BIOLOGY

The study of life.

PRE-TEST
30 minutes
___1. Which characteristic of
humans refer to maintaining stable
internal environment?

a.Adaptation
b.Homeostasis
c.Reproduction
d. Growth and Development
___2. The study of birds is called

a. Ornithology
b. Paleontology
c. Herpetology
d. Botany
___3. Shiro is interested in researching
about yeast (a one celled fungus). What
branch of biology will he be engaged
in?
a. Histology
b. Microbiology
c. Mycology
d. Entomology
___4. Which of the following is a
monosaccharide?

a. Maltose
b. Fructose
c. Sucrose
d. Lactose
___5. Protein is polymer while the
monomer of this substance is _______.

a. fatty acid
b. monosaccharide
c. nucleic acid
d. amino acid
___6. He observes cork and names
the tiny chambers that he sees as
cells.

a. Matthias Schleiden
b. Theodor Schwann
c. Robert Hooke
d. Rudolf Virchow
___7. The powerhouse of the cell.
a. Endoplasmic Reticulum
b. Mitochondrion
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Nucleus
___8. What structure found in the
plants is the main site of
photosynthesis?

a. Chloroplast
b. Lysosome
c. Ribosomes
d. Nucleus
___9. Animal cells have all of the
following except

a. Cell membrane
b. Cell wall
c. Chloroplast
d. both b and c
___10. What is the correct order of the
stages of mitosis?
a. prophase-metaphase-telophase-anaphase
b. prophase-anaphase-metaphase-telophase
c. anaphase-prophase-metaphase-telophase
d. prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase
___11. What stage of mitosis is
best suited for studying
chromosomes?

a. Prophase
b. Anaphase
c. Metaphase
d. Telophase
___12. What happens to the
number of chromosomes of a
daughter cell after meiosis?

a. the same
b. doubled
c. halved
d. quadrupled
___13. Without the process of meiosis,
we can infer that offspring from
sexual reproduction would
a. have a high degree of genetic variety
b. have a number of mutation
c. have twice the assigned number of
chromosomes
d. be identical
___14. Which method of reproduction
provides for the most variety of
offspring?

a. cloning
b. sexual reproduction
c. asexual reproduction
d. cellular reproduction
___15. Which connective tissue
connects muscles to bones?

a. Tendon
b. Ligament
c. Cartilage
d. Cords
___16. True digestion happens in _____.

a. esophagus
b. stomach
c. large intestine
d. small intestine
___17. Patients suffering from
malfunction of the kidney are now
assisted by a machine that serves as an
artificial kidney called _________.
a. homeostatic machine
b. hemodialyzer
c. pacemaker
d. hemoscope
___18. The functional unit of the
kidney.

a. renal pelvis
b. loop of henle
c. nephron
d. neuron
___19. Stretchable container for
temporary storage of urine.

a. Ureter
b. Urinary Bladder
c. Kidneys
d. Urethra
___20. Choose the incorrect association.

a. Medulla oblongata – controls breathing

b. Occipital lobe – visual center
c. Hypothalamus – thermoregulation
d. Cerebellum – memory center
___21. Which part of the brain
controls heart and breathing
rate?

a. cerebellum
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebrum
d. medulla oblongata
___22. Which iron-containing
compound gives the red corpuscles
its color?

a. albumin
b. serum globulin
c. hemoglobin
d. fibrinogen
___23. Today, a computerized machine could
send regular electric impulses to the heart
muscles in order for it to beat rhythmically.
This machine is called _______________.

a. homeostatic machine
b. pacemaker
c. pressure maker
d. heart implant
___24. In each cardiac cycle, the heart
goes through a system of contraction.
What is the phase called?
a. Valve arc
b. Diastole
c. Systole
d. Backflow
___25. It is referred to as master
gland.

a. Adrenal gland
b. Pituitary gland
c. Thyroid gland
d. Parathyroid gland
___26. The father of modern taxonomy.

a. Gregor Mendel
b. Carolus Linnaeus
c. Louis Pasteur
d. William Harvey
___27. What is the correct scientific
name for humans?

a. HOMO Sapiens
b. Homo Sapiens
c. Homo sapiens
d. Homo sapiens
___28. Which of the following does
not belong to Domain Eukarya?

a. Protist
b. Plantae
c. Archaea
d. Animalia
___29. Under which kingdom
streptococcus should be classified?

a. Protista
b. Archaebacteria
c. Fungi
d. Eubacteria
___30. Which group of organisms
causes red tide?

a. bacteria
b. dinoflagellates
c. algae
d. jellyfish
___31. Which of the following
organisms are capable of emitting
light, hence described as
bioluminescent?

a. lichens
b. amoeba
c. blue green algae
d. dinoflagellates
___32. Which of the following are characteristics of
fungi?
I. Cell wall made from chitin
II. Cell wall made from cellulose
III. Eukaryotic
IV. Contain genetic material
V. Prokaryotic

a. I,III,IV
b. II,III,IV
c. II,III,V
d. I,III,IV
___33. The male reproductive
organ of a flower.

a. Stamen
b. Pistil
c. Style
d. Stigma
___34. What is the type of
response exhibited by the roots of
plants?

a. Negative phototropism
b. Positive geotropism
c. Negative geotropism
d. Positive thigmotropism
___35. What do you call modified
stems or leaves that curl around rigid
objects to support weak stems of
certain plants?
a. Bracts
b. Stolon
c. Tendrils
d. Bulb
___36. Which of the following
phylum is the most primitive?

a. Platyhelminthes
b. Annelida
c. Arthropoda
d. Porifera
___37. How do corals reproduce?

a. Regeneration
b. Budding
c. Ecdysis
d. Binary Fission
___38. Which segmented worm is
responsible for “hirudin” a substance
that prevents blood clotting?

a. earthworm
b. parchment worm
c. lugworm
d. leeches
___39. What is the process wherein
arthropods undergo changes in their
form between the immature stages and
adult during their growth?

a. Molting
b. Metastasis
c. Metamorphosis
d. Ecdysis
___40. Which phylum is characterized
by spiny skin?

a. Cnidaria
b. Echinodermata
c. Porifera
d. Nematoda
___41. These organisms are known
for their tube feet.

a. star fishes
b. snails
c. octopuses
d. squids
___42. Many amphibians may lose a
part of their body such as leg or a tail.
They have the ability to grow a lose
part. This ability is known as:

a. Rejuvenation
b. Reproduction
c. Regeneration
d. Resuscitation
___43. Organisms that can manufacture
their own food are called __________?

a. carnivore
b. autotrophs
c. omnivores
d. heterotrophs
___44. Which of the following
animals is not a carnivore?

a. Lion
b. Snake
c. Deer
d. Crocodile
___45. Which of the following is an
example of a food web?

a. the grass is eaten by a grasshopper

b. the frog is eaten by a snake
c. trees produce acorns which serves as
food for many mice and insects
d. the snake is eaten by hawk
___46. In the energy pyramid, which
organisms occupy the base?

a. first order consumers

b. producers
c. herbivores
d. heterotrophs
___47. An owl and hawk both eat
mice. Which term describes the
relationship between a hawk and an
owl?
a. Parasitism
b. Predation
c. Commensalism
d. Competition
___48. Which pair of organisms
exhibit commensalism?

a. spider-mosquito
b. dog-flee
c. orchid-tree
d. hawk-snake
___ 49. Which of the following
condition has been blamed for the
usual occurrence of fish kills?

a. thermal pollution
b. eutrophication
c. air pollution
d. acid rain
___50. Which of the following
will prevent soil erosion?

a. watering the plants

b. disposing wastes properly
c. composting
d. planting trees
 Topic 1:

CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIVING THINGS
How will you distinguish
life from non-life?
To be classified as a living thing, an object
must have all of the following characteristics:
CHARGEER
• C-omposed of cells
• H-ighly organized
Homeostasis
• A-dapts to environment
• R-eproduces
• G-rowth and development
• E-xhibits movement
• E-nergy
• R-esponds to stimuli
 Topic 2:

SOME BRANCHES OF
BIOLOGY
STUDY OF ANIMALS
Zoology
STUDY OF PLANTS
Botany
STUDY OF BIRDS
Ornithology
STUDY OF REPTILES
Herpetology
STUDY OF WORMS
Helminthology
STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS
Microbiology
STUDY OF FISHES
Ichthyology
STUDY OF FUNGI
Mycology
STUDY OF FOSSILS
Paleontology
STUDY OF INSECTS
Entomology
STUDY OF ALGAE
Phycology
STUDY OF CELLS
Cytology
STUDY OF TISSUES
Histology
STUDY OF DISEASES
Pathology
 STUDY OF CLASSIFICATION
AND NAMING OF ORGANISMS
Taxonomy
STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF
ORGANISMS AND THEIR PARTS
Anatomy
STUDY OF FUNCTION OF CELLS,
TISSUES, ORGANS AND ORGAN
SYSTEMS OF AN ORGANISM
Physiology
 STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND
DIFFERENTIATION OF DIFFERENT
KINDS OF ORGANISMS
Evolution
 STUDY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN
ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Ecology
 Topic 3:

BIOMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
• A sugar or polymers of sugar
Types:
1. Monosaccharide- one sugar
a. Glucose Ang Good Girl Friend
b. Galactose ko, pangalan ay MS. L.
c. Fructose
2. Disaccharide- double sugar
a. Maltose – glucose + glucose
b. Sucrose – glucose + fructose
c. Lactose – glucose + galactose
CARBOHYDRATES
3. Polysaccharides – many/complex sugars
a. Starch
b. Glycogen
c. Cellulose
d. Chitin

Functions:
• Energy Storage
• Support
• Protection
PROTEINS
• Polymers of Amino acids
• Proteins can be classified based on their functions:
Structural proteins- ex. Keratin
Transport proteins- ex. Hemoglobin
Regulatory proteins- ex. Hormones such insulin
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Polymers of Nucleotides
• Nucleotides are made up of a 5-Carbon Sugar, Nitrogenous Base and a Phosphate
Group
• There are 2 forms:
Forms of 5-Carbon Nitrogenous Structure
Nucleic Acid Sugar Bases

DNA Deoxyribose Adenine Thymine Double Strand

Guanine Cytosine

RNA Ribose Adenine Uracil Single Strand

Guanine Cytosine

• Nucleic Acids contain genetic information

LIPIDS
•Hydrophobic compounds
•Function as
-storage
-barrier
-thermoregulation
Ex. Fats, waxes, oils, steroids (cholesterol)
Topic 4:

CELL
Cell Theory
•All living organisms are composed of one
or more cells.
•Cells are the basic unit of life.
•Cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Cell Division
 Topic 5:

ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
BODY SYSTEMS
-Integumentary System -Excretory System
-Muscular System -Nervous System
-Skeletal System -Cardiovascular
-Digestive System -Endocrine System
-Respiratory System -Reproductive system
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
-consists of the skin, hair and nails
-functions for protection, (of course 1st line defense),
insulation, vitamin D synthesis

Must know:

What is the largest organ of the body?

Skin
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
-gives shape to the body, enables movement, provides
heat

Must know:

Types of muscle tissues

• Cardiac muscles
• Smooth muscles
• Skeletal muscles
SKELETAL SYSTEM
-gives framework and protection to vital organs, storage of
calcium, hematopoiesis

Must know:

How many bones does an adult have?

206 bones
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-for digesting, breaking down of food and absorption of
nutrients

Must know:

What do you call the wavelike movement of

esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed?
Peristalsis
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
– functions in the acquisition of oxygen and excretion of carbon
dioxide (gas exchange)

Must know:

What do you call the tiny air sacs

found in the lungs where gas
exchange happens?
Alveoli

Contraction and relaxation of

diaphragm
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
• functions for the elimination of wastes from the body

Must know:
• The functional unit of the kidneys is called nephron.
• Hemodialyzer – a machine for performing hemodialysis in
acute or chronic renal failure; also called artificial kidney
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
Must know:
NERVOUS SYSTEM
an organ system containing a network of specialized
cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an
animal and transmit signals between different parts of
its body

• Consists of two parts: Central Nervous System and

Peripheral Nervous System
Must know:

Parts of the Brain

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood
- transports gases, nutrients, waste materials, hormones, enzymes and heat
within the body

Must know:
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body?
Artery
Which blood vessel carries blood from the rest of the body towards the heart?
Vein
Which blood vessel does the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place?
Capillary
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Must know:
• Red Blood Cells (RBC) –contain the hemoglobin and carry oxygen
• White Blood Cells (WBC) –irregularly shaped cells of the immune system that
attack infectious agents and foreign substances
• Platelets- blood clotting
• Blood pressure – pressure exerted in the walls of arteries during the pumping
action of the heart
Systole- contraction of the ventricles
Diastole – relaxation of the ventricles
• Pacemaker – a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by
electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart;
the primary purpose of pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
– the system made up of glands, or organs that secrete
specific hormones in the bloodstream which manage
body functions and responses as growth, emotions,
hunger, internal body temperature, reproduction and
many others.

Must know:
Pituitary Gland – “master gland”
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
– system of sex organs within an organism which work
together for the purpose of sexual reproduction

Must know:

• Fertilization – generally occurs in the fallopian tube; the

zygote is implanted in the uterus/uterine cavity
• Testes is the male reproductive organ, Ovary for female.
 Topic 6:

TAXONOMY
Carolus Linnaeus
“Father of Modern
Taxonomy”
Hierarchy of Classification
6 Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria Prokaryotes
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae Eukaryotes
• Animalia
 Archaea/Archaebacteria
Oldest form of life
Single cell organism
Found in extreme environments
• Geysers
• Hotsprings
• Volcanic ocean vents
 Bacteria/Eubacteria
Second oldest form of life
Single cell organism (unicellular)

Basic bacterial shapes:

Cocci are round bacteria
Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria
Spirilla are curved bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
 Protists
All microscopic organisms that are not plants, not
animal, not bacteria, and not fungi.
Single cell organism
Protozoa, Amoeba
Amoeba

Dinoflagellates
 Fungi
Most are multi-cellular organism
Mold, mushrooms, yeast
Some are very important to ecosystems or as food.
Some cause diseases – ringworm, and athlete’s foot
 Plants
Second largest kingdom
Multi-cellular organisms
Producers (make their own food)
Without plants life as we know it would not exist.
 Animals
Largest kingdom
Multi-cellular
Consumers – must eat for energy
Over 1 million known species
The Six Kingdoms Review
• Eubacteria- “true” bacteria (prokaryotic)
• Archaebacteria – “ancient” bacteria (prokaryotic)
• Protista – WEIRD organisms!!!! (eukaryotic)
• Fungi – digest dead or decaying matter (eukaryotic)
• Plantae - stationary, photosynthetic (eukaryotic)
• Animalia – mobile heterotrophs (eukaryotic)
The Six Kingdoms Review
Topic 7:

PLANTS
Plant Organs-Flower
Vascular Plant Tissues
Tropisms
Growth reactions of plants
to stimuli
Phototropism
Geotropism
Hydrotropism
Thigmotropism
Topic 8:

ANIMALS
Kingdom Animalia
Invertebrates
• Phylum Porifera- “sponges”
• Phylum Cnidaria “hollow-bodied animals”
• Phylum Platyhelminthes “flat worms”
• Phylum Nematoda “round worms”
• Phylum Mollusca “soft-bodied animals”
• Phylum Annelida “segmented worms”
• Phylum Arthropoda “joint-legged animals”
• Phylum Echinodermata “spiny-skinned animals”
Vertebrates
• Phylum Chordata- animals with cords
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
“Sponges”
Barrel sponge
Vase sponge
Tube sponge
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
“hollow-bodied animals”
Anemones
Corals
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
“flat worms”
Flatworm
Flatworm
Flatworm
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
“round worms”
Hookworm
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
“soft-bodied animals”
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
“segmented worms”
Fireworm
Nereis
Leech
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
“joint-legged animals”
Cleaner shrimp
Spider crab
Sea spider
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
“spiny-skinned animals”
Sea star
Sea urchin
Purple urchins
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
“animals with cords”
Tiger shark
Sea lion
 Topic 9:

ECOLOGY
Terms to Remember
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Types of Consumers
Herbivores – animals that only consume plants
Carnivores – animals that consume other animals
Omnivores – animals that consume both plants and animals
Types of Consumers
Types of Consumers
Types of Consumers
Types of Consumers
Types of Consumers
Types of Consumers
Types of Consumers
Food chain
Food web
Energy Pyramid

•
Mutualism
Commensalism
Amensalism
Parasitism
Predation
Molting/Ecdysis
Eutrophication
 Discipline is choosing
between what you want
at the moment and what
you want the most.
 DO IT NOW,
OR
DO IT ALL OVER AGAIN.
Thank you for listening!

Presented by: Clarisse P. Cacapit