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FORMULAS FOR STATISTICS 1

Sample statistics
n n
1X 1X
X= Xi or x = xi (sample mean)
n i=1 n i=1
n n
1 X 1 X 2 n 2
S2 = (Xi − X)2 = Xi − X or
n − 1 i=1 n − 1 i=1 n−1
n n
2 1 X 1 X 2 n
s = (xi − x)2 = xi − x2 (sample variance)
n − 1 i=1 n − 1 i=1 n−1

σ2
E(X) = µ , var(X) = , E(S 2 ) = σ 2
n

Sample statistics for normal distribution

X −µ
Z= √ ∼ N(0, 1)
σ/ n
X −µ
T = √ ∼ t with n − 1 degrees of freedom
S/ n
n
(n − 1)S 2 X (Xi − X)2
V = = ∼ χ2 with n − 1 degrees of freedom
σ2 i=1
σ 2

(X 1 − X 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 )
Z= p ∼ N(0, 1)
σ12 /n1 + σ22 /n2

(X 1 − X 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 )
T = p ∼ t with n1 + n2 − 2 degrees of freedom, where
Sp 1/n1 + 1/n2
(n1 − 1)S12 + (n2 − 1)S22
Sp2 = assuming σ1 = σ2
n1 + n2 − 2
(X 1 − X 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 ) (a1 + a2 )2
W = ≈ t with degrees of freedom, where
a21 /(n1 − 1) + a22 /(n2 − 1)
p
S12 /n1 + S22 /n2
s2 s2
a1 = 1 and a2 = 2 (Welch–Satterthwaite approximation)
n1 n2

S12 /σ12
F = ∼ F with n1 − 1 and n2 − 1 degrees of freedom
S22 /σ22

i
Point estimation

Parameter θ Estimate θ̂ Estimator Θ̂


µ µ̂ = x X
σ2 σb2 = s2 S2
m m̂ = q(0.5) Q(0.5)

Interval estimation of expectation


X −µ σ
Z= √ : x ± zα/2 √
σ/ n n
X −µ s
T = √ : x ± tα/2 √ (with n − 1 degrees of freedom)
S/ n n
s
(X 1 − X 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 ) σ12 σ22
Z= p : (x 1 − x2 ) ± zα/2 +
σ12 /n1 + σ22 /n2 n1 n2
r
(X 1 − X 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 ) 1 1
T = p : (x1 − x2 ) ± tα/2 sp +
Sp 1/n1 + 1/n2 n1 n2
(with n1 + n2 − 2 degrees of freedom)
s
(X 1 − X 2 ) − (µ1 − µ2 ) s21 s2
W = p : (x1 − x2 ) ± tα/2 + 2 (Welch–Satterthwaite)
S12 /n1 + S22 /n2 n1 n2
(a1 + a2 )2 s21 s22
(with ∼
= degrees of freedom, where a 1 = and a 2 = )
a21 /(n1 − 1) + a22 /(n2 − 1) n1 n2

Estimation of proportion for the binomial distribution


 
n x
P(X = x) = p (1 − p)n−x
x
E(X) = np , var(X) = np(1 − p)

x
p̂ =
n
n   x  
X n i α X n α
p̂L (1 − p̂L )n−i = , p̂iU (1 − p̂U )n−i =
i=x
i 2 i=0
i 2

Interval estimation of variance


(n − 1)S 2 (n − 1)s2 (n − 1)s2
V = : and (with n − 1 degrees of freedom)
σ2 h2,α/2 h1,α/2
S12 /σ12 s21 1 s21 1
F = : and (with n1 − 1 and n2 − 1 degrees of freedom)
S22 /σ22 s22 f2,α/2 s22 f1,α/2

ii
Testing expectations
x − µ0
z= √ and H0 : µ = µ0 :
σ/ n
H1 Critical region P-probability
µ > µ0 z ≥ zα 1 − Φ(z)
µ < µ0 z ≤ −zα Φ(z) 
µ 6= µ0 |z| ≥ zα/2 2 min Φ(z), 1 − Φ(z)
Φ is the standard normal cumulative distribution function.

x − µ0
t= √ and H0 : µ = µ0 :
s/ n
H1 Critical region P-probability
µ > µ0 t ≥ tα 1 − F (t)
µ < µ0 t ≤ −tα F (t) 
µ 6= µ0 |t| ≥ tα/2 2 min F (t), 1 − F (t)
F is the cumulative t-distribution function with n − 1 degrees of freedom.

x1 − x2 − d0
z=p 2 and H0 : µ1 − µ2 = d0 :
σ1 /n1 + σ22 /n2
H1 Critical region P-probability
µ1 − µ2 > d0 z ≥ zα 1 − Φ(z)
µ1 − µ2 < d0 z ≤ −zα Φ(z) 
µ1 − µ2 6= d0 |z| ≥ zα/2 2 min Φ(z), 1 − Φ(z)
Φ is the standard normal cumulative distribution function.

x1 − x2 − d0 (n1 − 1)s21 + (n2 − 1)s22


t= p , where s2p = , and H0 : µ1 −µ2 = d0 :
sp 1/n1 + 1/n2 n1 + n2 − 2
H1 Critical region P-probability
µ1 − µ2 > d0 t ≥ tα 1 − F (t)
µ1 − µ2 < d0 t ≤ −tα F (t) 
µ1 − µ2 6= d0 |t| ≥ tα/2 2 min F (t), 1 − F (t)
F is the cumulative t-distribution function with n1 + n2 − 2 degrees of freedom.

x1 − x2 − d 0
t= p 2 and H0 : µ1 − µ2 = d0 (Welch–Satterthwaite) :
s1 /n1 + s22 /n2
H1 Critical region P-probability
µ1 − µ2 > d0 t ≥ tα 1 − F (t)
µ1 − µ2 < d0 t ≤ −tα F (t) 
µ1 − µ2 6= d0 |t| ≥ tα/2 2 min F (t), 1 − F (t)
F is approximatively the cumulative t-distribution function with
(a1 + a2 )2 s21 s22
degrees of freedom, where a 1 = and a 2 = .
a21 /(n1 − 1) + a22 /(n2 − 1) n1 n2

iii
Testing variances
(n − 1)s2
v= and H0 : σ 2 = σ02 :
σ02
H1 Critical region P-probability
σ > σ02
2
v ≥ h2,α 1 − F (v)
σ 2 < σ02 v ≤ h1,α F (v) 
σ 2 6= σ02 v ≤ h1,α/2 or v ≥ h2,α/2 2 min F (v), 1 − F (v)
F is the cumulative χ2 -distribution function with n − 1 degrees of freedom.

1 s21
f= and H0 : σ12 = kσ22 :
k s22
H1 Critical region P-probability
σ12 > kσ22 f ≥ f2,α 1 − G(f )
σ12 < kσ22 f ≤ f1,α G(f ) 
σ12 6= kσ22 f ≤ f1,α/2 tai f ≥ f2,α/2 2 min G(f ), 1 − G(f )
G is the cumulative F-distribution function with n1 − 1 and n2 − 1 degrees of freedom.

Goodness-of-fit test
Ho : P(T1 ) = p1 , . . . , P(Tk ) = pk

k
X (Fi − npi )2
H= ≈ χ2 with k − 1 degrees of freedom
i=1
npi

Independence test. Contingence tables


P(T1 ) = p1 , . . . , P(Tk ) = pk and P(S1 ) = q1 , . . . , P(Sl ) = ql

P(Ti ∩ Sj ) = pi,j (i = 1, . . . , k and j = 1, . . . , l)

H0 : pi,j = pi qj (i = 1, . . . , k and j = 1, . . . , l)

k X l
X (Fi,j − Fi Gj /n)2
H= ≈ χ2 with (k − 1)(l − 1) degrees of freedom
i=1 j=1
F i Gj /n

S1 S2 ··· Sl Σ
T1 f1,1 f1,2 ··· f1,l f1
T2 f2,1 f2,2 ··· f2,l f2
Contingence table: .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . .
Tk fk,1 fk,2 ··· fk,l fk
Σ g1 g2 ··· gl n

iv
Maximum likelihood estimation

L(θ1 , . . . , θm ; x1 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 ; θ1 , . . . , θm ) · · · f (xn ; θ1 , . . . , θm )


l(θ1 , . . . , θm ; x1 , . . . , xn ) = ln f (x1 ; θ1 , . . . , θm ) + · · · + ln f (xn ; θ1 , . . . , θm )

(θ̂1 , . . . , θ̂m ) = argmax L(θ1 , . . . , θm ; x1 , . . . , xn ) or


θ1 ,...,θm

(θ̂1 , . . . , θ̂m ) = argmax l(θ1 , . . . , θm ; x1 , . . . , xn )


θ1 ,...,θm

Linear regression
Model: y = β0 + β1 x1 + · · · + βk xk + 

x1 x2 ··· xk y
x1,1 x1,2 ··· x1,k y1
Data: x2,1 x2,2 ··· x2,k y2
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
xn,1 xn,2 ··· xn,k yn

    
  
1 x1,1 x1,2 · · · x1,k y1 1 β0
 1 x2,1 x2,2 · · · x2,k   y2   2   β1 
X =  .. , y =  ..  ,  =  ..  , β =  .. 
       
.. .. . .. .
.. 
. . .   .  .  . 
1 xn,1 xn,2 · · · xn,k yn n βk

Data model: y = Xβ + .

β̂ = b = (XT X)−1 XT y = β + (XT X)−1 XT 

C = (cij ) = (XT X)−1


H = XCXT (hat matrix)
P = In − H

E(bi ) = βi , var(bi ) = cii σ 2 and cov(bi , bj ) = cij σ 2

ŷ = Xb
e = y − ŷ = Py = P

n
X n
X
2
SSE = kek = e2i = (yi − ŷi )2
i=1 i=1

SSE √
σb2 = = MSE , MSE = RMSE
n−k−1

v
n
X n
X
2
SST = (yi − y) , SSR = (ŷi − y)2
i=1 i=1

SST = SSE + SSR

SST SSR
MST = , MSR =
n−1 k
ANOVA-table:
Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sums of squares Mean squares F
Regression k SSR MSR
MSR
Residual n−k−1 SSE σb2 = MSE F =
MSE
Total variation n−1 SST (MST)

MSR
H0 : β1 = · · · = βk = 0 : F = ∼ F with k and n − k − 1 degrees of freedom
MSE
bi − β0,i
H0 : βi = β0,i ; Ti = √ ∼ t with n − k − 1 degrees of freedom
RMSE cii

SSR SSE
R2 = =1−
SST SST
2 MSE n − 1 SSE
Radj =1− =1− ,
MST n − k − 1 SST
Categorical regressors:
zi zi,1 zi,2 ··· zi,mi −1
Ai,1 1 0 ··· 0
Ai,2 0 1 ··· 0
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
Ai,mi −1 0 0 ··· 1
Ai,mi 0 0 ··· 0

l
X
y = β0 + β1 x1 + · · · + βk xk + (βi,1 zi,1 + · · · + βi,mi −1 zi,mi −1 ) + 
i=1

Logistical regression
1
P(y = A) =
1 + e−β0 −β1 x1 −···−βk xk

L(β0 , . . . , βk ) = L1 (β0 , . . . , βk ) · · · Ln (β0 , . . . , βk ) , where



1
pi = 1 + e−β0 −β1 xi,1 −···−βk xi,k , if yi = A



Li (β0 , . . . , βk ) =
 e−β0 −β1 xi,1 −···−βk xi,k
1 − p i =

 , if yi = B
1 + e−β0 −β1 xi,1 −···−βk xi,k

vi
(b0 , b1 , . . . , bk ) = argmax L(β0 , β1 , . . . , βk )
β0 ,β1 ...,βk

1
p̂0 = .
1+ e−b0 −b1 x0,1 −···−bk x0,k

Kruskal–Wallis-test
H0 : µ̃1 = · · · = µ̃k

X Wj2 k
12
H= − 3(n + 1) ≈ χ2 with k − 1 degrees of freedom
n(n + 1) j=1 nj

Spearman rank correlation coefficient

Samples: x1,1 , . . . ,x1,n and x2,1 , . . . ,x2,n


Sequence numbers: r1,1 , . . . ,r1,n and r2,1 , . . . ,r2,n

n
X
(r1,i − r)(r2,i − r)
n+1
rS = s n i=1 s n , where r =
X X 2
(r1,i − r)2 (r2,i − r)2
i=1 i=1

n
6 X
rS = 1 − d2 , where di = r1,i − r2,i
n(n2 − 1) i=1 i
(Assuming there are no duplicate numbers in the samples!)

vii
Standard normal distribution

Quantiles of the standard normal distribution

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5190 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7969 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8513 0.8554 0.8577 0.8529 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9215 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9492 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998

viii
χ2-distribution

Quantiles of the chi-square distribution (left tail)

d.o.f Quantile (left tail)


0.005 0.010 0.025 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995

1 0.39E-4 0.00016 0.00098 0.0039 0.0158 0.102 0.455 1.32 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.103 0.211 0.575 1.39 2.77 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.6
3 0.0717 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 1.21 2.37 4.11 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.3 12.8
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.06 1.92 3.36 5.39 7.78 9.49 11.1 13.3 14.9
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.15 1.61 2.67 4.35 6.63 9.24 11.1 12.8 15.1 16.7
6 0.676 0.872 1.24 1.64 2.20 3.45 5.35 7.84 10.6 12.6 14.4 16.8 18.5
7 0.989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 4.25 6.35 9.04 12.0 14.1 16.0 18.5 20.3
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 5.07 7.34 10.2 13.4 15.5 17.5 20.1 22.0
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 5.9 8.34 11.4 14.7 16.9 19.0 21.7 23.6
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 6.74 9.34 12.5 16.0 18.3 20.5 23.2 25.2
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 7.58 10.3 13.7 17.3 19.7 21.9 24.7 26.8
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 8.44 11.3 14.8 18.5 21.0 23.3 26.2 28.3
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 9.3 12.3 16.0 19.8 22.4 24.7 27.7 29.8
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 10.2 13.3 17.1 21.1 23.7 26.1 29.1 31.3
15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 11.0 14.3 18.2 22.3 25.0 27.5 30.6 32.8
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 11.9 15.3 19.4 23.5 26.3 28.8 32.0 34.3
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.1 12.8 16.3 20.5 24.8 27.6 30.2 33.4 35.7
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.9 13.7 17.3 21.6 26.0 28.9 31.5 34.8 37.2
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.1 11.7 14.6 18.3 22.7 27.2 30.1 32.9 36.2 38.6
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.9 12.4 15.5 19.3 23.8 28.4 31.4 34.2 37.6 40.0
21 8.03 8.90 10.3 11.6 13.2 16.3 20.3 24.9 29.6 32.7 35.5 38.9 41.4
22 8.64 9.54 11.0 12.3 14.0 17.2 21.3 26.0 30.8 33.9 36.8 40.3 42.8
23 9.26 10.2 11.7 13.1 14.8 18.1 22.3 27.1 32.0 35.2 38.1 41.6 44.2
24 9.89 10.9 12.4 13.8 15.7 19.0 23.3 28.2 33.2 36.4 39.4 43.0 45.6
25 10.5 11.5 13.1 14.6 16.5 19.9 24.3 29.3 34.4 37.7 40.6 44.3 46.9
26 11.2 12.2 13.8 15.4 17.3 20.8 25.3 30.4 35.6 38.9 41.9 45.6 48.3
27 11.8 12.9 14.6 16.2 18.1 21.7 26.3 31.5 36.7 40.1 43.2 47.0 49.6
28 12.5 13.6 15.3 16.9 18.9 22.7 27.3 32.6 37.9 41.3 44.5 48.3 51.0
29 13.1 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.8 23.6 28.3 33.7 39.1 42.6 45.7 49.6 52.3
30 13.8 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.6 24.5 29.3 34.8 40.3 43.8 47.0 50.9 53.7
31 14.5 15.7 17.5 19.3 21.4 25.4 30.3 35.9 41.4 45.0 48.2 52.2 55.0
32 15.1 16.4 18.3 20.1 22.3 26.3 31.3 37.0 42.6 46.2 49.5 53.5 56.3
33 15.8 17.1 19.0 20.9 23.1 27.2 32.3 38.1 43.7 47.4 50.7 54.8 57.6
34 16.5 17.8 19.8 21.7 24.0 28.1 33.3 39.1 44.9 48.6 52.0 56.1 59.0
35 17.2 18.5 20.6 22.5 24.8 29.1 34.3 40.2 46.1 49.8 53.2 57.3 60.3
36 17.9 19.2 21.3 23.3 25.6 30.0 35.3 41.3 47.2 51.0 54.4 58.6 61.6
37 18.6 20.0 22.1 24.1 26.5 30.9 36.3 42.4 48.4 52.2 55.7 59.9 62.9
38 19.3 20.7 22.9 24.9 27.3 31.8 37.3 43.5 49.5 53.4 56.9 61.2 64.2
39 20.0 21.4 23.7 25.7 28.2 32.7 38.3 44.5 50.7 54.6 58.1 62.4 65.5
40 20.7 22.2 24.4 26.5 29.1 33.7 39.3 45.6 51.8 55.8 59.3 63.7 66.8
41 21.4 22.9 25.2 27.3 29.9 34.6 40.3 46.7 52.9 56.9 60.6 65.0 68.1
42 22.1 23.7 26.0 28.1 30.8 35.5 41.3 47.8 54.1 58.1 61.8 66.2 69.3
43 22.9 24.4 26.8 29.0 31.6 36.4 42.3 48.8 55.2 59.3 63.0 67.5 70.6
44 23.6 25.1 27.6 29.8 32.5 37.4 43.3 49.9 56.4 60.5 64.2 68.7 71.9
45 24.3 25.9 28.4 30.6 33.4 38.3 44.3 51.0 57.5 61.7 65.4 70.0 73.2

0.005 0.010 0.025 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995

This table was produced using APL programs written by William Knight.

ix
t-distribution

Quantiles of the t-distribution

0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 (right tail)


0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001 (both tails)
-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----
D 1 | 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 318.3 637 | 1
e 2 | 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.330 31.6 | 2
g 3 | 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.210 12.92 | 3
r 4 | 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610 | 4
e 5 | 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869 | 5
e 6 | 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959 | 6
s 7 | 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408 | 7
8 | 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041 | 8
o 9 | 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781 | 9
f 10 | 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587 | 10
11 | 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437 | 11
f 12 | 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318 | 12
r 13 | 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221 | 13
e 14 | 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140 | 14
e 15 | 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073 | 15
d 16 | 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015 | 16
o 17 | 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965 | 17
m 18 | 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922 | 18
19 | 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883 | 19
20 | 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850 | 20
21 | 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819 | 21
22 | 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792 | 22
23 | 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768 | 23
24 | 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745 | 24
25 | 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725 | 25
26 | 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707 | 26
27 | 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690 | 27
28 | 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674 | 28
29 | 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659 | 29
30 | 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646 | 30
32 | 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738 3.365 3.622 | 32
34 | 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728 3.348 3.601 | 34
36 | 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719 3.333 3.582 | 36
38 | 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712 3.319 3.566 | 38
40 | 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551 | 40
42 | 1.302 1.682 2.018 2.418 2.698 3.296 3.538 | 42
44 | 1.301 1.680 2.015 2.414 2.692 3.286 3.526 | 44
46 | 1.300 1.679 2.013 2.410 2.687 3.277 3.515 | 46
48 | 1.299 1.677 2.011 2.407 2.682 3.269 3.505 | 48
50 | 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261 3.496 | 50
55 | 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668 3.245 3.476 | 55
60 | 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460 | 60
65 | 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654 3.220 3.447 | 65
70 | 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211 3.435 | 70
80 | 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.195 3.416 | 80
100 | 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.174 3.390 | 100
150 | 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609 3.145 3.357 | 150
200 | 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601 3.131 3.340 | 200
-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----
0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001 (both tails)
0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 (right tail)

This table was calculated by APL programs written by William Knight.

x
F-distribution

Right tail quantiles f2,_ for F-distribution for _ = 0.05, 0.025, 0.01 and degrees of freedom v1 and v2.
The inverses are the left tail quantiles f1,_ for the same _:s, and degrees of freedom v2 and v1.

v2 v1 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * "+ "# "& #+ #& &+ "++ v2


"'" "** #"' ##& #$+ #$% #$( #$* #%" #%# #%% #%' #%) #%* #&# #&$
" '%) (** )'% *++ *## *$( *%) *&( *'$ *'* *(( *)& **$ **) "++) "+"$ "
%+&# &+++ &%+$ &'#& &('% &)&* &*#) &*)" '+## '+&' '"+' '"&( '#+* '#%+ '$+$ '$$%
"),&" "*,++ "*,"' "*,#& "*,$+ "*,$$ "*,$& "*,$( "*,$) "*,%+ "*,%" "*,%$ "*,%& "*,%' "*,%) "*,%*
# $),&" $*,++ $*,"( $*,#& $*,$+ $*,$$ $*,$' $*,$( $*,$* $*,%+ $*,%" $*,%$ $*,%& $*,%' $*,%) $*,%* #
*),&+ **,++ **,"( **,#& **,$+ **,$$ **,$' **,$( **,$* **,%+ **,%# **,%$ **,%& **,%' **,%) **,%*
"+,"$ *,&& *,#) *,"# *,+" ),*% ),)* ),)& ),)" ),(* ),(% ),(+ ),'' ),'$ ),&) ),&&
$ "(,%% "',+% "&,%% "&,"+ "%,)) "%,($ "%,'# "%,&% "%,%( "%,%# "%,$% "%,#& "%,"( "%,"# "%,+" "$,*' $
$%,"# $+,)# #*,%' #),(" #),#% #(,*" #(,'( #(,%* #(,$& #(,#$ #(,+& #',)( #','* #',&) #',$& #',#%
(,(" ',*% ',&* ',$* ',#' ',"' ',+* ',+% ',++ &,*' &,*" &,)' &,)+ &,(( &,(+ &,''
% "#,## "+,'& *,*) *,'+ *,$' *,#+ *,+( ),*) ),*+ ),)% ),(& ),'' ),&' ),&+ ),$) ),$# %
#",#+ "),++ "','* "&,*) "&,&# "&,#" "%,*) "%,)+ "%,'' "%,&& "%,$( "%,#+ "%,+# "$,*" "$,'* "$,&)
','" &,(* &,%" &,"* &,+& %,*& %,)) %,)# %,(( %,(% %,') %,'# %,&' %,&# %,%% %,%"
& "+,+" ),%$ (,(' (,$* (,"& ',*) ',)& ',(' ',') ','# ',&# ',%$ ',$$ ',#( ',"% ',+) &
"',#' "$,#( "#,+' "",$* "+,*( "+,'( "+,%' "+,#* "+,"' "+,+& *,)* *,(# *,&& *,%& *,#% *,"$
&,** &,"% %,(' %,&$ %,$* %,#) %,#" %,"& %,"+ %,+' %,++ $,*% $,)( $,)$ $,(& $,("
' ),)" (,#' ','+ ',#$ &,** &,)# &,(+ &,'+ &,&# &,%' &,$( &,#( &,"( &,"" %,*) %,*# '
"$,(& "+,*# *,() *,"& ),(& ),%( ),#' ),"+ (,*) (,)( (,(# (,&' (,%+ (,$+ (,+* ',**
&,&* %,(% %,$& %,"# $,*( $,)( $,(* $,($ $,') $,'% $,&( $,&" $,%% $,%+ $,$# $,#(
( ),+( ',&% &,)* &,&# &,#* &,"# %,** %,*+ %,)# %,(' %,'( %,&( %,%( %,%+ %,#) %,#" (
"#,#& *,&& ),%& (,)& (,%' (,"* ',** ',)% ',(# ','# ',%( ',$" ',"' ',+' &,)' &,(&
&,$# %,%' %,+( $,)% $,'* $,&) $,&+ $,%% $,$* $,$& $,#) $,## $,"& $,"" $,+# #,*(
) (,&( ',+' &,%# &,+& %,)# %,'& %,&$ %,%$ %,$' %,$+ %,#+ %,"+ %,++ $,*% $,)" $,(% )
"",#' ),'& (,&* (,+" ','$ ',$( ',") ',+$ &,*" &,)" &,'( &,&# &,$' &,#' &,+( %,*'
&,"# %,#' $,)' $,'$ $,%) $,$( $,#* $,#$ $,") $,"% $,+( $,+" #,*% #,)* #,)+ #,('
* (,#" &,(" &,+) %,(# %,%) %,$# %,#+ %,"+ %,+$ $,*' $,)( $,(( $,'( $,'+ $,%( $,%+ *
"+,&' ),+# ',** ',%# ',+' &,)+ &,'" &,%( &,$& &,#' &,"" %,*' %,)" %,(" %,&# %,%"
%,*' %,"+ $,(" $,%) $,$$ $,## $,"% $,+( $,+# #,*) #,*" #,)& #,(( #,($ #,'% #,&*
"+ ',*% &,%' %,)$ %,%( %,#% %,+( $,*& $,)& $,() $,(# $,'# $,&# $,%# $,$& $,## $,"& "+
"+,+% (,&' ',&& &,** &,'% &,$* &,#+ &,+' %,*% %,)& %,(" %,&' %,%" %,$" %,"# %,+"
%,(& $,)* $,%* $,#' $,"" $,++ #,*" #,)& #,)+ #,(& #,'* #,'# #,&% #,&+ #,%+ #,$&
"# ',&& &,"+ %,%( %,"# $,)* $,($ $,'" $,&" $,%% $,$( $,#) $,") $,+( $,+" #,)( #,)+ "#
*,$$ ',*$ &,*& &,%" &,+' %,)# %,'% %,&+ %,$* %,$+ %,"' %,+" $,)' $,(' $,&( $,%(
%,&% $,') $,#* $,+' #,*+ #,(* #,(" #,'% #,&* #,&% #,%) #,%+ #,$$ #,#) #,") #,"#
"& ',#+ %,(( %,"& $,)+ $,&) $,%" $,#* $,#+ $,"# $,+' #,*' #,)' #,(' #,'* #,&& #,%( "&
),') ',$' &,%# %,)* %,&' %,$# %,"% %,++ $,)* $,)+ $,'( $,&# $,$( $,#) $,+) #,*)
%,$& $,%* $,"+ #,)( #,(" #,'+ #,&" #,%& #,$* #,$& #,#) #,#+ #,"# #,+( ",*( ",*"
#+ &,)( %,%' $,)' $,&" $,#* $,"$ $,+" #,*" #,)% #,(( #,') #,&( #,%' #,%+ #,#& #,"( #+
),"+ &,)& %,*% %,%$ %,"+ $,)( $,(+ $,&' $,%' $,$( $,#$ $,+* #,*% #,)% #,'% #,&%
%,#% $,$* #,** #,(' #,'+ #,%* #,%+ #,$% #,#) #,#% #,"' #,+* #,+" ",*' ",)% ",()
#& &,'* %,#* $,'* $,$& $,"$ #,*( #,)& #,(& #,') #,'" #,&" #,%" #,$+ #,#$ #,+) #,++ #&
(,(( &,&( %,') %,") $,)& $,'$ $,%' $,$# $,## $,"$ #,** #,)& #,(+ #,'+ #,%+ #,#*
%,+$ $,") #,(* #,&' #,%+ #,#* #,#+ #,"$ #,+( #,+$ ",*& ",)( ",() ",($ ",'+ ",&#
&+ &,$% $,*( $,$* $,+& #,)$ #,'( #,&& #,%' #,$) #,$# #,## #,"" ",** ",*# ",(& ",'' &+
(,"( &,+' %,#+ $,(# $,%" $,"* $,+# #,)* #,() #,(+ #,&' #,%# #,#( #,"( ",*& ",)#
$,*% $,+* #,(+ #,%' #,$" #,"* #,"+ #,+$ ",*( ",*$ ",)& ",(( ",') ",'# ",%) ",$*
"++ &,") $,)$ $,#& #,*# #,(+ #,&% #,%# #,$# #,#% #,") #,+) ",*( ",)& ",(( ",&* ",%) "++
',*+ %,)# $,*) $,&" $,#" #,** #,)# #,'* #,&* #,&+ #,$( #,## #,+( ",*( ",(% ",'+

xi
Signed-rank test

Critical Values of the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Two-Tailed Test One-Tailed Test


n
! = .05 ! = .01 ! = .05 ! = .01
5 -- -- 0 --
6 0 -- 2 --
7 2 -- 3 0
8 3 0 5 1
9 5 1 8 3
10 8 3 10 5
11 10 5 13 7
12 13 7 17 9
13 17 9 21 12
14 21 12 25 15
15 25 15 30 19
16 29 19 35 23
17 34 23 41 27
18 40 27 47 32
19 46 32 53 37
20 52 37 60 43
21 58 42 67 49
22 65 48 75 55
23 73 54 83 62
24 81 61 91 69
25 89 68 100 76
26 98 75 110 84
27 107 83 119 92
28 116 91 130 101
29 126 100 140 110
30 137 109 151 120

xii
Mann–Whitney-testi

Critical Values of the Wilcoxon Ranked-Sums Test


(Two-Tailed Testing)

m
n !
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
.05 -- -- 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14
3
.01 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9
.05 -- 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24
4
.01 -- -- -- 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18
.05 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35
5
.01 -- -- 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
.05 22 23 24 26 27 29 31 32 34 35 37 38 40 42 43 45 46 48
6
.01 -- 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39
.05 29 31 33 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
7
.01 -- 28 29 31 32 34 35 37 38 40 41 43 44 46 47 49 50 52
.05 38 40 42 44 46 49 51 53 55 58 60 62 65 67 70 72 74 77
8
.01 -- 37 38 40 42 43 45 47 49 51 53 54 56 58 60 62 64 66
.05 47 49 52 55 57 60 62 65 68 71 73 76 79 82 84 87 90 93
9
.01 45 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 61 63 65 67 69 72 74 76 78 81
.05 58 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 88 91 94 97 100 103 107 110
10
.01 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 71 73 76 79 81 84 86 89 92 94 97
.05 69 72 75 79 82 85 89 92 96 99 103 106 110 113 117 121 124 128
11
.01 66 68 71 73 76 79 82 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114
.05 82 85 89 92 96 100 104 107 111 115 119 123 127 131 135 139 143 147
12
.01 79 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 109 112 115 119 122 125 129 132
.05 95 99 103 107 111 115 119 124 128 132 136 141 145 150 154 158 163 167
13
.01 92 94 98 101 104 108 111 115 118 122 125 129 133 136 140 144 147 151
.05 110 114 118 122 127 131 136 141 145 150 155 160 164 169 172 179 183 188
14
.01 106 109 112 116 120 123 127 131 135 139 143 147 151 155 159 163 168 172
.05 125 130 134 139 144 149 154 159 164 169 174 179 184 190 195 200 205 210
15
.01 122 125 128 132 136 140 144 149 153 157 162 166 171 175 180 184 189 193
.05 142 147 151 157 162 167 173 178 183 189 195 200 206 211 217 222 228 234
16
.01 138 141 145 149 154 158 163 167 172 177 181 186 191 196 201 206 210 215
.05 159 164 170 175 181 187 192 198 204 210 216 220 228 234 240 246 252 258
17
.01 155 159 163 168 172 177 182 187 192 197 202 207 213 218 223 228 234 239
.05 178 183 189 195 201 207 213 219 226 232 238 245 251 257 264 270 277 283
18
.01 173 177 182 187 192 197 202 208 213 218 224 229 235 241 246 252 258 263
.05 197 203 209 215 222 228 235 242 248 255 262 268 275 282 289 296 303 309
19
.01 193 197 202 207 212 218 223 229 235 241 246 253 259 264 271 277 283 289
.05 218 224 230 237 244 251 258 265 272 279 286 293 300 308 315 322 329 337
20
.01 213 218 223 228 234 240 246 252 258 264 270 277 283 289 296 302 309 315

Note: n is the number of scores in the group with the smallest sum of ranks;
m is the number of scores in the other group.

xiii
Two-sided tolerance interval table

The table gives the coefficient k for a two-sided tolerance interval.

k: γ = 0.1 γ = 0.05 γ = 0.01


n α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.01 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.01 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.01
5 3.4993 4.1424 5.3868 4.2906 5.0767 6.5977 6.6563 7.8711 10.222
6 3.1407 3.7225 4.8498 3.7325 4.4223 5.7581 5.3833 6.3656 8.2910
7 2.9129 3.4558 4.5087 3.3895 4.0196 5.2409 4.6570 5.5198 7.1907
8 2.7542 3.2699 4.2707 3.1560 3.7454 4.8892 4.1883 4.9694 6.4812
9 2.6367 3.1322 4.0945 2.9864 3.5459 4.6328 3.8596 4.5810 5.9803
10 2.5459 3.0257 3.9579 2.8563 3.3935 4.4370 3.6162 4.2952 5.6106
11 2.4734 2.9407 3.8488 2.7536 3.2727 4.2818 3.4286 4.0725 5.3243
12 2.4139 2.8706 3.7591 2.6701 3.1748 4.1555 3.2793 3.8954 5.0956
13 2.3643 2.8122 3.6841 2.6011 3.0932 4.0505 3.1557 3.7509 4.9091
14 2.3219 2.7624 3.6200 2.5424 3.0241 3.9616 3.0537 3.6310 4.7532
15 2.2855 2.7196 3.5648 2.4923 2.9648 3.8852 2.9669 3.5285 4.6212
16 2.2536 2.6822 3.5166 2.4485 2.9135 3.8189 2.8926 3.4406 4.5078
17 2.2257 2.6491 3.4740 2.4102 2.8685 3.7605 2.8277 3.3637 4.4084
18 2.2007 2.6197 3.4361 2.3762 2.8283 3.7088 2.7711 3.2966 4.3213
19 2.1784 2.5934 3.4022 2.3460 2.7925 3.6627 2.7202 3.2361 4.2433
20 2.1583 2.5697 3.3715 2.3188 2.7603 3.6210 2.6758 3.1838 4.1747
21 2.1401 2.5482 3.3437 2.2941 2.7312 3.5832 2.6346 3.1360 4.1125
22 2.1234 2.5285 3.3183 2.2718 2.7047 3.5490 2.5979 3.0924 4.0562
23 2.1083 2.5105 3.2951 2.2513 2.6805 3.5176 2.5641 3.0528 4.0044
24 2.0943 2.4940 3.2735 2.2325 2.6582 3.4888 2.5342 3.0169 3.9580
25 2.0813 2.4786 3.2538 2.2151 2.6378 3.4622 2.5060 2.9836 3.9147
26 2.0693 2.4644 3.2354 2.1990 2.6187 3.4375 2.4797 2.9533 3.8751
27 2.0581 2.4512 3.2182 2.1842 2.6012 3.4145 2.4560 2.9247 3.8385
28 2.0477 2.4389 3.2023 2.1703 2.5846 3.3933 2.4340 2.8983 3.8048
29 2.0380 2.4274 3.1873 2.1573 2.5693 3.3733 2.4133 2.8737 3.7721
30 2.0289 2.4166 3.1732 2.1450 2.5548 3.3546 2.3940 2.8509 3.7426
31 2.0203 2.4065 3.1601 2.1337 2.5414 3.3369 2.3758 2.8299 3.7148
32 2.0122 2.3969 3.1477 2.1230 2.5285 3.3205 2.3590 2.8095 3.6885
33 2.0045 2.3878 3.1360 2.1128 2.5167 3.3048 2.3430 2.7900 3.6638
34 1.9973 2.3793 3.1248 2.1033 2.5053 3.2901 2.3279 2.7727 3.6405
35 1.9905 2.3712 3.1143 2.0942 2.4945 3.2761 2.3139 2.7557 3.6185
36 1.9840 2.3635 3.1043 2.0857 2.4844 3.2628 2.3003 2.7396 3.5976
37 1.9779 2.3561 3.0948 2.0775 2.4748 3.2503 2.2875 2.7246 3.5782
38 1.9720 2.3492 3.0857 2.0697 2.4655 3.2382 2.2753 2.7105 3.5593
39 1.9664 2.3425 3.0771 2.0623 2.4568 3.2268 2.2638 2.6966 3.5414
40 1.9611 2.3362 3.0688 2.0552 2.4484 3.2158 2.2527 2.6839 3.5244
41 1.9560 2.3301 3.0609 2.0485 2.4404 3.2055 2.2424 2.6711 3.5085
42 1.9511 2.3244 3.0533 2.0421 2.4327 3.1955 2.2324 2.6593 3.4927
43 1.9464 2.3188 3.0461 2.0359 2.4254 3.1860 2.2228 2.6481 3.4780
44 1.9419 2.3134 3.0391 2.0300 2.4183 3.1768 2.2137 2.6371 3.4638
45 1.9376 2.3083 3.0324 2.0243 2.4117 3.1679 2.2049 2.6268 3.4502
46 1.9334 2.3034 3.0260 2.0188 2.4051 3.1595 2.1964 2.6167 3.4370
47 1.9294 2.2987 3.0199 2.0136 2.3989 3.1515 2.1884 2.6071 3.4245
48 1.9256 2.2941 3.0139 2.0086 2.3929 3.1435 2.1806 2.5979 3.4125
49 1.9218 2.2897 3.0081 2.0037 2.3871 3.1360 2.1734 2.5890 3.4008
50 1.9183 2.2855 3.0026 1.9990 2.3816 3.1287 2.1660 2.5805 3.3899
55 1.9022 2.2663 2.9776 1.9779 2.3564 3.0960 2.1338 2.5421 3.3395
60 1.8885 2.2500 2.9563 1.9599 2.3351 3.0680 2.1063 2.5094 3.2968
65 1.8766 2.2359 2.9378 1.9444 2.3166 3.0439 2.0827 2.4813 3.2604
70 1.8662 2.2235 2.9217 1.9308 2.3005 3.0228 2.0623 2.4571 3.2282
75 1.8570 2.2126 2.9074 1.9188 2.2862 3.0041 2.0442 2.4355 3.2002
80 1.8488 2.2029 2.8947 1.9082 2.2735 2.9875 2.0282 2.4165 3.1753
85 1.8415 2.1941 2.8832 1.8986 2.2621 2.9726 2.0139 2.3994 3.1529
90 1.8348 2.1862 2.8728 1.8899 2.2519 2.9591 2.0008 2.3839 3.1327
95 1.8287 2.1790 2.8634 1.8820 2.2425 2.9468 1.9891 2.3700 3.1143
100 1.8232 2.1723 2.8548 1.8748 2.2338 2.9356 1.9784 2.3571 3.0977

xiv
One-sided tolerance interval table

The table gives the coefficient k for a one-sided tolerance interval.

k: γ = 0.1 γ = 0.05 γ = 0.01


n α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.01 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.01 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.01
5 2.7423 3.3998 4.6660 3.4066 4.2027 5.7411 5.3617 6.5783 8.9390
6 2.4937 3.0919 4.2425 3.0063 3.7077 5.0620 4.4111 5.4055 7.3346
7 2.3327 2.8938 3.9720 2.7554 3.3994 4.6417 3.8591 4.7279 6.4120
8 2.2186 2.7543 3.7826 2.5819 3.1873 4.3539 3.4972 4.2852 5.8118
9 2.1329 2.6499 3.6414 2.4538 3.0312 4.1430 3.2404 3.9723 5.3889
10 2.0656 2.5684 3.5316 2.3546 2.9110 3.9811 3.0479 3.7383 5.0737
11 2.0113 2.5026 3.4434 2.2753 2.8150 3.8523 2.8977 3.5562 4.8290
12 1.9662 2.4483 3.3707 2.2101 2.7364 3.7471 2.7767 3.4099 4.6330
13 1.9281 2.4024 3.3095 2.1554 2.6705 3.6592 2.6770 3.2896 4.4720
14 1.8954 2.3631 3.2572 2.1088 2.6144 3.5845 2.5931 3.1886 4.3372
15 1.8669 2.3289 3.2118 2.0684 2.5660 3.5201 2.5215 3.1024 4.2224
16 1.8418 2.2990 3.1720 2.0330 2.5237 3.4640 2.4594 3.0279 4.1233
17 1.8195 2.2724 3.1369 2.0017 2.4862 3.4144 2.4051 2.9627 4.0367
18 1.7995 2.2486 3.1054 1.9738 2.4530 3.3703 2.3570 2.9051 3.9604
19 1.7815 2.2272 3.0771 1.9487 2.4231 3.3308 2.3142 2.8539 3.8924
20 1.7652 2.2078 3.0515 1.9260 2.3960 3.2951 2.2757 2.8079 3.8316
21 1.7503 2.1901 3.0282 1.9053 2.3714 3.2628 2.2408 2.7663 3.7766
22 1.7366 2.1739 3.0069 1.8864 2.3490 3.2332 2.2091 2.7285 3.7268
23 1.7240 2.1589 2.9873 1.8690 2.3283 3.2061 2.1801 2.6940 3.6812
24 1.7124 2.1451 2.9691 1.8530 2.3093 3.1811 2.1535 2.6623 3.6395
25 1.7015 2.1323 2.9524 1.8381 2.2917 3.1579 2.1290 2.6331 3.6011
26 1.6914 2.1204 2.9367 1.8242 2.2753 3.1365 2.1063 2.6062 3.5656
27 1.6820 2.1092 2.9221 1.8114 2.2600 3.1165 2.0852 2.5811 3.5326
28 1.6732 2.0988 2.9085 1.7993 2.2458 3.0978 2.0655 2.5577 3.5019
29 1.6649 2.0890 2.8958 1.7880 2.2324 3.0804 2.0471 2.5359 3.4733
30 1.6571 2.0798 2.8837 1.7773 2.2198 3.0639 2.0298 2.5155 3.4465
31 1.6497 2.0711 2.8724 1.7673 2.2080 3.0484 2.0136 2.4963 3.4214
32 1.6427 2.0629 2.8617 1.7578 2.1968 3.0338 1.9984 2.4782 3.3977
33 1.6361 2.0551 2.8515 1.7489 2.1862 3.0200 1.9840 2.4612 3.3754
34 1.6299 2.0478 2.8419 1.7403 2.1762 3.0070 1.9703 2.4451 3.3543
35 1.6239 2.0407 2.8328 1.7323 2.1667 2.9946 1.9574 2.4298 3.3343
36 1.6182 2.0341 2.8241 1.7246 2.1577 2.9828 1.9452 2.4154 3.3155
37 1.6128 2.0277 2.8158 1.7173 2.1491 2.9716 1.9335 2.4016 3.2975
38 1.6076 2.0216 2.8080 1.7102 2.1408 2.9609 1.9224 2.3885 3.2804
39 1.6026 2.0158 2.8004 1.7036 2.1330 2.9507 1.9118 2.3760 3.2641
40 1.5979 2.0103 2.7932 1.6972 2.1255 2.9409 1.9017 2.3641 3.2486
41 1.5934 2.0050 2.7863 1.6911 2.1183 2.9316 1.8921 2.3528 3.2337
42 1.5890 1.9998 2.7796 1.6852 2.1114 2.9226 1.8828 2.3418 3.2195
43 1.5848 1.9949 2.7733 1.6795 2.1048 2.9141 1.8739 2.3314 3.2059
44 1.5808 1.9902 2.7672 1.6742 2.0985 2.9059 1.8654 2.3214 3.1929
45 1.5769 1.9857 2.7613 1.6689 2.0924 2.8979 1.8573 2.3118 3.1804
46 1.5732 1.9813 2.7556 1.6639 2.0865 2.8903 1.8495 2.3025 3.1684
47 1.5695 1.9771 2.7502 1.6591 2.0808 2.8830 1.8419 2.2937 3.1568
48 1.5661 1.9730 2.7449 1.6544 2.0753 2.8759 1.8346 2.2851 3.1457
49 1.5627 1.9691 2.7398 1.6499 2.0701 2.8690 1.8275 2.2768 3.1349
50 1.5595 1.9653 2.7349 1.6455 2.0650 2.8625 1.8208 2.2689 3.1246
55 1.5447 1.9481 2.7126 1.6258 2.0419 2.8326 1.7902 2.2330 3.0780
60 1.5320 1.9333 2.6935 1.6089 2.0222 2.8070 1.7641 2.2024 3.0382
65 1.5210 1.9204 2.6769 1.5942 2.0050 2.7849 1.7414 2.1759 3.0039
70 1.5112 1.9090 2.6623 1.5812 1.9898 2.7654 1.7216 2.1526 2.9739
75 1.5025 1.8990 2.6493 1.5697 1.9765 2.7481 1.7040 2.1321 2.9474
80 1.4947 1.8899 2.6377 1.5594 1.9644 2.7326 1.6883 2.1137 2.9237
85 1.4877 1.8817 2.6272 1.5501 1.9536 2.7187 1.6742 2.0973 2.9024
90 1.4813 1.8743 2.6176 1.5416 1.9438 2.7061 1.6613 2.0824 2.8832
95 1.4754 1.8675 2.6089 1.5338 1.9348 2.6945 1.6497 2.0688 2.8657
100 1.4701 1.8612 2.6009 1.5268 1.9265 2.6839 1.6390 2.0563 2.8496

xv

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