their material and spiritual culture.
 Ethnographic research
• Datacollection is often done through participants
observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.
• The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to
understand what is happening naturally in the setting
and to interpret the data gathered data to see what
implications could be formed from the data.
Historical
Research
 Historical research

• research involving analysis of events that occurred

in the remote or recent past.
• it enables you to explore and explain the meanings,
phases and characteristics of a phenomenon or
process at a particular point of time in the past.
 Historical research

• The variable focus of your research is time. Your

essential aim is to identify appearances of your
chosen phenomenon in a temporally defined
situation and environment.
 Application Historical Research

1. historical research can show patterns that

occurred in the past and over time which can help us
to see where we came from and what kinds of
solutions we have used in the past.
2. understanding this can add perspective on how
we examine current events and educational practices.
 Steps in Historical research
1. Identify an idea, topic or research question
2. Conduct a background literature review
3. Refine the research idea and questions
4. Determine that historical methods will be the method used
5. Identify and locate primary and secondary data sources
6. Evaluate the authenticity and accuarcy of source materials
7. Analyze the date and develop a narrative exposition of the
findings.
 Survey,
Longitudinal, and
Cross-sectional
surveys
 Survey
•Technically, a survey is a method of
gathering and compiling information
from a group of people, more often
known as sample, with an intention of
gaining knowledge by organizations,
businesses or institutions.
Methods of data collection
in survey research
 Online surveys
ADVANTAGES:
Generally lowest cost
Can be administered by
smaller team of people (no
field staff)
Access to otherwise
difficult to locate, busy
populations
Respondents can look up
information or consult with
others
DISADVANTAGES:
Most difficult to obtain
cooperation
No interviewer involved in
collection of data
More likely to need an
incentive for respondents
Slower data collection period
than telephone
 Paper surveys
ADVANTAGES:
Questionnaires are inexpensive
 Questionnaires are practical
 Comparability
 Easy Analysis and visualization
 Questionnaires offer actionable data
 Questionnaires don’t have time
constraints
 Questionnaires can cover every
aspect of a topic
DISADVANTAGES:
• Dishonest answers
• Unanswered questions
• Differences in understanding and
interpretation
• Hard to convey feelings and emotions
• Some questions are difficult to analyze
• Respondents may have a hidden agenda
• Lack of personalization
• Unconscientious responses
• Accessibility issues
 Telephonic Surveys:
• These surveys are time-consuming and sometimes non-conclusive, as the
success of such surveys dependents on how many people answer the phone
and would want to invest their time in answering questions over the
telephone.
• ADVANTAGES:
Less expensive than personal interviews
Shorter data collection period than personal interviews
Better response rate than mail for list samples
• DISADVANTAGES:
Biased against households without telephones, unlisted numbers
Nonresponse
Difficult to administer questionnaires on sensitive or complex topics
 One-to-One interviews:
One-to-one interview helps researchers gather information or data directly from a
respondent.
Strength of Interview:
More information in a detailed manner can be collected.
Personal or delicate information can easily be obtained.
Non response rate is very low.
Misinterpretation of questions by the interviewee can be controlled.
Weakness of Interview :
Very expensive and time consuming method particularly when a large and widely
spread geographical sample is taken into account.
Bias can operate at both interviewer and interviewee levels.
Sometimes difficult to get the selected sample respondents.
Survey Methods based
on Design
 Longitudinal surveys

Longitudinal surveys are those surveys that help

researchers to make an observation and collect data
over an extended period of time. There are three
main types of longitudinal survey: trend surveys,
panel surveys, cohort surveys.
 Longitudinal surveys
Advantages
The ability to identify and relate
events to particular exposures, and
to further define these exposures
with regards to presence, timing
and chronicity;
Establishing sequence of events;
Following change over time in
particular individuals within the
cohort;
(current time), and age (at point of
measurement)— and to account for
the impact of each individually.
Disadvantages
• Numerous challenges are implicit in
the study design; particularly by
virtue of this occurring over
protracted time periods.
• Incomplete and interrupted follow- up
of individuals, and attrition with loss
to follow-up over time; with notable
threats to the representative nature of
the dynamic sample if potentially
resulting from a particular exposure
or occurrence that is of relevance;
• Generally-increased temporal and
financial demands associated with this
approach.
Three main types of longitudinal survey

• Trend studies- focus on the same

population of people use opinion poll
surveys to look at their attitudes over
time. While the population is always the
same, trend studies usually select different
market research survey samples from that
population.
• Cohort Study: Cohort study is a form of longitudinal study that
samples a cohort (a group of people who typically experienced a
common event at a given point in time).
• Cohorts -a group of people who enter or leave an institution at
the same time Example: Examining job placement success of
Sacred Heart College graduates by the year they graduated
• Panel - One of the most important features of the panel study is
that data is repeatedly collected from the same sample at a
different point in time.
• A panel study - Select a group of individuals and ask them
questions 2+ times over time
 Cross-sectional surveys

Cross-sectional surveys are those surveys

that are administered to a small sample
from a larger population within a small
time frame. This type of survey offers a
researcher a quick summary of what
respondents think at that given time.
 Cross-sectional surveys
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive and takes little
time to conduct.
Can estimate prevalence of outcome of
interest because sample is usually taken
from the whole population.
Many outcomes and risk factors can be
assessed.
Useful for public health planning,
understanding disease etiology and for
the generation of hypotheses.
There is no loss to follow-up.
Disadvantages
Cannot tell us about causal
relationships (only
correlation).
Generalizability limited by
sampled population and
population definition.
Sample size requirements
may be very large (especially
when looking at rare
outcomes or exposures).
Potential for selection bias.
It evaluates prevalence rather
than incidence.
INTERNET- BASED
RESEARCH
CASE STUDY
 WHAT IS A CASE STUDY?

Basically, a case study is an in depth study of

a particular situation rather than a sweeping
statistical survey. It is a method used to narrow
down a very broad field of research into one easily
researchable topic.
How to write a case study?
READ AND
EXAMINE THE
CASE
THOROUGHLY

SELECT PREPARING FOCUS

THE BEST YOUR
SOLUTION A CASE ANALYSIS

UNCOVER
POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS/
CHANGES
NEEDED
 EVALUATION OF THE
CASE

PROPOSED
BACKGROUND
SOLUTION/ CHANGES

INTRODUCTION
DRAFTING RECOMMENDATIONS
THE CASE
 FINALIZING THE CASE

After you have composed the first draft of your case

study analysis, read through it to check for any gaps or
inconsistencies in content or structure:

•Is your thesis statement clear and direct?

•Have you provided solid evidence?
•Is any component from the analysis missing?

When you make the necessary revisions, proofread

and edit your analysis before submitting the final draft.
EX POST FACTO
RESEARCH
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EX POST
FACTO RESEARCH

In ex post facto research the

researcher takes the effect (or dependent
variable) and examines the data
retrospectively to establish causes,
relationships or associations, and their
 EX POST FACTO RESEARCH IS USEFUL WHEN . . .

It is not possible
to select, control When the control
It is impossible, Where the
and Manipulate of all variables
impractical, independent
the factors except a single
costly or variable lies
necessary to independent
impractical to outside the
study cause-and- variable may be
conduct an researcher’s
effect unrealistic and
experiment. control.
relationships artificial.
directly.
 ACTION
RESEARCH
• ·is a process in which participants examine their
own educational practice systematically and
carefully, using the techniques ofresearch.

• to describ work that did not separate the

investigation from the action needed to solve the
problem” (McFarland & Stansell, 1993, p. 14).
 BENEFITS OF ACTION
RESEARCH
• Focus on school issue,problem, or
areaof collective interest

• Improved communication

• Potential to impact school change

 BENEFITS OF ACTION
RESEARCH
• Form of teacheprofessional development

• Collegial interactions
 STEPS IN DOING AN
A C T I O N R E S E A R CH
Identification of problem area

Collection and organization of data

Interpretation of data

Action based on data

Reflection
H I S TO R I C A L R E S E A R C H
• The systematic collection and evaluation of data
to describe, explain, and understand actions or
events that occurred sometime in the past.

• There is no manipulation or control of

variables as in experimental research.
BENEFITS OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
Learnfrom
Learn frompast
pastfailures
failuresand
andsuccesses
successes

Apply them to present-day problems

Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends

 STEPS IN DOING A
H I S TO R I C A L R E S E A R C H
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
1
L O C AT I N G R E L E VA N T S O U R C E S
2
 S U M M A R I Z I N G I N F O R M AT I O N O B TA I N E D
F R O M H I S TO R I C A L S O U R C E S
3
E VA L U AT I O N O F H I S TO R I C A L
SOURCES
4
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
•research is a study that strictly
adheres to a scientific research
design. It includes a hypothesis, a
variable that can be manipulated
by the researcher, and variables
that can be measured, calculated
and compared.
 PURPOSE OF
E X P E R I M E N TA L R E S E A R C H
• seeks to determine a relationship between two (2)
variables—the dependent variable and the independent
variable.

• After completing an experimental research study, a

correlation between a specific aspect of an entity and the
variable being studied is either supported or rejected.
Tools of
Research
 3 IDENTIFIED
RESEARCH TOOLS
Library or bibliothecal tools
Communication or linguistic
tools
Statistical tools
 Library as a
Research Tool
 BOOK SECTION
The section of the library where you can
find numbers of books that contain specific
and current overview of the desired
information. This section holds numbers of
fiction and non-fiction books.
Various Sections of the Library
VERTICAL FILE SECTION
In this section, one finds the library’s
collections of clippings from pamphlets,
magazines, newspapers, brochures,
documents, and summaries of timely topics
arranged by subject matter.
COMPUTER SECTION
Many libraries have already set up an electronic
database of all the information found in the card
catalogue. This makes the search for any of the
holdings of a particular library easier. The database
also contains the specific library in the university
where a particular journal or book can be found.
GENERAL REFERENCE SECTION
Scientific dictionaries, handbooks,
almanacs, atlases, and
encyclopedias are general references
classified as secondary publications.
 Statistical
Research Tools