Srishyla Educational Trust(R)

GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DAVANGERE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HMT VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define heat transfer..
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another due to temperature difference.
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
1. Conduction,2. Convection,3. Radiation.
3. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium [solid,
liquid or gases] or different medium in direct physical contact.
4. State Fourier’s law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the
direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Q α – A dT / dx
Q = -kA dT /dx
Where, A – Area in m2.
dT / dx – Temperature gradient, K/m
k – Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
5. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium [solid,
liquid or gases] or different medium in direct physical contact.
6. Define Thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
7. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Heat transfer, Q = Δ Toverall / R
Where, Δ T = T1 – T2, R = L / kA – Thermal resistance of slab,L – Thickness of slab
K – Thermal conductivity of slab,A – Area.
8. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Heat transfer, Q = Δ Toverall / R
Where,Δ T = T1 – T2,R = 1 / 2πLk in [r2 / r1] – Thermal resistance of slab.
L – Length of cylinder,k – Thermal conductivity,r2 – Outer radius,r1 – Inner radius.
9. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
a. Moisture b. Density of material c. Pressure. d. Temperature e. Structure of material.
10. What is meant by free or natural convection?
It is fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free
or natural convection.
11. Define Grashof number [Gr].
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of viscous force. Gr = Inertia force x Buoyancy
force / [Viscous force]2
12. Define Stanton number [St].
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
St = Nu / Re x Pr.
13. Define Convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
temperatures.
14. Define Reynolds number [Re].
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Re = Inertia force / Viscous force
15. Define Prandtl number [Pr].
It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity.
Pr = Momentum diffusivity / Thermal diffusivity
16. Define Nusselt Number [Nu].
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction
under an unit temperature gradient through a stationary thickness [L] of metre. Nusselt Number [Nu] = qconv /qcond
17. State Newton’s law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation.
Q = h A = [Tw – T∞],This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling..
Where h = Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.A = Surface area in m2.,Tw = Surface [or] Wall temperature in K.T∞
= Temperature of fluid in K.
18. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced
convection.
 19. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
1. Reynolds number [Re].2. Nusselt number [Nu].3. Prandtl number [Pr].
20. What is fin?
Fins are extended surfaces used primarily to enhance the heat transfer rate between the solid fins and an adjoining fluid.
21. Define Fin effectiveness
It is the ratio of fin heat transfer rate to heat transfer rate without fin
22. List out the Fin types.
a)Straight fin of uniform cross section,b)Straight fin of non-uniform cross section
c) Annular fin, d) Pin fin
23. Mention Stefan boltzman contant.
σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4)
24. Define Stefan boltzman contant.
Stefan Boltzman law states that the total emissive power of a perfect black body is proportional to
fourth power of the absolute temperature of black body surface
Eb = σT4, σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m² K4)
25. Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the ratio of emissive power of any body to the
emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.
Emissivity, ε = E / Eb.
26. Define Emissive power [Eb].
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
27. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Ebλ]
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all directions is known as monochromatic emissive
power.
28. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation. Absorptivity, α = Radiation absorbed / Incident
radiation.
29. Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium
is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
30. What is meant by reflectivity?
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.
Reflectivity, ρ = Radiation reflected / Incident radiation.
31. What is meant by transmissivity?
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation. \
ransmissivity, τ = Radiation transmitted / Incident radiation.
32. What is black body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body.
33. What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave length, the body is known as gray body. The
emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the black body.
34. What is heat exchanger?
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a cold fluid.
35. What is meant by Direct heat exchanger [or] open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot and cold fluids.
36. What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried out by transmission through a wall which separates
the two fluids.
37. What is meant by parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger?
In parallel flow type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction & counter flow type of heat exchanger, hot and
cold fluids move in parallel but opposite directions.
38. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other.
39. What is meant by Shell and tube heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids moves through a bundle of tubes enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the
shell and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
40. What is meant by LMTD?
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger varies from point to point. In addition
various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore based on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called
logarithmic mean temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as Q = U A [ΔT]m Where,
U=Overall heat transfer co-efficient [W/m2K], A=Area, m2 [ΔT]m = Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
41. What is meant by Effectiveness?
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer. Effectiveness ε =
Actual heat transfer / Maximum possible heat transfer = Q / Qmax
42. Power requirement of a refrigerator is Inversely proportional to COP.
43. In SI units, one ton of refrigeration is equal to 210 kJ/min.
44. Define tons of refrigeration and COP.
A tonne of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be removed from one tonne of water [1000 kg] at 00C to convert
that into ice at 00C in 24 hours. In actual practice,
1 tonne of refrigeration = 210kJ/min = 3.5kW.
45. The capacity of a domestic refrigerator is in the range of 1 to 3 tonne.
46. Name four important properties of a good refrigerant.
Low boiling point. High critical temperature & pressure& Low specific heat of liquid.
47. What is the difference between air conditioning and refrigeration?
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the temperature in space below atmospheric temperature.
Air conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of clean air containing a specific amount of water
vapour and maintaining the predetermined atmospheric condition with in a selected enclosure.
48. Name any four commonly used refrigerants.
1. Ammonia [NH3] 2. Carbon dioxide [CO2] 3. Sulphur di oxide [SO2] 4. Freon – 12.
49. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air refrigeration system?
Advantages:
1. The refrigerant used namely air is cheap and easily available.
2. There is no danger of fire or toxic effects due to leakages.
3. The weight to tonne of refrigeration ratio is less as compared to other systems.
Disadvantages:
1. The quantity of refrigerant used per tonne of refrigeration is high as compared to other system.
2. The COP of the system is very low. Therefore running cost is high.
3. The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as the air contains moisture content.
50. What is net refrigerating effect of the refrigerant?
Refrigerating effect is the total heat removed from the refrigerant in the evaporator.
COP = Refrigeration effect / Work done. Refrigeration effect = COP x Work done.
51. Define refrigerant.
Any substance capable of absorbing heat from another required substance can be used as refrigerant.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is convection? Classify convection.
2. What is forced convection & natural convection?
3. Explain difference between forced convection and natural convection?
4. Force convection in a liquid bath is caused by----
5. Explain Newton’s law of cooling?
6. Give the relation between ‘Fluid velocity’ and ‘Heat transfer’?
7. On which properties does convection heat transfer strongly depend?
8. Define convection heat transfer coefficient with dimensions.
9. Develop velocity boundary layer for flow over a flat plate?
10. What is drag force? Define friction coefficient (or) drag coefficient?
11. Explain Reynolds number? What is critical Reynolds number?
12. Fluid properties are evaluated at what temperature?
13. For forced convection, Nussult number is a function of---------
14. The Prandtl number will be lowest for------
15. What is significance of Nussult’s number in convection?
16. The hydro dynamic and thermal boundary layers are identical at Prandtl number equal to-----
17. The temperature gradient in the fluid flow over a heated plate will be------
18. The ratio of heat transfer by convection to that by conduction is called-----
19. What is significance of Stanton number?
20. The convective heat transfer coefficient from a hot cylindrical surface exposed to still air varies in accordance with------
21. For Laminar conditions, the thickness of thermal boundary layer increases with the distance from the leading edge in
proportion to------
22. Which dimensionless number has a significant role in forced convection?
23. Define thermal conductivity?For which material thermal conductivity is highest?What are the units of thermal conductivity?
24. Why negative sign in Fourier’s Law?
25. What is the first law of thermodynamics?
26. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
27. How is thermal conductivity measured practically?
28. Why are diamonds sinks used in cooling electronic components?
29. What is the physical mechanism of conduction in solids, liquids and gases?
 30. What do you mean by “ρcp”?
31. What is the physical significance of thermal diffusivity?
32. Is heat transfer a scalar or vector quantity?
33. What do you mean by steady heat transfer and how does it differ from transient heat transfer?
34. What is lumped system? How does heat transfer in a lumped system differ from steady heat transfer?
35. How are ordinary and partial differential equations used in heat transfer analysis?
36. What is a boundary condition? Explain.
37. Explain Radiation. Heat energy transfers in radiation in which form?
38. What is a Block body?
39. Explain Stefan – Boltzman’s law? What is value of the Stefan – Boltzman contant?
40. Explain spectral blackbody emissive power?
41. Discuss Planck’s distribution law.
42. Define emissivity, obsorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity.
43. Define irradiation.
44. Explain Kirchoff’s law.
45. Radiation between two surfaces mainly depends on-----
46. Define Shape factor (or) view factor (or) configure factor (or) angle factor
47. Explain Radiosity?
48. Explain Radiation Heat transfer between two surfaces?
49. What is network representation and what is its algebra?
50. Define Radiation shields?
51. Thermal radiation occur in the portion of electro magnetic spectrum between the wavelengths -----
52. For infinite parallel plates with emissivities ε1 and ε2 shape factor for radiation
53. from surface 1 to surface 2 is ------
54. Classify convection.
55. What is forced convection & natural convection?
56. Explain difference between forced convection and natural convection?
57. Force convection in a liquid bath is caused by----
58. Explain Newton’s law of cooling?
59. Give the relation between ‘Fluid velocity’ and ‘Heat transfer’?
60. On which properties does convection heat transfer strongly depend?
61. Define convection heat transfer coefficient with dimensions.
62. Define Nussult number.
63. Develop velocity boundary layer for flow over a flat plate?
64. What is drag force?
65. Define friction coefficient (or) drag coefficient?
66. Explain Reynolds number?
67. What is critical Reynolds number?
68. Explain Prandtl number.
69. Fluid properties are evaluated at what temperature?
70. For forced convection, Nussult number is a function of---------
71. The Prandtl number will be lowest for------
72. What is significance of Nussult’s number in convection?
73. The hydro dynamic and thermal boundary layers are identical at Prandtl number equal to-----
74. The temperature gradient in the fluid flow over a heated plate will be------
75. The ratio of heat transfer by convection to that by conduction is called-----
76. Define buoyancy force and discuss significance of the buoyancy force in Natural convection?
77. Define volume expansion coefficient and discuss significance in Natural convection?
78. Define Grashoff number and discuss significance of Grashoff number?
79. What is significance of Rayleigh’s number?
80. The free convection heat transfer is significantly affected by----
81. What is significance of Stanton number?
82. The convective heat transfer coefficient from a hot cylindrical surface exposed to still air varies in accordance with------
52. For Laminar conditions, the thickness of thermal boundary layer increases with the distance from the leading edge in proportion
to------
53. Which dimensionless number has a significant role in forced convection?
54. Explain about a heat exchanger.
55. Classify heat exchangers.
56. Which type of heat transfer takes place in heat exchangers?
57. What is fouling?
58. Classify fouling?
59. What is the relation between fouling and overall heat transfer coefficient?
60. Define heat capacity ratio?
61. Explain different methods to design heat exchangers?
62. Define LMTD, Explain LMTD for parallel flow & counter flow
63. What is correction factor?
64. What is effectiveness?
65. Explain effectiveness in parallel and counter flow?
66. Expand NTU
67. The normal automobile radiator is a heat exchanger of which type?
68. The Condenser in a thermal power plant is an exchanger of which type?
69. The effectiveness of heat exchanger is given by-------
70. What is pool boiling& flow boiling?
71. Define sub cooled boiling & saturated boiling?
72. Explain different regimes of pool boiling?
73. Explain Nucleate & film boiling?
74. Explain what is critical heat flux?
75. Explain how bubbles are formed in boiling?
76. Explain Leiden frost point?
77. What is Condensation? Classify Condensation processes.
78. What is the condition for condensation?
79. Define film condensation & drop wise condensation?
80. Explain flow regimes in film condensation
81. Why negative sign in Fourier’s Law?
82. What are the units of thermal conductivity?
83. What is the first law of thermodynamics?
84. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
85. How is thermal conductivity measured practically?
86. Why are diamonds sinks used in cooling electronic components?
87. What is the physical mechanism of conduction in solids, liquids and gases?
88. What is the physical significance of thermal diffusivity?What do you mean by “ρcp”?
89. Is heat transfer a scalar or vector quantity?
90. What do you mean by steady heat transfer and how does it differ from transient heat transfer?

1. What is lumped system? How does heat transfer in a lumped system differ from steady heat transfer?
2. From heat transfer point of view, what is the difference between isotopic and un isotopic materials?
3. What is heat generation in a solid?
4. How are ordinary and partial differential equations used in heat transfer analysis?
5. What is a boundary condition? Explain.
6. What is the material for which thermal conductivity is to be found in thermal conductivity of solids experiment?
7. What are the important properties of refrigerants?
8. What are the common refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration?
9. Draw the P – H diagram for vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
10. Draw the T – S diagram for vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
11. What do you mean by dry compression & wet compression?
12. What is the importance of capillary tube in vapor compression cycle?
13. Which type of compressor is used for domestic refrigerator?
14. What do you mean by hermitically sealed compressor?
15. What are the disadvantages of wet compression?
16. Define dryness factor.
17. What are the refrigerants, which cause Ozone layer depletion?What is the chemical that is responsible for Ozone layer
depletion?
18. What do you mean by global warming?
19. What are the Eco-friendly refrigerants?
20. What are the harmful effects of Ozone layer depletion?
21. What are the harmful effects of global warming?
22. Define TON of refrigeration.