Kimia Dasar

Dr.Eng. Vita Paramita,ST, MM, M.Eng

Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University
Email: vita.paramita@gmail.com

Evaluasi dan Sistem Penilaian

Evaluasi Nilai (%)
• Tugas Individu 20
• Tugas Kelompok 20
• UTS 30
• UAS 30
Ujian
• Buku Tertutup

1
 Syllabus
Week Course Outline
1 Introduction: Chemical process in engineering field
2 Atomic bonding in solid, liquid, and gas; Forces on chemical bonding
3 Material balance reaction, compound forming, affinity effect of an atom to
compound bonding
4 Chemical elements that are contained in fuels, combustion effects, and
material corrosion
5 High temperature corrosion effect caused by combustion process
6 Liquid phase sintering, enhanced sintering technique, hot consolidation
technique
7 MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Syllabus
Week Course Outline
8 Fuels: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Nuclear
9 Octane number, Cetane Number
10 Heat value, flash point, ignition point
11 Orsat devices, smoke-gas analysis, green house effect, air pollution
12 Water hardness, water requirements for industries
13 Water impurities and treatment to the quality of boiler and cooling tower
feed water
14 Group Task
15 Group Task
16 FINAL EXAMINATION

2
Reference
Leighou RB. 1953.
Chemistry of Engineering
Materials. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc, New
York, US

Reference
Vlack LHV. 1960. Elements
of Materials Science, An
Introductory Text for
Engineering Students.
Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc,

3
 Why do we need to study
Engineering Chemistry?
• Related to the materials which are available to use
• Basic knowledge of the properties and behavioral
characteristics of the materials used
• Applied in in the workplace on multidisciplinary
teams (working with chemists, preparing reports
related with chemical concepts, reporting to
chemists, supervising chemists)
• For answering main question:
On what basis is the selection of the material
for a particular part to be made?

Manufacture of an Automobile

Mercedes-Benz SLK200 Kompressor Coupé

• The variety of materials used : iron, steel (2000

modifications), glass, plastics, rubber

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 Why study engineering chemistry?
Since it is impossible to have detailed knowledge
of the many thousands of materials available,
the engineer mush have a grasp of the basic
principles that govern the properties of all
materials.

steel iron plastic rubber

Alloys
• Mixtures of two or more elements, at least one of
which is a metal, may contain non-metals (eg. carbon)
• Properties of alloys are superior to their components
• Made by melting, mixing, then cooling the elements

Composition (%)
Alloys
Fe C Cr Ni Ag Cu Sn
Stainless steel 80.6 0.4 18 1 - - -
Cast iron 96 4 - - - - -
Sterling silver - - - - 92.5 7.5 -
Bronze - - - - - 88 12

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 Mechanical Properties
• Strength • Elasticity
• Toughness • Ductility
• Hardness

Although materials does not have to resist all

deformation, for automobile, it must be
permanently deformed in the shaping operation.

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 Mechanical Properties
Strength: the ability of a solid object to withstand
an applied stress without failure
 a subject which deals with the behavior of
objects withstanding stresses and strains
Compressive
stress

Stresses Tensile stress

Shear stress
Strength

Elastic strain
Strains
Plastic strain

Stress
Stress = force per unit area,  =

Units of stress: = psi (British unit)

( )( )

Units of stress: = Pa (SI unit)

( )( )
Ex. Which part has the greater stress:
(a) an aluminium bar of 0.97 in.  1.21 in. cross
section, under a load of 16,750 lb?
(b) a steel bar whose cross-sectional diameter is
0.505 in., under a 10,800-lb load?

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 Types of Stress
• Compressive stress (or compression)
caused by an applied load that acts to
reduce the length of the material
• Tensile stress
caused by an applied load that tends
to elongate the material

• Shear stress
caused by a pair of the built energy by
opposing forces acting along parallel
lines of action through the material

Strain
Strain: the deformation of a material, usually
length (as a percent of the original length)
It may be elastic or plastic

ε=
( )
Units of strain: =
Ex. A 2-in gage length is marked on a copper rod.
The rod is strained so that the gage marks are
2.27 in. apart. Calculate the strain!

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 Types of Strain
Elastic Strain: present only during stressing and
disappears after the load is removed
the ability of a material to return to
its original shape after stress is
released

Plastic strain: permanently given to a material by

stresses which exceed the elastic limit
– The result of a permanent displacement of the
atoms inside the material

Effect of the Stress on the Strain

P : limit of proportionality
E : elasticity limit
YU : upper yield limit
YL : lower yield limit
S : ultimate tensile strength
B : rupture
Strain hardening region

9
 Elastic Strain
Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity)
• measure of the stiffness of an elastic material
• ratio between the stress applied and elastic
strain that results
Modulus of Elasticity (E) = =
⁄
psi = ⁄
• Related to rigidity
• The value specific for each material

Example of Young’s Modulus

• If the average modulus of elasticity of the
steel used is 29,500,000 psi, how much will a
wire 0.1 in in diameter and 10 ft long be
elongated when it supports a load of 1000 lb?

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 Mechanical Properties

• Elasticity describes a solid’s

ability to be stretched and then
return to its original size.

• Brittleness is defined as the

tendency of a solid to crack or
break before stretching very
much.

Mechanical Properties
• Tensile strength is a measure
of how much stress a material
can withstand before breaking

• Hardness measures a solid’s

resistance to penetration of the
surface

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 Mechanical Properties
• A ductile material can be bent a
without breaking.
• The ductility of many metals,
like copper, allow them to be
drawn into wire.
• Malleability measures a
solid’s ability to be pounded
into thin sheets.
• Aluminum is a highly
malleable metal.

Mechanical Properties
Toughness: a measure of the energy required to
break a material
Energy = force  distance (ft.lb)

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 Effect of Thermal
on the Mechanical Properties

• Almost all solid materials

expand as the temperature
increases.
• The increased temperature
makes each particle take up a
little more space, causing
thermal expansion. Sidewalks and bridges have
grooves that allow for
thermal expansion.

Thermal Properties
• Distinguish between temperature and heat:
– Temperature: a level of thermal activity (°C, °F)
– Heat: thermal energy (calories, BTU)
• The significant temperature levels are the
melting point and the boiling point
• Since they are transition points of the material
phase (between different structural
arrangements of the atoms within the material)

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 Chemical Properties
• Many materials are subject to chemical
deterioration:
– Direct oxidation of a metal
– An organic material, e.g. Rubber
– Some materials need concern on a chemical
solution
– Chemical corrosion due to environment

Electrical Properties
• Electrical property of a material: resistivity
(ohms·cm)
– because resistance increases with length and
decreases with cross section

Resistance = resistivity

• Dielectric strength: the ability of a material to

resist electrical breakdown (Volts/mil)

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