IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE IN CANDON

CITY (LOCAL)

Feljone G. Ragma Ed.D et. Al(2018) In the interim, Philippines implements a different system in handling
waste of the country. Specifically, in the cities of Cebu, Illigan and Quezon, these cities are known to
employ the No Segregation, No Collection ordinance. The solid waste management system implemented
in the city of Cebu focuses in the segregation of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable waste. Along with
its implementation is the information dissemination to be made by the officers in charge. The ordinance
follows different scheduling for the collection of plastics, bottles, glass, papers and wastes from
commercialized establishments. The No Segregation, No Collection ordinance also made its way to the
provincial level. The city of San Andreas in Ilocos Norte started this solid waste management practice for
it is proven effective in maintaining cleanliness and sanitation of every household in the city. The
ordinance requires collectors to roam around the city three times a week to collect the waste from
houses and establishments and are well segregated. The local government of San Andreas devised a
segregation process between biodegradable waste that consist of papers, fallen leaves and food
residues 6 and non-biodegradable waste that consist of materials made from plastics, glass and metal
scraps. Along with the segregation of solid waste, the ordinance also bans littering and throwing waste
along the streets, no open burning of waste and no open dumping of garbage in flood-prone areas
(Lazaro, 2016). Meanwhile, the city of Candon also made the action in implementing its own ordinance
known as the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management ordinance. The local government perceives that
the ordinance is a necessity for the city to regulate the people in segregating and proper throwing of
wastes. The local government of Candon provides two dump trucks capable of collecting waste from 6-8
barangays in Candon. The dump trucks differs in collecting waste. One is for biodegradable waste and
the other for non-biodegradable waste. Once the wastes are collected in the assigned barangays, the
dump trucks go straight to the landfill located in Balingaoan to eradicate and to store waste that can be
used for recycling and reusing. The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management serves as a tool for change
in the peoples action. The goal of this study is to identify the current situation of the ordinance and the
environment and to determine ways of engaging the local people in following the ordinance.

Greening of the Solid Waste Management in Batangas City

Paz B. Reyes, Mabelle V. Furto et al(2013)

Related Literature Historically, solid waste management did not get any specific attention in policy and
legislation except as part of the larger domain of environmental issues on utilization, protection and
conservation, management of natural resources and the regulation of behaviour causing negative
impact on the environment (Rebullida, 2000). It was provided however in Article 11 of the Philippine
Constitution, that the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Thus, the Philippine government take into
consideration the promulgation of various Presidential Decrees and the enactment of several Republic
Acts which took direct action on solid waste management. The most recent of which is R.A. 9003 or the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 which serves as the legal framework for the country’s
systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure
protection of public health and the environment. It empowers local government units to actively pursue
their own SWM systems through preparation of a 10-year SWM plans; creation of a SWM Board
responsible for the preparation and implementation of a plan for the safe and sanitary management of
solid waste; mandatory segregation of waste; implementation of recycling programs; setting up a
Material Recovery Facility; prohibition of open dumpsites as final disposal facility; promoting the
establishment of multipurpose environmental cooperatives and associations responsible for undertaking
SWM activities or projects; provision of monetary and other rewards and incentives to entities that have
undertaken outstanding and innovative SWM programs; encouragement of LGUs to impose fees
sufficient to pay the cost of preparing and implementing their SWM plans; creation of a local SWM fund
from donations, collection of fines and fees, and allocation from the development fund; and definition
of prohibited acts, penalties, suits and other legal actions concerning R.A. 9003. The 10-year SWM plan
of an LGU should put emphasis on implementing feasible and environmentally sound techniques of
waste minimization such as re-use, recycling, and composting programs. It should identify the amount of
landfill and transformation capacity needed for solid waste that cannot be re-used, recycled or
composted. The 10-year SWM plan must comply with R.A. 9003 which mandates that 25 percent of all
solid waste must be diverted from disposal facilities within a period of five years from the time R.A. 9003
takes effect. In order to develop a comprehensive provincial SWM plan which will take off from the
municipal/city SWM plans, a provincial SWM Board must be created. LGUs should evaluate the roles of
the public and private sectors in providing collection services that will conform with the minimum
standards and requirements for collection of solid waste. Such standards that must be met are use of
protective equipment by collectors, nonspillage of waste within collection vicinity, separate collection
schedules for specific types of waste, separate trucks/haulers or compartmentalized collection vehicles.
Recycling programs will be implemented with the support of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI),
Department of Agriculture (D.A.), and the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). It is
the DTI that is responsible for preparing an inventory of existing markets for processing and purchasing
of recyclable materials and implementing a coding system for packaging materials and products to
facilitate waste recycling and re-use. It is the responsibility of the D.A. to publish an inventory of existing
markets and demand for compost. Material Recovery Facilities (M.R.F.) should be put up in every
barangay or cluster of barangays to receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation, composting, and
recycling before non-recyclable wastes are transferred to a storage or disposal facility. Existing open
dumpsites shall be converted into controlled dumpsites within three years from the effectivity date of
the law. Sanitary landfills shall be developed and operated as final disposal sites in conformance with
the guidelines and criteria provided by the law for the location and establishment of sanitary landfills.
Tax credit and duty exemption to individuals and private organizations who have undertaken
outstanding and innovative SWM programs shall be granted. LGUs shall adopt specific revenue-
generating measures to ensure the viability of their plans. Allocation from the development fund shall
be used for activities that will enhance the SWM programs such as research, information, education and
communications, and capability building (PhilCanada Local Government Support Program, 2003).
Rebullida (2000) cited some problems associated with the traditional solid waste management such as
increasing volume of solid wastes, lack of disposal sites, ineffective age-old system of disposal by open
dumping and landfills and environmental degradation and dangers to health. A greater volume of
wastes was brought about by an increased population and rise of more businesses and industries. When
the government lack funds, it cannot cope with the increasing volume of waste. A related problem is
scavenging by poor people whose health are at risk due to the effects of improper waste management.
Solid Waste Management Practices of Select State Universities in CALABARZON, Philippines

Amado C. Gequinto et al(2017) f the most immediate and serious environmental problems in many of
the developing countries [1],[2]. Still, waste collection rates are often lower than 70 per cent in low-
income countries [3]. Environmental degradation is worsened by the escalating accretion of solid wastes
which have been improperly thrown everywhere [4]. Solid wastes pertain to all unnecessary wastes
coming from households, institutions, farming and industries. Solid wastes have been the problem of
rapidly urbanizing communities [5],[6],[7] because of improper solid waste management practices in
terms of waste segregation, collection and transport, waste disposal and recycling. Dumping of solid
wastes had exacerbated the effects of rains, typhoons, and storms, resulting in impeding water flows
and flashfloods [8],[9].Thus, Solid Waste Management (SWM) remains a pressing environmental issue.
To address this environmental issue, the Philippine legislative bodies decreed RA 9003 or the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act. This Act provides for an ecological solid waste management program
which shall ensure proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid
waste [10].Moreover, solid waste management is a form of waste control, often associated with storing,
collecting, transporting, processing, and disposing of solid waste that is in agreement with the codes of
conservation, public health, engineering, economics and other environmental concerns [11]. The
implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act shall be the primary responsibility of the
Local Government Units (LGUs) within their respective jurisdictions as stipulated in the RA 7160,
otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991. The law also mandates that segregation and
collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level while collection of non-recyclable
materials and special wastes shall be the duty of the municipality or city [10]. It is the responsibility of
LGUs to practice segregation because segregation facilitates the processing of wastes and substantially
decreases the Gequinto, Solid Waste Management Practices of Select State Universities in CALABARZON,
Philippines amount of wastes directed to the dumpsite. Thus, waste source segregation significantly cuts
budget allotted to waste collection and transport which are the most expensive element in the total
process of waste management [12]. Aside from waste segregation, solid waste management practices
include house to house evaluation, consolidation of the evaluation results, record keeping of SWM
violators per purok and penalizing violators through community service and fines. More importantly,
some LGUs have enacted municipal solid waste management ordinances, constructed waste depository
or redemption centers, conducted training on vermi-composting, prohibited open dumping and
organized information, education and communication campaign in all puroks about SWM program [13].
Yet, studies revealed that many LGUs still struggle in the implementation of SWM [14] [15] [16] since
SWM has not been among the top priorities in most LGUs [17]. Therefore, to achieve sustainable solid
wastes management lack of awareness, technical knowledge, legislation policies, and strategies should
be adequately addressed [18] [9]. In the full implementation of the Act, different stakeholders including
the academe are mandated to take responsibility in the SWM. Part 6, Rule 21, Section 2 of RA 9003
mandates the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED to include
ecological solid waste management in the school systems at all levels, to actively engage school
administrators, teaching and non-teaching staff, and studentry in school-wide and nearby community
waste management actions, and to strengthen waste management content in the curricula. In addition,
state colleges and universities are also mandated to assist in the LGU’s extension system by improving
their effectiveness and efficiency through capability-building and complementary extension activities
[19]. In compliance to the RA 9003, the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC)
established a comprehensive approach in “Mainstreaming Ecological Solid Waste Management in the
Philippine Educational System Project” among private educational institutions. This project was
spearheaded by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) with the end goal of
enhancing the capacity of students’ waste management through an Ecological Solid Waste Management
Training Program. Through this project, students, teachers, and school administrators were empowered
to create their own school-based solid waste management program[20]. With this cooperation of
different public educational programs on waste management, waste minimization and recycling could
be successful [21] [7]. However, a study revealed that among sources of wastes universities ranked
second in generating biodegradable waste and was the top producer of recyclable materials where most
of the wastes were related to instruction process [9]. Thus, this study assessed the extent of
implementation of solid waste management practices in select state universities (SUs) in CALABARZON
in terms of waste reuse, waste reduction, waste collection, waste recycling, waste treatment, and final
waste disposal. There were many studies conducted on the level of implementation among LGUs SWM
plan. However, only few have delved on school-based SWM, particularly among SUs in CALABARZON
area. This study would be significant in producing baseline data for policy makers and SUCs
management to look deeper into the problem which is normally associated to urbanization. Since
CALABARZON is a rapidly urbanized region [22], and cities are the nexus for the production of increasing
quantity and complexity of wastes, while municipalities cannot cope with the accelerated pace of waste
production [3], it is worth studying the extent of SUs implementation of RA 9003 in their respective
areas.

Awareness and Practices on Solid Waste Management among College Students in Mindanao State
University Maigo School of Arts and Trades

MC Paghasian, et al (2017)

Solid waste management is the collection, transport or disposal and treatment of waste materials. It
relates to materials produced to human activities, and the process generally undertaken to endure its
effects on health, the environment and aesthetics. It reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the
environment and human health rather supports economic development and improved the quality of
life. In today’s polluted world, learning the correct methods of handling the waste generated has
become essential (Marello and Helwege, 2014). All of the methods of waste prevention and waste
management require public participation. Oliva as cited by Villanueva (2013) said that education is an
important component of solid waste management that should be present to establish a good program
for the community. Awareness of solid waste management will create change on how people look at
garbage. People grew up thinking that garbage is garbage, it should not be touched or one should not go
near to it. They thought before that all types of garbage should just be thrown in one container (Sarino,
2014). According to Baula as cited by Punongbayan (2014), awareness accompanied by participation is
the key for students to be involved in the waste management program of the schools where effective
and sustainable implementation of the proper waste management practices could be achieved. Section
55-56 of Republic Act 9003 or The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act stipulates that the national
government in coordination with Department of Education (DepED), Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA); Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Philippine Information
Agency (PIA), should conduct a continuing education and information campaign on solid waste
management and strengthen the integration of environmental concerns in school curricula at all levels,
with particular emphasis on the theories and practices of waste management principles like segregation
at source, reduction, recycling, re-use and composting, in order to promote environmental awareness
and action among the citizenry. Segregation at source is a solid waste management practice of
separating different materials found in solid waste at the point of origin in order to promote recycling
and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal (Article 2, Section
3, RA 9003). Ambayic et al. (2013) cited that reduction is bringing down the amount of trash disposed by
consciously buying items that generate a lot of trash. It instills a culture of responsible waste
management among students while helping schools reduce their waste. Recycling saves landfill space
and also rescues the resources that were used to make another new product. It treats used or waste
materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use in a way that the original
products may lose their identity. In many cases, recycling can also save energy. Schools purchasing
paper products made from recycled content help to ensure a viable market for recycled products
(Griffiths, et al., 2010). Reuse is the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different
purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics (Art. 2, Sec. 3, R.A 9003). Re-
using saves the energy and resources that would have been used to make a new product and results in
less products going into the rubbish bin and ending up in landfill (Griffiths, et al., 2010). When none of
the 3Rs options apply, then responsible disposal of the waste is required. One very common
irresponsible disposal of waste is littering (Griffiths, et al. 2010). An inquiry was done on the solid waste
management program in the Municipality of Maigo, Lanao del Note, Mindanao, Philippines. It yielded
results that the people of the municipality had less orientation and awareness about it. Since Mindanao
State University – Maigo School of Arts and Trades (MSU-MSAT) is situated in this municipality and as a
learning institution, it is covered on the 3rd International Conference on Education and Training (ICET
2017). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 128 5 Awareness on
Solid Waste Management Practices on Solid Waste Management • Segregation • Reduce • Reuse •
Recycle • Disposal mandate of the law initiating actions and positive response towards addressing
environmental problems. The campus has organized the waste management program committee and
was commissioned to institutionally implement it. However, as observed, still voluminous wastes are
continuously accumulated every week in the campus from various practicum activities specially in
shopworks in the different laboratories in the Department of Industrial Technology (DIT) and
Department of Hotel and Restaurant Management (DSHRM). The institutional solid waste management
committee formulated some policies yet, its full implementation and monitoring were so lax for some
reasons. The objective of this study was to find the level of awareness and practices on solid waste
management among college students of MSU-MSAT. Specifically, it aimed to achieve the following: 1. To
identify the level of awareness on solid waste management of MSU-MSAT college students; 2. To
determine their practices on solid waste management in terms of segregation, reduce, reuse, recycle
and disposal; 3. To look into the significant relationship between the awareness of the college students
and their practices on solid waste management.