Thermochemistry

General Chemistry II
1st Semester, S.Y. 2019 - 2020
Topic Outline

1. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions: exothermic and

endothermic processes First Law of Thermodynamics
2. Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction
3. Thermochemical equations
4. Calorimetry
5. Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction
6. Hess’ Law
Introduction

 Thermodynamics is the study of heat and

its transformations.
 Thermochemistry is a branch of
thermodynamics that deals with the heat
involved with chemical and physical
changes
Thermochemistry

 Just like mass relationships (stoichiometry) it is

also important to study energy changes in
chemical reactions.
 Every chemical reaction obeys two fundamental
laws: the law of conservation of mass and the
law of conservation of energy
Recall

 What is energy?
 Energy defined as the capacity to do work.
Forms of Energy

 Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
 Chemical Energy
 Radiant energy
 Thermal Energy
 Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random
motion of atoms and molecules
 Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy
Law of Energy Conservation

 Energycan neither be created nor

destroyed.
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

 Almost all chemical reactions absorb or release

energy, generally in the form of heat.
 Heat (q) is the transfer of thermal energy
between two bodies that are at different
temperatures
The system is the specific part of the universe that is of
interest in the study. The surroundings are the
rest of the universe outside the system

open closed isolated

Exchange: mass & energy energy nothing
Endothermic and Exothermic
Processes
Analyze the ff: Which is endothermic
and which is exothermic?
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) + energy

energy + 2HgO (s) ) → 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat –
transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings.

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + energy

H2O (g) H2O (l) + energy

Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to be

supplied to the system from the surroundings.

energy + 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

energy + H2O (s) H2O (l)
Exothermic Endothermic
State functions are properties that are determined by the state
of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved.
energy , pressure, volume, temperature

DE = Efinal - Einitial
DP = Pfinal - Pinitial

DV = Vfinal - Vinitial
Potential energy of hiker 1 and hiker 2 DT = Tfinal - Tinitial
is the same even though they took
different paths.

6.3
1st Law of Thermodynamics

 Energy can be converted from one form to

another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

DEsystem + DEsurroundings = 0
DEsystem = -DEsurroundings
Chemical energy lost by combustion = Energy gained by the surroundings
Another form of the first law for DEsystem
DE = q + w
DE is the change in internal energy of a system
q is the heat exchange between the system and the surroundings
w is the work done on (or by) the system
w = -PDV when a gas expands against a constant external pressure
Example 1

 When gasoline burns in a car engine, the heat released

causes the products CO2 and H2O to expand, which pushes
the pistons outward. Excess heat is removed by the car’s
cooling system. If the expanding gases do 451 J of work
on the pistons and the system loses 325 J to the
surroundings as heat, calculate the change in energy (DE)
in J.
Try it on your own:

1. A gas expands and does work on the surroundings equal to

279 J. At the same time, it absorbs 216 J of heat from the
surroundings. What is the change in energy of the system?
2. Calculate the work, when internal energy of the system
increased by 45 J when it released 20 J of heat.
3. What is amount of heat transferred when the internal
energy of the system decreased by 72 J and 44 J of work
was done on the system?
Work (w)

 Expansion or compression of gases

 Work is either done by the system or done on the system

w=Fxd
w = -P DV

1L· atm = 101.3 J

A sample of nitrogen gas expands in volume from
1.6 L to 5.4 L at constant temperature. What is the
work done in joules if the gas expands (a) against
a vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of
3.7 atm?
w = -P DV

(a) DV = 5.4 L – 1.6 L = 3.8 L P = 0 atm

W = -0 atm x 3.8 L = 0 L•atm = 0 joules

(b) DV = 5.4 L – 1.6 L = 3.8 L P = 3.7 atm

w = -3.7 atm x 3.8 L = -14.1 L•atm

101.3 J
w = -14.1 L•atm x = -1430 J
1L•atm
Seatwork

1. A sample gas is compressed from 4.40 L to 1.50 L.

Calculate the work done if the external pressure is 0.80
atm.
2. A gas expands in volume from 26.7 mL to 89.3 mL at
constant temperature. Calculate the work done(in joules)
if the gas expands against a constant pressure of 1.5 atm.
3. A gas expands in volume from 0.24 L to 1.25 against a
constant pressure of 1.10 atm. What is the change in
internal energy if 175 J of heat was absorbed by the
system.