Metode Penambangan
Metode Penambangan
EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION)
PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG (DEVELOPMENT)
PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) METODA
PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING)
PENJUALAN (MARKETING)
Penambangan : kegiatan yang dilakukan
baik secara sederhana (manual) maupun
mekanis yang meliputi penggalian, pemberaian,
pemuatan dan pengangkutan bahan galian .
METODE PENAMBANGAN
DIBAGI MENJADI :
Tambang Terbuka/Tambang
Permukaan (Surface Mining)
Tambang Bawah Tanah/Tambang
Dalam (Underground Mining)
Aktivitas penambangan berhubungan langsung
dengan udara luar (atmosfer)
RUMUS BESR
( A - B )/C = (6.80 - 4.30) : 0.65
= 3.85
BISA DENGAN TAMBANG TERBUKA
TAMBANG TERBUKA (SURFACE
MINING)
Secara garis besar dibagi menjadi 4 yaitu :
a. Tambang Aluvial /Endapan Sungai Purba/ Placer
Contoh : - panning & sluicing
- hydraulicking
- dredging (kapal keruk)
b. Open Pit
Contoh : - single bench
- multiple bench
- strip mining
c. Quarrying
Tambang untuk bahan galian industri
Placer Mining
Placer mining involves excavating loose, or alluvial, deposits such as sand, gravel, silt, or clay. Valuable minerals
are separated from the alluvial materials through a system of screens, jigs, and sluices. Placer minerals include
metals such as gold, platinum, and tin, and gems such as diamonds and rubies.
Cara tradisional/manual
Menggunakan alat pendulangan
Pemisahan dengan bantuan aliran air
• MATERIAL DIAMBIL DARI BEKAS TAMBANG PT. ANTAM BERUPA URAT URAT TIPIS
• SISA PROSESSING UMUMNYA DIBUANG KE SUNGAI (TANPA BAK PENAMPUNG)
• RECOVERY PENGOLAHAN ± 35 - 40 %
Menggunakan semprotan air untuk
memisahkan bahan tambang
Menggunakan alat semprot GIANT atau
MONITOR
Digunakan pada endapan alluvial, mis.
pasir besi, timah sekunder, emas.
Material hasil semprotan dialirkan/
dipompakan ke instalasi pemisah
konsentrat.
Syarat utama tersedia cukup banyak air
1. Waste material
2. Sluices
3. Alluvial deposit
4. Sluice channel
5. Pipe line
GRAVEL PUMP DAN MONITOR
Menggunakan Kapal Keruk sebagai
alat gali
Biasa digunakan untuk penambang-
an endapan alluvial (timah sekunder)
Bisa dilakukan di laut ataupun di
darat, tergantung dari jenis, bentuk
dan ukuran kapal keruk.
Pemisahan konsentrat dilakukan di
kapal keruk itu sendiri
PENAMBANGAN ALUVIAL DENGAN KAPAL KERUK
(Open Mine, Open Cut, atau Open Cast)
This open-
pit copper
mine at
Morenci is
the largest
copper mine
in Arizona.
Large
undergroun
d and open-
pit mines in
the
southern
half of the
state make
Arizona the
leader in
United
States
copper
production.
Open-Cut Copper Mine Utah
Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined in open-pit mines from deposits near
the earth’s surface. Further refining is necessary to separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides, carbonates,
iron, and silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical components because of its high conductivity. Shown here is
one of North America’s largest open-pit copper mines, located in Kennecott, Utah.
Sejenis Open Cut Mining
Bahan galian non logam, mis.
andesit, granit, batu kapur,
marmer, serpih (shale) dll.
Dua jenis quarry : “dimension
stone” dan “broken stone”
Salah satu metoda Open Pit
Mine
Untuk endapan bahan galian
yang luas dan horisontal
(bedded deposit)
Paling cocog untuk tambang
batubara terbuka
Dilakukan blasting tergantung
kondisi overburdennya
Area Mining atau Contour Mining
Coal Strip Mine
This excavated area, which borders farmland, has been strip mined for coal. Unless
the strip mine is filled and revegetated, surface water runoff from the mined area
can flush sediments and sulfur-bearing compounds (acid drainage) into nearby
streams and rivers, endangering plant and wildlife communities.
Coal Auger in Strip Mine
After the surface of a hill is stripped, a giant auger drill bores through the sides to get
at the rich coal beds underneath the topsoil. The drills may penetrate as far as 30 m
(100 ft).
BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR
PENGGALIAN
SCRAPER-DOZER
BACK TRACK LOADING
B SC
B SC SC
CHAIN LOADING
B SC
b. Chain loading B SC SC
SHUTTLE LOADING
c. Shuttle loading SC B
BULLDOZER
CAT D 10 R
Cat 3412 Diesel
Engine
Gross Power: 457
kW = 613 HP
Blade capacity = 22
cum = 26.7 cuyd
RIPPER
PIT GROUP :
•MTBU - P1 OUT SIDE DUMP
AIR LAYA PIT •MTBU - P2
•MTS EXT.
•BUKIT KENDI
COAL CONVEYOR
CO
N
VEY
BENCH I
OR
EXCA
DISTRIBUTION
A TI
BENCH III
CC-10 COAL CONVEYOR
CC-11
STOCK PILE II
BENCH IV
STOCK PILE I
SPREADER 702
BENCH V
RAIL WAY
TLS II
COAL CONVEYOR
CC-12
TLS I
TO MINE MOUTH POWER PLANT
TLS III
STOCK PILE BANKO
BANKO PIT
HOPPER
100 ton
HOPPER FEEDER MAGNETIC
100 ton BREAKER-02 SEPARATOR
B-CC-03
B-CC-02
FEEDER
BREAKER-01 B-CC-01
5000 5000 5000
T T T
PRECISION
WEIGH SCALE
B-CC-04
B-CC-06
B-CC-05
1250 ton
TRAIN LOADING
STATION III
Prepare by: ekop
A4-BANKO.ppt
BUKITAsam LAY OUT OVERLAND CONVEYOR MUARA TIGA BESAR (MTB)
FEEDER
HOPPER BREAKER-02
100 ton MAGNETIC
(850 tph)
SEPARATOR
FEEDER
BREAKER-01 HOPPER M-CV-02
(850 tph) 100 ton
M-CV-01
M-CV-03 M-CV-04
COAL
SAMPLER 5000 T 5000 T 5000 T
HOUL
TRAIN LOADING ROAD
STATION II To CC-10 / STOCK PILE I
( 2000 tph ) EXTEND EXISTING CC-10
CONVEYOR UNDER HAUL ROAD
A4-MTB.ppt
BUKIT LAY OUT DERMAGA BATUBARA - KERTAPATI (PALEMBANG)
Asam
BC - 5 ( 600 tph)
BATU BARA
TONGKANG
• Mechanical Explosive
• Chemical Explosive
• Nuclear Explosive
Bahan Peledak Kimia berdasarkan
kecepatan reaksinya
• Bahan Peledak Kuat (High Explosive) Contoh :
Tri Nitro Toluena, Penta Ery-Thritol Nitrat
• Bahan Peledak Lemah (Low Explosive)
Contoh : Black Powder, Propellant.
Bahan Peledak Industri (komersial)
• Black Powder (campuran arang,belerang dan
pothasium nitrat) 8C + 3S + 10 KNO3 -- 3K2SO4
+ 2K2CO3 + 6 CO2 + 5 N2.
• Dinamit, Termasuk peledak kuat dengan
bahan dasar Nitro Glycerin (NG), Berdasarkan
komposisinya: Straight Dynamit (NG 20-67%,
NaNO3 59-23%), Gelatine Dynamit (campuran
NG + NC), Amonia Gelatine Dynamit (BG +
Amonium Nitrat)
Bahan Peledak Industri (komersial)
• Permisive Explosive Komposisi Gelatine Dynamite
ditambah Sodium Chloride NaCL
• Blasting Agent bahan kimia yang apabila belum
dicampur belum mempunyai daya ledak, tetapi
setelah dicampur mempunyai daya ledak yang
kuat. Contoh ANFO
3NH4NO3+2CH2 CO2+3N2 + 7H2O
• Slurry/Watergel Explosive/Emulsion: Jenis ini
tidak peka terhadap gesekan api atau rangsangan
mekanislainnya. Terdiri dari campuran AN atau
SN dengan Combustile fuel dan gelling agent.
GAS HASIL PELEDAKAN
Pump Station
Water Basin
Hanging Wall Foot Wall Exploration