EE8511-C&I LAB MANUAL Final 24.6.19

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
EE8511 –CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

LABORATORY
REGULATION-2017
III YEAR / V SEM / EEE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
EE8511 –CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

LABORATORY
REGULATION-2017
III YEAR / V SEM / EEE
Prepared By Verified By Approved By
Course Coordinator Module Coordinator HOD/EEE

(S.Muthukaruppasamy) (Mr.J.Nandhagopal) (Dr.K.Rajeswari)
Vision of the Institute
To be a leader in imp a r t i n g quality technical education, research and enterprising

skills in pursuit of professional excellence
Mission of the Institute
 To promote quality education & technical skills to meet the industry requirements
 To incorporate team work, leadership skills & lifelong learning
 To facilitate career development & higher education assistance
 To encourage innovative ideas for research & development and entrepreneurship
for societal needs
 To inculcate ethical responsibility & human values
Vision of the Department
To produce highly competent Electrical Engineers and Researchers to fulfill the

technological needs of society through innovation and product development.
Mission of the Department
 M-1: To educate graduates with fundamental principles to acquire advanced

technical knowledge in domains of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 M-2: To provide a progressive environment for innovative creations and rigorous
practical training through creative activities in conventional and thrust areas of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
 M-3: To inculcate Societal and Ethical values among the faculties and students.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO-I:
Graduates of the program will have successful technical and professional career.
.
PEO-II:
Graduates of the program will reveal life-long learning to enhance technical
skills and Managerial skills.
PEO-III:
Graduates of the program will undertake societal responsibilities with ethical
practice.
Program Specific Outcomes:

PSO1: Ability to design and solve problems in the field of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering by applying the knowledge acquired from Circuit & Field theory,
Control theory, Electric Power Systems, Analog and Digital Electronics &
other allied topics.
PSO2: Ability to understand the recent technological developments in Electrical &

Electronics Engineering and develop products/software to cater the societal &
Industrial needs.
VELAMMAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI- 601204
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Subject Code: EE8511 Subject: Control and Instrumentation Laboratory
Faculty : Dr.S.Muthukaruppasamy Class : V Semester/EEE
Course Objectives
To provide knowledge on analysis and design of control system along with basics of
instrumentation.
Course Outcomes:
CO1: Experiment with P, PI and PID controllers and stability analysis using
Apply (K3)
MATLAB.
CO2: Construct the Modeling of Systems and Design of Lag, Lead and Lag- Apply (K3)
Lead Compensators.
CO3:Construct the Position Control Systems, Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver, Apply (K3)
Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools using
MATLAB.
CO4:Experiment with AC and DC Bridges and Dynamics of Sensors /
Apply (K3)
Transducers using Bridge Networks.
CO5:Experiment with Power and Energy Measurement, Signal Conditioning, Apply (K3)
Process Simulation using Instrumentation Amplifier and A/D and D/A
Converter.
CO6:Construct the Transfer Function of DC Servomotor and study of Apply (K3)
Transients.(Content beyond syllabus)
CO-PO Mapping
PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO
K- K3 K4 K5 K5 K6 K4 K2 K3 K3 K2 K3 K3
CO1 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CO2 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CO3 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CO4 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CO5 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CO6 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
Before
3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CBS
EE6511
After 3 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - -
CBS
CO – PSO Mapping
CO PSO1 PSO2
CO1 2 2
CO2 2 2
3 Strong Contribution
CO3 2 2 2 Moderate Contribution
CO4 2 2 1 Weak Contribution
CO5 2 2
CO6 2 2
EE6511 2 2
SYLLABUS
CONTROLSYSTEMS:
1. P, PI and PID controllers
2. Stability Analysis
3. Modeling of Systems – Machines, Sensors and Transducers
4. Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators
5. Position Control Systems
6. Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics
7. Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.
INSTRUMENTATION:
8. Bridge Networks –AC and DC Bridges
9. Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers
a. Temperature
b. Pressure
c. Displacement
d. Optical
e. Strain
f. Flow
10. Power and Energy Measurement
11. Signal Conditioning
a. Instrumentation Amplifier
b. Analog – Digital and Digital –Analog converters (ADC and DACs)
12. Process Simulation.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CONTROLSYSTEMS:
1. P, PI and PID controllers
2. Stability Analysis
3. Modeling of Systems – Machines, Sensors and Transducers
4. Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators
5. Position Control Systems
6. Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics
7. Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.
INSTRUMENTATION:
8. Bridge Networks –AC and DC Bridges
9. Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers
a. Temperature
b. Pressure
c. Displacement
d. Optical
e. Strain
f. Flow
10. Power and Energy Measurement
11. Signal Conditioning

g. Instrumentation Amplifier
h. Analog – Digital and Digital –Analog converters (ADC and DACs)
12. Process Simulation.
Content Beyond Syllabus

13. Study of Transients
14. Transfer function of DC Servomotor
INDEX
S.No Name of the Experiment Page No

1 P, PI and PID controllers
2 Stability Analysis of Linear Systems
a.Transfer function of DC Motor
3
b.Transfer function of Separately Excited DC Generator
4 Design and Implementation of Compensators
a. AC Position Control System
5
b. DC Position Control System
6 Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver
7 Digital Simulation of first order systems
a.Wheatstone Bridge (DC)
b.Kelvin’s Double Bridge (DC)
8
c.Schering Bridge (AC)
d.Maxwell’s Inductance and Capacitance Bridge (AC)
a.Temperature Transducer
b.Study of Pressure Transducer
c.Study of Displacement Transducer
9
d.Measurement of Displacement using LDR
e.Strain Measurement
f.Flow Measurement
a.Measurement of Three phase Power and power factor
10
b.Calibration of single phase energy meter
a. Instrumentation Amplifier
11
b. A/D &D/A Converter
12 Process Control Simulator.
Content Beyond Syllabus
13 Study of Transients(CBS)
14 Transfer function of DC Servomotor(CBS)
Velammal Institute of Technology Electrical and Electronics Engineering
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Ex.No.1.a P, PI, and PID Controllers using Matlab-Simulink

Aim:
To Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab-Simulink
Apparatus Required:
A PC with MATLAB package
Procedure:
1. To build a SIMULINK model to obtain response of a P, PI, PID Controllers, the

following procedure is followed:
2. In MATLAB software open a new model in SIMULINK library browser.
3. From the continuous block in the library drag the transfer function block.
4. From the source block in the library drag the step input.
5. From the sink block in the library drag the scope.
6. From the math operations block in the library drag the summing point.
7. From the discrete block in the library drag the PID controller.
8. Connect all to form a system and give unity feedback to the system.
9. For changing the parameters of the blocks connected double click the respective block.
10. Start simulation and observe the results in scope.
11. Compare the simulated and theoretical results.
Simulink blocks for effect of P controller:

Output with P=3
Simulink blocks for effect of PI controller

Output with P=3 and I=0.5
Simulink blocks for effect of PD controller

Output with P=3 and D=0.5
Simulink blocks for effect of PID controller

Output with P=3, I=0.5 and D=0.5
Viva Questions:
1. What is control system?

A system consists of a number of components connected together to perform a specific
function. In a system when the output quantity is controlled by varying the input quantity then the
system is called control system.
2. What are the two major types of control system?
The two major types of control system are
 Open loop control system
 Closed loop control system
3. Define open loop control system.
The control system in which the output quantity has no effect upon the input quantity are
called open loop control system. This means that the output is not feedback to the input for
correction.
4. Define closed loop control system.
The control system in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity so as to
maintain the desired output value is called closed loop control system.
5. What are the components of feedback control system?
The components of feedback control system are plant, feedback path elements, error
detector and controller.
RESULT
Thus the effects of P, PI, PD, and PID controller has been verified by using Matlab.

Ex.No.1.b P, PI, and PID Controllers using Matlab-Coding

Aim:
To Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab-Coding
Apparatus Required:
A PC with MATLAB package
Programme:
% Step Response for TF 1/(s^2+10s+20)
num=[1];
den=[1 10 20];
figure(1);
step(num,den)
% Proportional Controller
Kp=600;
num1=[Kp];
den1=[1 10 20+Kp];
t=0:0.01:2;
figure(2);
step(num1,den1,t)
grid;
% Proportional Derivative Controller

Kp=300;
Kd=10;
num2=[Kd Kp];
den2=[1 10+Kd 20+Kp];
t=0:0.01:2;
figure(3);
step(num2,den2,t)
grid;
% Proportional Integral Controller

Kp1=30;
Ki=70;
num3=[Kp1 Ki];
den3=[1 10 20+Kp1 Ki];
t=0:0.01:2;
figure(4);
step(num3,den3,t)
grid;

%Proportional Integral Derivative Controller
Kp2=350;
Kd2=50;
Ki2=300;
num4=[Kd2 Kp2 Ki2];
den4=[1 10+Kd2 20+Kp2 Ki2];
t=0:0.01:2;
figure(5);
step(num4,den4,t)
grid;



10

11

12
1.C.P, P-I, P-I-D CONTROLLERS USING KIT
Aim: To study the effect of P, PI, PD and PID controller of a feedback control system using kit.
Theory:
PID controllers are commercially successful and widely used controllers in Industries. For
example, in a typical paper mill there may be about 1500 Controllers and out of these 90% would be PID
controllers. The PID controller consists of proportional controller, integral controller and derivative
controller. Depending upon the application on or more combinations of the controllers are used.(ex: in a
liquid control system where we want zero steady state error, a PI controller can be used and in a
temperature control system where we do not want zero steady state error, a simple P controller can be
used.
The equation of the PID controller in time domain is given by,
m(t) = KPe(t) + Ki/Ti ∫ e(t) dt + KdTd de(t) /dt
where KP is a proportional gain Ti is the integral reset time and Td is the derivative time of the
PID controller, m(t) is the output of the controller and e(t) is the error signal given by e(t) = r(t) – c(t).
The characteristics of P, I, and D controllers:
A proportional controller (Kp) will have the effect of reducing the rise time and will reduce ,but
never eliminate, the steady-state error. An integral control (Ki) will have the effect of eliminating the
steady-state error, but it may make the transient response worse. A derivative control (Kd) will have the
effect of increasing the stability of the system, reducing the overshoot, and improving the transient
response. Effects of each of controllers Kp, Kd, and Ki on a closed-loop system are summarized in the
table shown below.
Parameter Rise time Overshoot Settling time Steady-state error Stability[14]
Decrease Increase Small change Decrease Degrade
Decrease Increase Increase Eliminate Degrade
Minor change Decrease Decrease No effect Improve if small

13
PD CONTROLLER

14
Result:
Effect of P, PI, PD and PID controller of a feedback control system using kit was analysed
through graph using kit.
Viva questions:
1. What is P-I control?

2. What is P-D control?
3. What is P-I-D control?
4. Why differential control is not used alone?
5. What is the problem with proportional control?

15
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM

Expt.No:2
Aim:
To analyze the stability of linear system using Bode plot
Apparatus Required:
Digital simulation software – MATLAB
Procedure:
Open the MATLAB software using a MATLAB icon
Open a blank M- File or Simulink file (File, New, M file)
Type the given program in M file
Run the program using debug option or using F5 key
Find the stability of the system in the output graph and compare it with
theoretical value
Program:
Transfer Function=10/S(S+2)(S+6)=10/S3+8s2+12s
Bode Plot Program:
nu=[10];
de=[1 8 12 0];
sys=tf(nu,de);
bode(sys);
grid on;
Nyquist Plot Program:

nu=[10];
de=[1 8 12 0];
sys=tf(nu,de);
nyquist(sys);
grid on;
Rootlocus Plot Program:

nu=[10];
de=[1 8 12 0];
sys=tf(nu,de);
rlocus(sys);
grid on;
1. Find gain Margin and Phase Margin using bode plot
a) TF = 0.5 .
S(S+1)(S+0. 5)
b) TF = 10 .
(S+2)(S+3)(S+4)
2.Find the stability analysis for Transfer function using root locus
36
----------------------
s^3 + 6 s^2 + 11 s + 6

16
3.Find the stability analysis for Transfer function using Nyquist plot
T.F=60/(s+1)(s+2)(s+5)

17

18
Viva Questions:
1. What is bandwidth?
The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the system gain is more than 3 db.The bandwidth
is a measure of the ability of a feedback system to reproduce the input signal,noise rejection
characteristics and rise time.
2.Define Cut-off rate?
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut-off is called cut-off rate. The cut-off rate
indicates the ability to distinguish the signal from noise.
3.Define –Gain Margin?
The gain margin, kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of the open loop transfer
function at phase cross over frequency.
Gain margin kg = 1 / | G(jωpc) |.
4.Define Phase cross over frquency?
The frequency at which, the phase of open loop transfer functions is called phase cross over
frequency ωpc
5.What is phase margin?
The phase margin is the amount of phase lag at the gain cross over frequency required to bring
system to the verge of instability.
Result:
Thus the stability of linear system using Bode plot,Nyquist,Rootlocus was analyzed.

19
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF DC MOTOR

Expt.No:3a
Aim:
To measure the torque constant of the field controller DC Motor and to determine the
transfer function
Apparatus Required:
1. Transfer function of DC motor kit (PEC 14HV1 Module )
2. Digital panel meter
3. DC Motor
4. Single phase Variac
1. To find Rf:
(a) Ensure all the switches are in the OFF position before marking connection
(b) Connect the RPS across the armature (A & AA) or Field (F &FF) terminals.
(c) Apply the voltage using RPS and ensure that switch of the RPS facing voltage side
(d) Now change the switch position to current side and note down the current reading.
(e) Calculate the field resistance using the formula RF = VF / IF
2. To find Lf
(a) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
(b) Increase the input AC supply in steps using the autotransformer and note down the
voltmeter and ammeter reading
(c) Calculate the field inductance using the formula
3. To find torque constant (Kt)

(a) Run the motor at rated speed at no-load condition by adjusting armature and field duty
cycle knob.
(b) Now apply 25% of full load and take the reading of the voltage ,current, speed and
spring balance reading .
(c) Repeat the above step for 50% 75% and 100% of full load
(d) Draw graph between torque and field current and calculate torque constant (Ktf)
EXPRESSION FOR TRANSFER FUNCTION:
By Kirchoff’s voltage Law,
Va = (Ra * Ia ) + La (dIa/dt) +Eb-------------------------- (1)
The torque of the flux is proportional to product of flux and armature current. But
flux is constant in this system, the torque is proportional to Ia alone.
Therefore, Torque T = KTa *Ia ----------------- (2)
The differential Equation governing the Mechanical system of the motor is given by,
T = J* (d2 /dt2) + B* (d /dt) -------------------------- (3)
Back EMF Eb is to speed of the shaft:
Eb= Kb* (d /dt)-------------------------- (4)
Taking Laplace transform of Equations (1), (2) , (3)& (4) , we get,
Va(s) = (Ra * Ia(s) ) +s* La Ia(s) +Eb(s)-------------------------- (5)
T(s) = Kta *Ia(s) -------------------------- (6)
T(s) = Js2* (S)+ BS* (S) -------------------------- (7)
Eb(s)= Kb*s (S)-------------------------- (8)
Equating (6) & (7) We get:

Ia(s)=(s(Js+B)/Kt) * (s)
Substituting Eb(s)&Ia(s)in (5) (7) in (4) we get:
((Rf+sLf)*s*(Js+B)/KTf) (s) = Vf(s)
(s)/Vf(s) =(KTf/s(Rf+Lf)(B+sJ))
= [KTfsRf(1+s*(Lf/Rf)B(1+(sJ/B)]
Therefore T.F. of field controlled D.C. Motor
(s)/Vf(s) = (Km f m))
Where motor Gain Constant, Km = KTf/(Rf*B)
f = Lf/Rf.
m = J/B
T = 9.81 x (S1- S2) X R

R = Radius of brake drum
Viscous co-efficient (B) = 0.0078
Moment of inertia (J) = 0.0465 kg n
Tabulation:
To find Rf
RF =VF/IF
SL.NO. VF IF
To find Lf
S.NO. VF IF ZF

To find torque constant

T N
S.NO . VF IF S1 (kg) S2(kg) S1-S2(kg)
N-M rpm
Result:
Thus the torque constant of the field controller DC Motor and determined the transfer
function.

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPERATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
Ex.no:3b
Date:
AIM:
To determine the transfer function of separately excited dc generator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Rheostat Double
400Ù / 2A 2
tubular
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
MI (0-300)V 1
3 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
MI (0-1)A 1
THEORY:
Transfer function of a linear variant system is defined to be the ratio of Laplace transform of the
other input variable under the assumption that all initial conditions are zero. A dc generator is commonly
used in control system for power amplifications. The transfer function of a separately excited generator is
given as
Transfer function G(s) = Kg / Rf + SLf
Kg = generator constant (V/A)
Rf = resistance of field winding
Lf = inductance of field winding
PROCEDURE:
DETERMINATION OF KG
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. The field rheostat of the motor is to be adjusted to bring the motor to the rated speed 1500 rpm.
4. By varying the field rheostat the generated voltage are noted down.
5. Repeat the above step for various positions of the field rheostat of the generator.
6. Plot the graph, between field rheostat i.e. field current and the generated voltage.
7. The slope of the graph is a constant Kg.
DETERMINATION OF LF
2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. Single phase variac is adjusted and the various values of field current and field voltage are noted
down.
4. The field coil impedance is calculated by Zf = Vf / If

FORMULA USED
To obtain the transfer function
Zf ------- field impedance in Ù
Rf -------- field resistance in Ù
Xf -------- field reactance in Ù
f -----Supply2 frequency in Hz
X = Z 2- R 2
f f f
Field inductance = Xf / 2ðf
To obtain the settling time ts
Settling time = time required to reach 98% of steady state value
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
DC Motor DC Generator
Voltage
Current
Speed
Type
Excitation Voltage
Excitation Current
MODEL GRAPH:
Eg
Kg =ÄEg/ ÄIf
Kg = Slope of GeneratedIf Voltage versus Field Current

TABULATION :OCC
S.No Voltage (V) Field Current (A)

1
2
3
4
5
6

TO FIND Rf
Vf (v) If (A) RÙ
TO FIND Zf
Vf(v) If (A) Zf (Ù)
CALCULATION:
Derivation of transfer function
Transfer function = Eg(s)/ Ef (s )
Write equation for field circuit
If Rf + Lf dIf(t)/dt = Ef(t)
Taking Laplace transform,
If (s) Rf + sLfIf (s) = Ef (s)
If(s) = Ef(s) /(Rf + sLf)
Generator constant Kg = Eg / If ----- Eg = Kg If
Eg (s) = Kg If (s)
If (s) = Eg (s) / Kg
Eg (s) / Ef (s) = Kg / Rf + sLf
Kg = ∆ Eg / ∆ If
2
Xf = √ Zf 2- Rf
Xf = 2ðfLf
Lf = Xf / 2ðf
Substituting value of Kg, Rf , Lf in transfer function we have transfer function of separately excited dc
generator
Eg (s) / Ef (s) = Kg / Rf + sLf
TF = Eg (s) / Ef (s) = Kg / Rf + sLf
RESULT:
Thus the transfer function of separately excited dc generator was
determined Transfer Function = Eg (s) / Ef (s) = Kg / Rf + sLf

Viva Questions:
1. Define transfer function.

The transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of the laplace transform of output to
laplace transform of input with zero initial conditions.
2. What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical translational system.
Mass, spring and dashpot
3. What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical rotational system?
Moment of inertia J, dashpot with rotational frictional coefficient B and torsional spring with
stiffness K
4. Name two types of electrical analogous for mechanical system.

The two types of analogies for the mechanical system are force voltage and force current analogy
5. What is block diagram?

A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by each
component of the system and shows the flow of signals. The basic elements of block diagram are blocks,
branch point and summing point.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
LEAD NETWORK
S.no Input voltage E Frequency Output voltage E0 Gain G (dB) Phase angle
(Volts) (Hz) (Volts)
1.
2.
LAG NETWORK
S.no Input voltage E Frequency Output voltage E0 Gain G (dB) Phase angle
(Volts) (Hz) (Volts)
1.
2.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPENSATORS
Ex.No.4
AIM
To study the repose of the following compensating network and to plot the magnitude and
gain response for a given range on input frequencies.
APPRATUS REQUIRED
1. Resistor (1.2, 1, 38, 15KÙ) each one.
2. Capacitor (0.1, 0.47, 0.055 µF) each one
3. CRO
4. Function Generator
THEORY:
The widely employed compensators are lag, lead lag-lead compensators. These are two situation
in which compensation is required. The first case the system is absolutely unstable and the compensation
is done to stabilize current as well as to achieve a specified performance. The second case the system is
stable but the compensation is required to obtain the desired performance system which all types or higher
are absolutely unstable for such type lead compensations is suitable.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Constant Voltage is applied
3. The output voltage of the circuit is observed for various frequencies of input.
4. The same procedure is repeated for all types of compensator.
RESULT
Thus the transfer functions of compensating network are studied.

Viva Questions:
1. What are the two types of compensation?

i. Cascade or series compensation
ii. Feedback compensation or parallel compensation
2. What are the three types of compensators?

i. Lag compensator
ii. Lead compensator
iii. Lag-Lead compensator
3. What are the uses of lead compensator?

 speeds up the transient response
 increases the margin of stability of a system
 Increases the system error constant to a limited extent.
4. What is the use of lag compensator?

Improve the steady state behavior of a system, while nearly preserving its transient response.
5. When lag lead compensator is required?

The lag lead compensator is required when both the transient and steady state response of a
system has to be improved

AC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

Ex. No.:5a
Aim:
To study the operation of AC servomotor position control with PI controller using PEC02
Module
Apparatus Required:
1. PEC 02 Module
2. Motor set up
3. Patch Chords
Precautions:
1. Check whether power ON/OFF Switch is in OFF Condition
2. Check whether 230 V AC ON/OFF Switch is in OFF Condition
Connection Procedure:
1. Connect terminal P7 (Pulse input -1) to P3 ( pulse output) and P10 (Pulse input -2) to P4 (
Pulse output)
2. Connect gate terminal P8 to P19 and P11 to P21
3. Connect MT (1) terminal P9 to P20 and MT (2) terminal P12 to P22
4. Connect terminals P23 to P24, P25 to P26 and P27 to P28
5. Connect terminal P15 to P17 and P16 to P18
6. Connect terminal P1 (SP input ) to P13 (SP output) and connect terminal P2 (PV input )
to P14 (PV output)
7. Connect servomotor to P31 by using serial cable
8. Connect the main winding of motor to 230 V AC supply through a PC Power Chord
Experimental Procedure
1. Check whether the connection are made as per circuit diagram
2. Switch ON the trainer kit
3. Switch ON the constant 230V AC main winding voltage to the servo motor
4. Set the motor position using set position knob (Pot 1) and take the reading for set position and
actual position (by giving pulse Input) and tabulate the reading
5. Repeat the same procedure step by step up to 340 deg.
6. For each step note down the set position and actual position and tabulate it in table
Tabulation
S.NO Set Position Actual Position Error
Result:
Thus the operation of AC servomotor position control studied.

DC POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

Ex. No.:5b
Aim:
To study the operation of DC servomotor position control with PI controller using dc position
control trainer module (PEC01)
Apparatus Required:
4. PEC 01 Module
5. Motor set up
6. Patch Chords
Precautions:
1. Check whether power ON/OFF Switch is in OFF Condition
2. Check whether 230 V DC ON/OFF Switch is in OFF Condition
Connection Procedure
1. Connect the terminal P1 to P6
2. Connect the motor actual position terminal P2 to P7
3. Connect the terminal P8 to P10 and P9 to P11
4. Connect the terminal P12 to P14 and P13 to P15
5. Dc output of P24 and P25 is connected to the input of PMDC
motor Experimental Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Set the pulse release switch in OFF position
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Vary the set position knob and set the motor position at any position
5. Select the SPDT switch in upward direction and note the input position in the digital display
6. Select the SPDT switch in downward direction and note the output position in the
digital display
7. Tabulate the input and output position in the tabular column

Tabulation
S.No Set Position Actual Position Error
Block Diagram for DC position control system
Result:
Thus the operation of DC servomotor position control was studied.

Viva Questions:
1. What is transient response?

The transient response is the response of the system when the system changes from one state to
another.
2. What is steady state response?

The steady state response is the response of the system when it approaches infinity.
3. What is an order of a system?

The order of a system is the order of the differential equation governing the system. The order of
the system can be obtained from the transfer function of the given system.
4. Define Damping ratio.

Damping ratio is defined as the ratio of actual damping to critical damping.
5. List the time domain specifications.

The time domain specifications are
i.Delay time
ii.Rise time
iii.Peak time
iv.Peak overshoot

SYNCHRO TRANSMITTER AND RECEVIER

Ex No:6
Aim
To perform the operation of Synchro transmitter and receiver.
Apparatus Required
1. Synchro transmitter and receivertTrainer kit.

2. Connecting wires as required.
Procedure:
1. Connect the mains supply to the system with the help of cable provided. Do not interconnect
S1,S2 and S3 to S1, S2 and S3.
2. Switch on the main supply for the unit transmitter rotor supply.
3. Starting from zero position , note down the voltage between stator winding terminals
i.e. VS1S2, V S1S2 and VS2S3 in a sequential manner. Enter reading in a tabular form and plot a
graph of angular position V/S rotor voltage for all three phases.
4. Note that zero position of the stator rotor coincides with VS3S1 voltage equal to zero voltage.
Do not disturb this condition.
Tabular Column:
S.No Rotor position in VS3S1 VS1S2 VS2S3

degree
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360

Model Graph:
Circuit Diagram:
Result:
The operation of Synchro transmitter and receiver was performed.

Viva Questions:
1. Define Steady state error.

The steady state error is defined as the value of error as time tends to infinity.
2. What is the drawback of static coefficients?

The main draw back of static coefficient is that it does not show the variation of error with time
and input should be standard input.
3. What is step signal?

The step signal is a signal whose value changes from zero to A at t= 0 and remains constant at A
for t>0.
4. What is ramp signal?

The ramp signal is a signal whose value increases linearly with time from an initial value of zero
at t=0.the ramp signal resembles a constant velocity.
5. What is a parabolic signal?

The parabolic signal is a signal whose value varies as a square of time from an initial value of
zero at t=0.This parabolic signal represents constant acceleration input to the signal.

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS
Ex.No:7
AIM: To digitally simulate the characteristics of Linear SISO systems using state variable
formulation.
APPARATU REQUIRED:A PC with MATLAB package.
THEORY:
State Variable approach is a more general mathematical representation of a system, which, along
with the output, yields information about the state of the system variables at some predetermined
points along the flow of signals. It is a direct time-domain approach, which provides a basis for
modern control theory and system optimization. SISO (single input single output) linear systems
can be easily defined with transfer function analysis. The transfer function approach can be linked
easily with the state variable approach.
The state model of a linear-time invariant system is given by the following equations:
Ẋ (t) = A X(t) + B U(t) State equation
Y(t) = C X(t) + D U(t) Output equation
Where A = n x n system matrix,
B = n x m input matrix,
C= p x n output matrix and
D = p x m transmission matrix,

PROGRAMME:
OPEN LOOP RESPONSE (FIRST ORDER SYSTEM)
T.F=4/(s+2)
Response of system to Step and Impulse input
n=[4]; n=[4];
d=[1 2]; d=[1 2];
sys=tf(n,d); sys=tf(n,d);
step(sys) impulse(sys)
SIMULINK
Step Input Open Loop –I Order

Impulse Input Open Loop –I Order
Close Loop Response

n=[4];
d=[1 2];
sys=tf(n,d);
sys=feedback(sys,1,-1)
step(sys)
n=[4];
d=[1 2];
sys=tf(n,d);
sys=feedback(sys,1,-1)
impulse(sys)

SIMULINK
Step Input Close Loop –I Order
Impulse Input Close Loop –I Order

SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

TF= 4/s2+6s+16
Open Loop Response
n=[4];
d=[1 6 16];
sys=tf(n,d);
step(sys)
TF= 4/s2+6s+16
Open Loop Response
n=[4];
d=[1 6 16];
sys=tf(n,d);
impulse(sys)

SIMULINK
Step Input Open Loop –II Order
Impulse Input Open Loop –II Order

Close Loop Response

n=[4];
d=[1 6 16];
sys=tf(n,d);
sys=feedback(sys,1,-1) ;
step(sys)
n=[4];
d=[1 6 16];
sys=tf(n,d);
sys=feedback(sys,1,-1) ;
impulse(sys)
SIMULINK
Step Input Close Loop –II Order

Impulse Input Close Loop –II Order

RESULT:
The digital simulation of time response characteristics of a first and second order linear system
with step and impulse inputs were simulated using MATLAB and outputs are observed for respective
inputs.

Viva Questions:
1. Define Delay time.
The time taken for response to reach 50% of final value for the very first time is delay time.
2. Define Rise time.

The time taken for response to raise from 0% to 100% for the very first time is rise time.
3. Define peak time.

The time taken for the response to reach the peak value for the first time is peak time.
4. Define peak overshoot.

Peak overshoot is defined as the ratio of maximum peak value measured from the Maxmium
value to final value.
5. Define Settling time.

Settling time is defined as the time taken by the response to reach and stay within specified error.

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE (DC BRIDGE)

Expt No:8a
Aim
To measure the given resistance using Wheatstone bridge
Apparatus Required
1. Wheatstone bridge kit 1 no

2. Multimeter 1 no
3. Connecting wires as required
Formula
1. Unknown resistance R1 = R2R3/R4 ohm
Theory
Wheatstone bridge is used to measure medium resistance. It is an instrument for making

comparison measurements and operates upon a null indication principle. This means the indication is
independent of the calibration of the null indicating instrument or any of its characteristics. It consists of
four resistive arms and galvanometer is used for null position indication. The current through the
galvanometer depends on the potential difference between different arms.
Procedure
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. Unknown resistance is connected between the terminals
3. The resistance value in the arm is adjusted till the galvanometer indicates the null position
4. After switching off the kit take the resistance value using Multimeter
5. Unknown resistance is calculated using formula
Tabular Column
S.No R2 (ohm) R3 (ohm) R4 (ohm) R1 (ohm)

Circuit Diagram:
Phasor Diagram:
Result:
The given resistance using Wheatstone bridge was measured.

KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE (DC BRIDGE)

Expt No:8b
Aim
To measure the given low resistance using Kelvin’s double bridge
Apparatus required:
1. Kelvin’s double bridge ki-1no.

2. Unknown resistance - 1 no.
3. Connecting wires are required
Formula:
Unknown resistance = (P/Q) * P1
Theory:
Kelvin Bridge is a modification of Wheatstone’s bridge and provides greatly increased accuracy
in measurement of low value resistances.
Consider the bridge circuit shown in figure, where ‘r’ represents the resistance of the lead that
connects the unknown resistance R to stand resistance S. Two Galvanometer connections are possible.
The connections may be either to point or to point n. supposes that instead of using point m which gives
low result or n, which makes the result high, the galvanometer connections are made in between the
two points. If at point‘d’ the resistance r is divided into two parts, r 1 and r2
Such that
r1/ r2 = P/Q
The process described above is obviously not a practiced way of achieving the desired result, as
there would be a trouble in determining the correct point for galvanometer connections. Kelvin double
bridge incorporate the idea of a second set of ratio arms, hence the name double bridge and the use of four
terminal resistors for the low-resistance arms.
Precautions:
1. Battery is connected internally. If not, connect externally.

2. Galvanometer is connected internally.
3. Sensitivity is set at maximum position.
Procedure:

2. The unknown resistance is connected between the points +P and – P.
3. The main dial reading and slide wire readings are adjusted till the galvanometer indicates
null point.
4. From the above reading, the unknown low resistance is calculated using formula.

Tabular column :
S.No. P(ohm) Q (ohm) P1 (ohm) Unknown Actual

Resistance R1 Resistance
(ohm) (ohm)
Circuit Diagram:
Viva Questions:
1. Draw the theoretical circuit diagram for Kelvin’s double bridge.

2. Draw the phasor diagram.
3. What are the advantages of Kelvin’s double bridge?
4. What are the disadvantages of Kelvin’s double bridge?
5. What are the applications of the above bridge?
Result:
The given low resistance using Kelvin’s double bridge was measured.
.SCHERING BRIDGE (AC BRIDGE )
Expt No:8c
Aim:
To measure the unknown capacitance using Schering bridge
Apparatus Required:
1. Schering bridge circuit 1 No

2. Multimeter 1 No
3. CRO 1 No
4. Decade Capacitance Box 1 No
Formula:
Unknown capacitance Cx = (R1/R2)*C3 µF
Theory:
Alternating current bridge methods are used for the measurement of inductance, capacitance,
dissipation factor and Q-factor. The AC bridge is a natural outgrowth of the Wheatstone bridge. In an AC
bridge circuit each of the four arms is impedance. Source is AC and the detector may be either CRO or
loud speaker. Schering bridge is used for the measurement of capacitance and dissipation factor.
Permanently set up Schering bridges are sometimes arranged so that balancing is done by adjustment of
R2 and C1 with C3 and R1 remaining fixed.
Procedure:

2. Power supply to the trainer board is switched ON and the output voltage of the oscillator is
verified
3. Particular value of R2 is selected
4. R1 is adjusted till the CRO output voltage is minimum ( under balanced condition)
5. Switch off the kit and note down the values of R1 and R2 from Multimeter.
6. Unknown capacitance is calculated using above formula.
Tabular Column:
S.No R1 (Ù) R2(Ù) Cx (µF)

Theoretical Practical

Circuit Diagram:
Result:
The unknown capacitance using Schering bridge was measured.

MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE - CAPACITANCE BRIDGE (AC BRIDGE)

Expt No:8d
Aim :
To find the unknown inductance and Q-factor of the given coil
Apparatus Required:
1. Maxwell’s inductance capacitance bridge kit – 1 no.
2. Unknown inductance (Decade inductance box) – 1 no.
3. CRO – 1 no.
5. Multimeter – 1 no.
Formulae:
1. Unknown inductance L = R2R3C4 H
2. Q-factor Q = 1/ùC4R4
3. Resistance of the inductance = R2R3/R4 ohm
Theory:
In this bridge, an inductance is measured by comparison with a standard variable capacitance. The
connections and the phasor diagram at the balanced conditions are shown in figure.
L1 ...................... Unknown inductance
R1 ...................... Effective resistance of inductor L1
R2, R3, R4….Known non-inductive resistances
C4 ........................ Variable fixed capacitor
Writing the equation for balance condition Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
( R1+jùL1) ( R4)/(1+jùc4R4) = R2R3
R1R4+jùL1R4) = R2R3+jù R2R3 c4R4
Equating real and imaginary parts
There
R1R4 = R2R3 foreR1 = R2R3/ R4
ùL1R4 = ùR2R3C4R4 L1 = R2R3C4
The expression for Q-factor Q = XL/R1 = ùL1/R1
(or)
Q = XC/R4 = 1/ùC4R4
Procedure:

2. The power supply to the trainer kit is switched on.
3. The values of R2&R3 are selected.
4. CRO is connected between the ground and O/P point ( acts as a detector)
5. R2 is adjusted till the output signal of the CRO is Zero position.
6. After removing the connections, the value of R2 is measured using Multimeter.
7. Values of unknown inductance and Q-factor are calculated using above formulae

Tabular column :
S.No. R2 R3 C Measured Inductance Q-factor

(kÙ) (kÙ) (ìF) (H) (From DIB) (H)
Circuit Diagram:
Phasor Diagram:
Result:
The unknown inductance and Q-factor of the given coil was found.

Viva Questions:
1. What are the types of AC bridges?
The types of AC bridges are
i. Capacitance comparison bridge
ii. Inductance comparison bridge
iii. Schering bridge
iv. Maxwell’s Inductance and capacitance bridge
v. Hay’s bridge vi. Anderson bridge
vi. Wien bridge
2. What is the basic principle used in potentiometer?
Basic principle used in potentiometer is that the unknown emf is measured by comparing it with
a standard known emf.
3. Define: Q-factor of the coil
Q-factor of the coil is defined as the ratio of power stored in the coil to the power dissipated
in the coil.
4. What is Anderson bridge?
It is a modified version of the Maxwell’s inductance capacitance bridge. In this method the self
inductance is measured in terms of a standard capacitor.
5. What is a Wheatstone bridge?
Wheatstone bridge is used for measurement of medium resistances in the range of 1Ω to 100 k Ω

TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER
Expt No:9a
Aim
To measure the temperature using temperature transducer (thermistor / RTD).
Apparatus Required
3. Trainer kit.
4. Multimeter.
5. Connecting wires as required.
Formula:
%Error=( Indicated reading- Actual reading )*100

Actual Reading
Procedure:
1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel. The
display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.
3. Pour around 3/4th full of water to kettle and place sensors and thermometer in the kettle.
4. Note down the initial water temperature form the thermometer.
5. Adjust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water
temperature.
6. Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils. Note down the redings in the thermometer and
set final set potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature.
7. Remove the sensor form the boiling water; immerse it in the cold water. Set the cold water temp
using initial set potentiometer.
8. Repeat the process till the display reads exact boiling water and cold water temp. Change the
water in the kettle and reheat the water. Now the display starts showing exact temp rises in the
kettle.
9. Note down the readings for every 10 degree Celsius in temp, and tabulate the readings in the
tabular column for the indicated readings and thermometer reading.
Tabular Column:
S.No Actual readings Indicated (degree Voltage E % error

(degree Celsius) Celsius)

Model Graph:
Result:
The temperature using temperature transducer (thermistor / RTD) was measured.

STUDY OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCER – BOURDON TUBE

Expt No:9b
Aim
To study the operation of bourdon tube and draw it’s characteristics
Apparatus Required
6. Bourdon tube transducer kit 1 No

7. Multimeter 1 No
8. Foot pump 1 No
Theory:
Measurement of pressure has high importance in the field of science and technology.
Displacement measurement can be done by using a variety of transducer. The measurement of position
employs a major rule in industrial applications.
Bourdon tube is used to measure the pressure signal. It consists of C shaped brass tube which is
connected to the link and lever measurement. The link is connected to the pointer, which indicates the
corresponding pressure. Bourdon tube is connected with the core of the LVDT transducer. Based on the
core displacement, LVDT gives a secondary output voltage. This voltage is signal conditioned into 5V.
The corresponding core displacement is displayed in seven segment display in mm.
An inbuilt AC oscillator supplies a constant 2V pp at 4 kHz voltage for the primary windings to
excite. A magnetic field is created between the primary and secondary windings of the transformer.
Whenever a non magnetic core cuts the magnetic flux lines an emf is induced. Based on the core
displacement, two different flux densities formed between the identical secondary winding and the
corresponding voltage drop is available across the winding. The two voltages are fed to the differential
amplifier. The differential output of the amplifier is given to the phase sensitive demodulator circuit. It is
used to detect the voltage magnitude and phase angle changes and it also the condition the secondary coil
outputs to provide a purely DC output signal. The low pass filter is designed to filter the noise and allow
only DC signals and it is amplified by the gain amplifier.
Procedure:
1. Foot pump is connected to the bourdon tube transducer kit and Multimeter is connected across T 1
and T3 for sensor voltage measurement.(from kit)
2. The module is switched ON.
3. Initially air release valve is opened and the tank is exhausted. The sensor voltage is nullified by
using zero adjustment pot.
4. Air release valve is closed. By pressing the pump piston, the pump sucks air from atmosphere and
it is supplied to the cylinder. Pressure is developed in the cylinder and the corresponding voltage
is measured across T1 and T3.
5. Pressure is increased gradually by pressing the pump piston and the corresponding voltage is
measured.
6. Graph is plotted between pressure and the sensor voltage.
Tabular Column:
S.No Gauge Indicated Sensor voltage Amplifier % Error

Pressure Pressure (V) (T2 & T3) Voltage(V) T5
Model Graph:
Block Diagram:

Result:
Thus studied the operation of bourdon tube and draw it’s characteristics

STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER – LVDT

Expt No:9c
Aim
To study the characteristics of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the secondary output
voltage and plots its characteristics & measures the voltage due to residual magnetism.
Apparatus Required
1. LVDT trainer kit 1 no

2. LVDT 1 no
3. Multimeter 1 no
Precautions
1. During the offset adjustment (using zero adjustment pot), the micrometer reading (screw gauge)
should be 10 mm and voltage across T 6 and T7 should be zero volt.
2. During the gain adjustment, the micrometer reading should be 20 mm and the voltage across T6
and T7 should be 5 volt.
3. While taking the readings on the micrometer scale, parallax error should be eliminated.
4. LVDT core movement should be smooth and gradual.
Theory
LVDT is constructed by connecting an iron core with a non-magnetic rod move freely inside the
windings. The iron core is only responsible for flux linkages and the non-magnetic rod does not interface
in its action.
LVDT consists of a single primary winding and two secondary windings wound on a cylindrical
former. The secondary windings have equal number of turns and are identically placed on either side of
the primary winding. The primary winding is connected to a alternating current source. A movable soft
iron core is placed inside the former. The displacement to be measured is applied to the arm attached to
the soft iron core.
Since the primary winding is excited by an alternating current source, it produces an alternating
magnetic field which in turn induces alternating current voltages in the two secondary windings. Output
voltage of the transducer is the difference of the secondary voltages. When the core is at normal position,
output is zero and remaining positions output is the difference between the two secondary voltages.
Procedure
2. Multimeter is connected across T4 and T7 for the secondary output voltage measurement. (from
kit)
3. Micrometer is adjusted to 10 mm displacement and zero adjustment pot is adjusted for zero mm
displacement on the display.
4. Micrometer is adjusted to 20 mm displacement and gain adjustment pot is adjusted for10 mm
displacement on the display.
5. After completion of the calibration, displacement is given from the micrometer to the core of the
LVDT.

6. Micrometer displacement is increased from 10 mm to 20 mm and the secondary winding readings

are noted.
7. Micrometer displacement is decreased from 10 mm to 0 mm and the secondary winding readings
are noted.
8. Core displacement, micrometer displacement and secondary voltage are tabulated.
9. Graph is plotted between core displacement and the secondary output voltage.
Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:

Tabular Column
S.No Core Micrometer % Error Secondary Output

Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) Voltage (mV)
Measured Actual
Formula Used:
% Error= (Measured displacement) _-- (Actual Displacement) *100

Actual Displacement
Result:
Thus studied the characteristics of an LVDT position sensor

MEASUREMENT OF DIAPLACEMENT USING LDR

Expt No:9d
Aim
To measure the displacement using LDR.
Apparatus Required
1. Power supply
2. Signal conditioning and amplification
3. Analog to digital converter
4. Light dependent resistor (LDR) trainer kit
Formula:
%Error=(Indicated reading-Actual Reading)*100
Actual reading
Procedure:
1. Check connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel. The
display glows to indicate the instrument is on.
3. Push the LDR shaft full inside till the mark on the shaft coincide zero on the screen.
4. Increase the voltage to the bulb by adjusting VPS potentiometer.
5. Adjust the ZERO potentiometer till the display reads ‘000’.
6. Pull LDR outside slowly from MAX displacement value and adjust VPS potentiometer till the
display reads exact distance moved.
7. Push the LDR inside so that mark coincide ZERO position and adjust the ZERO potentiometer
till the display reads ZERO once again.
8. Pull the LDR slowly in step of 5 or 10 mm and note down the corresponding display readings for
the distance moved.
9. Plot the graph between the distances moved Vs display reading.
10. Set the voltage PS is 3volt in calibration.
Tabular Column:
S.No Actual Reading Indicated Voltage 2-3 Error % Error

(displacement in Reading
mm) (displacement in
mm)

Model Graph:
Result:
Thus measured the displacement using LDR.

STRAIN MEASUREMENT
Expt No:9e
Aim
To measure the strain using a stain measurement trainer.
Apparatus Required
1. stain measurement trainer kit

2. Weights
Formula:
S=(6PL)/BT2E
P=Load applied in Kg
L=Effective length of the beam in cms
B=Width of the beam in cms
T=Thickness of the beam in cms
E=Youngs modulus (2*106)
S=Microstrain
%Error=(Actual reading (C)-Indicated reading(D))*100

Max Weights in gms
Procedure:
1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by toggle switch st the back of the box.
The display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
3. Adjust the ZERO potentiometer on the panel till the display reads ‘000’
4. Apply 1Kg load on the cantilever beam and adjust the CAL potentiometer till the display reads
377 micro strains. Remove the weights display should come to ZERO in case of any variation
adjust the ZERO pot again and repeat the procedure again. Now the instrument is calibrated to
read micro strain.
5. Apply load on the sensor using the load arrangement provided in steps of 100gm upto 1Kg
6. The instrument display exact micro strain strained by the cantilever beam.
7. Note down the reading in the tabular column. Percentage error in the readings , hysteresis and
accuracy of the instrument can be calculated by comparing with the theoretical values

Tabular Column:
S.No B Weight (grams) C Actual readings D Indicated E % error

using formula Reading
(Micro strains) (Micro strains)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Model Graph:

Block Diagram:
Result:
Thus measured the strain using a stain measurement trainer.

FLOW MEASUREMENT
Expt No:9f
Aim
To calculate the discharge coefficient of venture meter.
Apparatus Required
1. Flow measurement trainer kit
2. Rotameter, Venturimeter and Watermeter
Formula:
1. Inlet area of the venturi meter (a1) =ð/4x D2 …..m2
2. Throat area of the venturi meter (a2) =ð/4x d22 …..m 2
3. Venturimeter constant(k) =(a1xa2√2g)/√(a1 2

-a2 )
4. Actual discharge (Qa)=Q/t..m3/sec 3
5. Theoretical discharge(QT) =k√H….m /sec
6. Coefficient of discharge (Cd)=Qa/QT
7. Velocity in pipe(V) = Qa/a1
8. Reynolds No = ñ.V.D/ì
Venturimeter specifications:
Inlet pipe diameter (D): 0.0185 meter
hroat diameter (d) : 0.010 meter
Constants:
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/sec
Quantity of water measured (Q) =1.5x10-3 m3
Density of water (ñ) =998 kg/m3
Viscosity of water ( ) =1.00x10-3 Kg/m.s
Procedure:
1. Start the set up as explained in commissioning.
2.
Adjust the rotameter flow rates in steps of 50LPh from 60 to 600 LPH and wait for few minutes
till steady state is reached.
3. Notes the pressure difference across the venture meter.
4. Close the outlet valve at the measuring tank.
5. Measure the time required for collecting 1.5 lit of water in measuring tank by stopwatch.
6. Drain measuring tank by opening the drain valve (immediately).

Tabular Column:
S.No Rotameter Time Actual Pressure Theoretical Coeff of Reynolds

reading required Discharge Difference Discharge discharge number
(Lph) for 1.5 (Lph) across (Lph)
liters venture
(sec) (m) H
Model Graph:

Block Diagram:
Result:
Thus calculated the discharge coefficient of venture meter.

Viva Questions:
1. What are the classification of transducer?

The transducers are classified as
a. According to the transduction principle
b. Primary and secondary transducer
c. Active and passive transducer
d. Analog and digital transducer
e. Transducer and inverse transducer
2. List the types of analog to digital convertor
Ramp type
Dual Slope
Successive approximation
3. Define: Transducer
A transducer is defined as a device that receives energy from one system and transmits it to
another, often is a different form.
4. Write the parameters of electrical transducer.
The parameters of electrical transducer are:
i. Linearity
ii. Sensitivity
iii. Dynamic range
iv. Repeatability
v. Physical size
5. List the limitations of LVDT.
The limitations of LVDT are:
i. Large displacements are required for appreciable differential output.
ii. They are sensitive to stray magnetic fields.
iii. Dynamic response is limited.
iv. Temperature also affects the transducer.

MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR

Expt No:10
Aim
To measure the three phase power and power factor of the given star connected load using two
wattmeter method
Apparatus Required
1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1 no
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1 no
3. Wattmeter (600V, 10A, UPF) 2 nos
4. Three Phase Autotransformer 1 no
5. Three Phase resistive load 1 no
Formulae
1. Total Power P = W1 + W2 Watt

2. Power factor = P/(√3*V*I)
Theory
The total power consumed by any circuit or load in a three phase system is measured by two wattmeter
method or using single three phase wattmeter method. Two wattmeter methods is commonly used to
measure the power. The load is either balanced or unbalanced. Similarly the load may be connected either
in star or in delta. The current coils of the two wattmeter are inserted in two of the lines and voltage coil
of each wattmeter is connected from its own current coil to the line in which no wattmeter is connected.
Precautions
1. Auto transformer must be in minimum position

2. Loose connections must be avoided
3. At the time of starting, load must be zero
Procedure

2. DPST switch is closed
3. By adjusting the three phase autotransformer rated voltage is obtained
4. Under no load condition, voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter readings are noted
5. Load is gradually increased and the corresponding voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter readings
are noted.
6. Power factor is calculated using formula.

Tabular Column
S.No Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter 1 (W1) Wattmeter 2 (W2) √3*V*I P Power
Reading Reading (VA) =W1+W2 factor

Observed Actual Observed Actual
(V) (A)
Circuit Diagram:
Result:
Thus measured the three phase power and power factor of the given star connected load using two
wattmeter method

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER
Expt No:10b
Aim
To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity power factor
Apparatus Required
1. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1 no
2. Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1 no
3. Energy meter 1 no
4. Stop watch 1 no
5. Single Phase Resistive Load 1 no
6. Autotransformer (1 phase) 1 no
. Connecting wires as required
Formulae
1. Indicated Energy = n / Kt kWhr

2. Actual Energy = (VI cosö *t) / (1000*3600) kWhr
3. Percentage error = ((Indicated – Actual) / Actual )*100
Where
n- No. of revolutions
Kt – Energy meter constant (rev/kWhr)
t- Time taken for n revolutions (sec)
Theory
Energy meter works on the principle of electrodynometer. It consists of four major parts. 1.
Driving system 2. Moving system 3. Breaking system 4. Registering system. In driving system, it consists
of two main coils. One is the current coil and another one is the voltage coil or pressure coil. The core of
these coils is made up of silicon steel laminations. Copper shading bands are provided on the central limb
to bring the flux produced by the shunt magnet exactly quadrature with the applied voltage
Precautions
1. Auto transformer must be in minimum position
2. Loose connections must be avoided
3. At the time of starting, load must be zero
Procedure
2. DPST switch is closed
3. By adjusting the autotransformer rated voltage is obtained
4. Under no load condition, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted
5. Load is gradually increased and the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
Time for particular revolution (5 revolutions) of the energy meter disc is also noted
6. Theoretical energy consumed by the energy meter is calculated using formula and it is compared
with the actual energy

7. Percentage error is calculated and it is plotted with respect to the actual energy consumed by the
energy meter
Tabular Column
S.No Voltmeter Ammeter Time Taken Indicated Actual % Error

Reading Reading for 5 Energy Energy
(V) (A) Revolution (kWhr) (kWhr)
(sec)
Circuit Diagram:
Result:
Thus calibrated the given single phase energy meter at unity power factor

Viva Questions:
1. What are the basic elements of a measurement system?
a. Primary sensing element.
b. Variable conversion element.
c. Variable manipulation element.
d. Data transmission element.
e. Data presentation element.
2. Define environmental error.
This error occurs due to external conditions to the measuring device, including conditions in the
area surrounding the instrument, such as the effects of change in temperature, humidity, magnetic
or electrostatic fields.
3. Define fidelity
Fidelity is defined as the degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the
measured quantity without any dynamic error.
4. Write the main static characteristics?
The main static characteristics are:
i. Accuracy
ii. Sensitivity
iii. Reproducibility
iv. Drift
v. Static error
vi. Dead zone
vii. Resolution
viii. Precision
ix. Repeatability
x. Stability
5. List the functional elements of the measurement systems.
The three main functional elements of the measurement systems are:
i. Primary sensing element
ii. Variable conversion element
iii. Data presentation element

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Expt No:11a
Aim
To study the operation of instrumentation amplifier using IC 741 op-amp circuits
Apparatus Required
1. Single RPS (0-30V) 2 Nos

2. Dual RPS (0-30V) 2 Nos
3. Resistor (10 kÙ) 5 Nos
4. IC 741 3 Nos
5. Breadboard
7. Multimeter
Formula
Output Voltage Vo = (1+2R’/R)(R2/R1)(V1-V2) V
Theory
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, it is required to measure and control the
physical quantities. These quantities are usually measured with the help of transducers. The output of the
transducer is amplified so that it can drive the display system. This function is performed by an
instrumentation amplifier. It is actually a differential amplifier. It amplifies the difference between the
two signals. The important features of an instrumentation amplifier are: 1. high gain accuracy 2. High
CMRR 3. Low DC offset 4. low output impedance 5. high gain stability.
Precautions
1. Before connecting the op-amp in the actual circuit, check the working condition of the op-amp
using voltage follower circuit.
Procedure

2. Biasing signal is given to the op-amp (±15V DC)
3. Input voltages V1 and V2 are applied to the non-inverting terminals of the op-amp
4. Output voltage is taken from the third op-amp
5. Output voltage is observed under different input voltage conditions and is plotted

Tabular Column
Sl.No V1(V) V2(V) V1~ V2 (V) Vo theoretical Vo practical

(V) (V)
Circuit Diagram:
Result:
Thus studied the operation of instrumentation amplifier using IC 741 op-amp circuits

A/D CONVERTER
Expt No:11b
Aim
To study the operation of A/D converter using IC 741 op-amp circuits
Apparatus Required
1. Single RPS (0-30V) 2 Nos

2. Dual RPS (0-30V) 2 Nos
3. Resistor (1 kÙ) 5 Nos
4. IC 741 3 Nos
5. Breadboard
7. Multimeter
8. Resistor (460 Ù) 3 Nos
9. LEDs 3 Nos
Theory
Most of the real world physical quantities such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure and time
etc. are available in analog form. It is difficult to process, store or transmit the analog signal without
introducing considerable error because of the superimposition of noise as in case of amplitude
modulation. Therefore, for processing, transmission and storage purposes, it is convenient to express
these variables in digital form.
Procedure

2. Biasing signal is given to the op-amp (±15V DC) and digital ICs (+5V DC)
3. Input voltage and reference voltage are applied to the non-inverting terminals of the op-amp
4. Input voltage is gradually increased and the corresponding digital voltage is observed across
LEDs.
Tabular Column
Sl.No Input Digital O/p

Voltage (V)
Y2 Y1 Yo
EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page 63

Circuit Diagram:
Result:
Thus studied the operation of A/D converter using IC 741 op-amp circuits

Viva Questions:
1. What are the basic elements of a measurement system? May13

a. Primary sensing element.
b. Variable conversion element.
c. Variable manipulation element.
d. Data transmission element.
e. Data presentation element.
2.Define environmental error.
This error occurs due to external conditions to the measuring device, including conditions in the
area surrounding the instrument, such as the effects of change in temperature, humidity, magnetic
or electrostatic fields.
3. Define fidelity
Fidelity is defined as the degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the
measured quantity without any dynamic error.
4. Write the main static characteristics?
The main static characteristics are:
xi. Accuracy
xii. Sensitivity
xiii. Reproducibility
xiv. Drift
xv. Static error
xvi. Dead zone
xvii. Resolution
xviii. Precision
xix. Repeatability
xx. Stability
5. List the functional elements of the measurement systems.
The three main functional elements of the measurement systems are:
iv. Primary sensing element
v. Variable conversion element
vi. Data presentation element

PROCESS CONTROL SIMULATOR

Expt No:12
Aim
To Study the time domain specification for process control simulator in second order system.
Apparatus Required
1. Process control simulator trainer kit
2. CRO
3. Connecting wires
Procedure:
1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the process fast/ slow switch in fast position.
3. Keep the set value pot to zero.
4. Apply a square wave signal
5. Change the frequency till the desired waveform is obtained.
6. Tabulate the values.
Tabular Column:
S.No Rise time (Tr) Peak Time (Tp) Peak Settling

sec sec overshoot Time (Ts)
(Mp) Sec

Model Graph:
Result:
Thus studied the time domain specification for process control simulator in second order system.

Viva Questions:
1. Define transfer function.

The transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of the laplace transform of output to
laplace transform of input with zero initial conditions.
2. What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical translational system.
Mass, spring and dashpot
3. What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical rotational system?
Moment of inertia J, dashpot with rotational frictional coefficient B and torsional spring with
stiffness K
4. Name two types of electrical analogous for mechanical system.

The two types of analogies for the mechanical system are force voltage and force current analogy
5. What is block diagram?

A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by each
component of the system and shows the flow of signals. The basic elements of block diagram are blocks,
branch point and summing point.

EE8511-C&I LAB MANUAL Final 24.6.19

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

EE8511 –CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

EE8511 –CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

Prepared By Verified By Approved By

Course Coordinator Module Coordinator HOD/EEE

To be a leader in imp a r t i n g quality technical education, research and enterprising

Mission of the Institute

Vision of the Department

To produce highly competent Electrical Engineers and Researchers to fulfill the

Mission of the Department

 M-1: To educate graduates with fundamental principles to acquire advanced

Program Specific Outcomes:

PSO2: Ability to understand the recent technological developments in Electrical &

1. P, PI and PID controllers

3. Modeling of Systems – Machines, Sensors and Transducers

4. Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators

5. Position Control Systems

6. Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics

7. Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.

8. Bridge Networks –AC and DC Bridges

10. Power and Energy Measurement

11. Signal Conditioning

b. Analog – Digital and Digital –Analog converters (ADC and DACs)

12. Process Simulation.

1. P, PI and PID controllers

3. Modeling of Systems – Machines, Sensors and Transducers

4. Design of Lag, Lead and Lag-Lead Compensators

5. Position Control Systems

6. Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and Characteristics

7. Simulation of Control Systems by Mathematical development tools.

8. Bridge Networks –AC and DC Bridges

10. Power and Energy Measurement

11. Signal Conditioning

Content Beyond Syllabus

S.No Name of the Experiment Page No

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Ex.No.1.a P, PI, and PID Controllers using Matlab-Simulink

1. To build a SIMULINK model to obtain response of a P, PI, PID Controllers, the

Simulink blocks for effect of P controller:

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Output with P=3

Simulink blocks for effect of PI controller

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Output with P=3 and I=0.5

Simulink blocks for effect of PD controller

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Output with P=3 and D=0.5

Simulink blocks for effect of PID controller

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Output with P=3, I=0.5 and D=0.5

1. What is control system?

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

Ex.No.1.b P, PI, and PID Controllers using Matlab-Coding

% Step Response for TF 1/(s^2+10s+20)

% Proportional Derivative Controller

% Proportional Integral Controller

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

%Proportional Integral Derivative Controller

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

EE6511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

EE8511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

EE8511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page

EE8511-CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB MANUAL Page