The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular

system is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and

transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones,
and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide
nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize
temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
The essential components of the human cardiovascular system
are the heart, blood and blood vessels.
Arteries
Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving
the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve. The first
part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and
thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and gives branches
supplying the upper part of the body after passing through the
aortic opening of the diaphragm at the level of thoracic ten
vertebra, it enters the abdomen. Later it descends down and
supplies branches to abdomen, pelvis, perineum and the lower
limbs. The walls of aorta are elastic. This elasticity helps to
maintain the blood pressurethroughout the body. When the
aorta receives almost five litres of blood from the heart, it
recoils and is responsible for pulsating blood pressure.
Moreover, as aorta branches into smaller arteries, their
elasticity goes on decreasing and their compliance goes on
increasing.

Veins
After their passage through body tissues, capillaries merge
once again into venules, which continue to merge into veins.
The venous system finally coalesces into two major veins:
the superior vena cava (roughly speaking draining the areas
above the heart) and the inferior vena cava (roughly speaking
from areas below the heart). These two great vessels empty
into the right atrium of the heart.
Heart
What Is the Function of the Heart and its Parts?
Anatomically the heart consists of several parts, each of which
has an important function, namely:
1. Heart muscle The heart muscle is the part of the heart that
has the most important function. The function of the heart
muscle is responsible for pumping blood by the heart which
occurs rhythmically. When the heart muscle relaxes, the blood
can enter the atrium and ventricles and when the heart muscle
contracts, the blood in the ventricles can be pumped outside
the heart.
2. Large blood vessels As an organ that pumps blood the heart
has several large blood vessels that enter the heart and out of
the heart, namely:
Vena cava: is the largest vein. There are two vena cava that
enter the heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena
cava. The superior Vena cava is a vena cava which has the
function of carrying a lot of carbon dioxide blood from all over
the body to the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava
is a vena cava which has the function of carrying a lot of carbon
dioxide from the entire lower body of the body towards the right
atrium of the heart.
• Pulmonary artery: an artery that functions to carry a lot of
carbon dioxide from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
to be exchanged for oxygen
• Pulmonary veins: are veins that function to carry a lot of
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
• Aorta: is the largest artery. The aorta functions to carry a lot of
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart throughout
the body.
Heart space The human heart is divided into four chambers or
parts, namely two atria and two ventricles. The functions of the
parts of the heart are as follows:
• Atrium: is the heart chamber located at the top. The heart has
two atria, the right atrium and the left atrium. The right atrium
functions to receive blood that is high in carbon dioxide from all
over the body and takes it to the right ventricle. While the left
Atrium functions to receive blood that is a lot of oxygen from the
lungs and bring it to the left ventricle.
• Ventricle: is the heart chamber located at the lower body. The
heart has two vetricles, the right ventricle and the left ventricle.
The right ventricle functions to receive lots of carbon dioxide
from the right atrium and pump it into the lungs. While the left
ventricle functions to receive lots of oxygen from the right
atrium and pump it throughout the body.
4. Heart valve
Tricuspid valve: is a valve consisting of three valve leaves and
is located between the right artium and the right ventricle. The
tricuspid valve functions to prevent blood from the right
ventricle returning to the right atrium when the right ventricle
contracts to pump blood to the lungs
• Pulmonary valve: this valve is located at the base of the
pulmonary artery. This valve prevents blood from the
pulmonary artery from returning to the right ventricle when the
right ventricle relaxes
• Bicuspid valve or mitral valve: is a valve consisting of two
valve leaves. This valve is located between the left atrium and
left ventricle. This valve serves to prevent blood from the left
ventricle returning to the left atrium when the left ventricle
contracts to pump blood throughout the body.
• Aortic valve: this valve is located at the base of the aorta. This
valve prevents blood from the aorta returning to the left
ventricle when the left ventricle relaxes
Pulmonary circulation It begins from the right ventricle, blood
that contains a lot of carbon dioxide then goes to the lungs
through the pulmonary artery. after that, in the lungs the blood
will be converted into blood that contains a lot of oxygen, then
blood will be returned to the left atrium through the pulmonary
vein.
Systemic circulation begins from the left ventricle of blood
containing a lot of oxygen will be circulated throughout the body
through the aorta. after that, blood will turn into blood that
contains lots of carbon dioxide which will then be returned to
the left atrium through the superior vena cava at the top of the
body and inferior vena cava in the under the body