CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS

BY –
AVIK KUMAR SAM
SAKSHI BHARDWAJ SUMIT KUMAR
MANVENDRA SINGH SHIVANGI SHARMA
WHAT IS PAINT ?
• To most people, paint is the colour on the walls of their home,
the colour of their car, boat or caravan.
• Paint is more than just the colour though; it is a material that is
applied as a liquid and dries by a variety of chemical processes
to a solid.
• We apply paint for:
1. Decoration
2. Protection
3. Identification
4. Sanitation
• Paint typically consists of pigment, resin, solvent and additives:
1. Pigment - to provide colour, hiding and control gloss.
Pigments are of two types –
• ‘Prime Pigments’ that includes pigments such as Titanium
Dioxide (white), Chrome Green Oxide, Yellow and Red Iron
Oxides, etc.
• ‘Extender Pigments’ that includes Calcite (Calcium
Carbonate), Talc (Magnesium Silicate), Mica, Barytes (Barium
Sulphate), etc.
2. Solvent – to act as a carrier for the pigments and resin – the
solvent may be organic (such as Mineral Turps) or water.
3. Resin – the binder to hold the pigment particles together
and provide adhesion to the surface painted.
1. Waterborne paints most often use acrylic emulsion
polymers as binders.
2. Traditionally, lower cost paints have been
formulated on PVA (Poly Vinyl Acetate) binders.

4. Additives – to enhance certain properties such as ease of

brushing, mould resistance, scuff resistance, drying and sag
resistance.
TYPES OF PAINTS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAINTS (ON THE BASIS OF THEIR USE IN DIFFERENT
CONDITIONS )

• Aluminum paints • Plastic paints

• Asbestos paints • Casein paints
• Anti-corrosive paints • Cellulose paints
• Bituminous paints • Enamel paints
• Cement based paints • Emulsion paints
• Synthetic rubber • Bronze paints
paints
• Colloidal paints
• Silicate paints
• Oil paints
• Graphite paints
 TYPES PROPERTIES
waterproof, resistance against electricity, corrosion,
Aluminium Paints weathering , visible in dark and provides good appearance
made of fibrous asbestos
Asbestos Paints
obtained by dissolving tar or asphalt in petroleum or white
Bituminous Paints spirit. They provide black appearance to the surface. good
alkali resistant property.
less affected by rain, sunlight, has good resistant properties
Synthetic Rubber against acids, alkalis and moisture conditions. It dries very
Paints quickly and maintains uniform color throughout the surface.
can resist extreme heat with great resistance.
Silicate Paints ,never reacts chemically with the metals
dry very quickly, provides better appearance and have high
Plastic Paints covering power.
Enamel paint dries very slowly but after drying it forms very
Enamel Paints hard, impervious and smooth layer. This layer cannot be
affected by acids, alkalis, gas fumes, water etc.
USE
painting wood works, metallic surface
covering leakage in metal roofs, for patch
works, for protecting surfaces from acid gases
and steam.
used for metal structures in under water
conditions, iron pipes carrying water
used on cement concrete surfaces like concrete
walls etc.
hot conditions and for metal structures.
used for coating walls, slabs, decks etc.
Different colored enamel paints are available in
the market. So, they are widely used for painting
doors, windows, stairs, decks etc.
 TYPES PROPERTIES USE
good alkali resistant properties ,dries very quickly, can be used for all masonry works especially for stucco
Emulsion Paints washed with water as its film forming constituent is plaster brick works which contains free alkali.
emulsified in water.
Economic, can be applied in easy manner. main disadvantage applied for walls, doors, windows, metal
Oil Paints with oil paints is that they are not suitable for humid structures etc.
weather conditions.
provides smooth finish and is not affected by smoke, water, used for painting aircrafts, motor cars
Cellulose Paints acids etc. it is very costly
MANUFACTURING OF
PAINTS
LAYOUT

MILL BASE
MEASUREMENT OF LABORATORY
PREPARATION & LETDOWN CANNING
INGREDIENTS TESTING
PIGMENT DISPERSION
• Paint is generally manufactured in batch lots
from 200 litres for special products and colours to
10,000 litres for mainline white products. The
manufacturing process involves five critical parts:
1. Part 1 -
• Accurate measurement of ingredients
Part 2 – Mill-base preparation and pigment dispersion
• Pigments are powders of typically small size that stick together
to form clumps That must be broken down into separate
particles that must then be wetted by resin and additives to stop
them sticking together again. This is the process of dispersion.
• High speed mixers are used for combining materials and
dispersing most pigments.
• Pigments are added slowly, from containers of 10 kg up to 1000
kg, to a portion of the liquid paint components, with the mixer
running, to form the mill-base.
• Certain pigments are more difficult to disperse and require ball
milling, bead milling or bar milling.
1. Ball mills - for small batches of difficult to disperse mill-
bases
2. Bead mills - for large batches and can maintain semi-
continuous output.
3. Bar mills - for highly viscous (thick) mill-bases.
• Part 3 – Let-down
1. In a separate, larger, the rest of the paint (resin, solvent
and additives) is combined and mixed. This is called the
let-down.
2. When the let-down and the mill-base are completed,
the mill-base is added with stirring to the let-down. At
this stage, if required by the formulation, any final
additions are made and added in.

• Part 4 – Finished product and in process laboratory

testing
1. Product quality is monitored throughout the
manufacturing process by the Product Verification
Laboratory. The completed batch (mill-base plus let-
down and any final additions) is thoroughly tested by
the Product Verification Laboratory.
2. These final tests evaluate properties such as degree of
dispersion, viscosity (consistency), density, hiding, tint
strength and colour, application, dry time, gloss and dry
film appearance.
• Part 5 – Canning
1. When testing is completed the batch is passed
for canning.
2. During canning two samples are taken; a
retain sample, which is stored in case it is
needed for future reference, and a Final
Inspection sample.
3. The Final Inspection sample is tested in the
Final Inspection Laboratory to guarantee
conformance to relevant standards and
specifications, such as APAS, Environmental
Choice, etc.
4. After this final stage of testing is complete the
batch is passed for use in the warehouse and
dispatch to branches as required.
TOXIC / NON TOXIC
PAINTS
 TOXICITY OF PAINTS

• Traditional paints and many related products, such as paint thinner or stripper, give off
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
1. Emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids, VOCs include a variety of chemicals that
may include toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, formaldehyde, methylene chloride and
glycol.
2. These chemicals can lead to indoor air quality problems and pose serious health risks.
3. VOCs are released when using paint products that contain them and, to some extent,
when these products are stored.

• In individuals who are exposed to high levels of VOCs for long periods of time, such as
professional painters, there have been reports of damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous
system. People with breathing problems and young children should be protected from paint
fumes.
• It is illegal to have lead in paint.
1. While this is generally well-known today, lead continues to be a problem for many
people. Low levels of lead poisoning can cause learning disabilities, brain, kidney and
nervous-system damage, poor muscle coordination, slow growth and speech, language
and behavior problems.
2. High levels of exposure can cause seizures, unconsciousness or death. Symptoms can
include nausea, fatigue, irritability, headache and stomach ache. But children may not
always show symptoms.

• Some are carcinogen – they cause cancer in animals and humans.

NON TOXIC PAINTS
New environmental regulations and consumer demand have led to the
development of low-VOC and zero-VOC paints. These are categorized as
non toxic paints.

BENEFITS -
• Health :
Reduced toxins benefit everyone, including those with allergies
and chemical sensitivities.
• Environment :
Reduces landfill, groundwater and ozone depleting
contaminants.
• Effective :
Low-VOC products perform well in terms of coverage,
scrubbability and hideability (covering flaws on previous coats).
• Water-Based :
Easy cleanup with soap and warm water.

• Little or No Hazardous Fume :

Low odor during application; no odor once
cured. No off-gassing. Painted areas can
be occupied sooner, with no odor
complaints.

• Not Deemed Hazardous Waste :

Cleanup and disposal greatly simplified.
 HOW TO MAKE NON
TOXIC PAINTS AT HOME ?
 IDEAL PROPERTIES OF A PAINT

• ease of application
• heat resistance
• good flow out of application marks (e.g.
brush-marking) • colour stability (i.e. against visible and
ultraviolet radiation)
• forming a continuous protective film
• abrasion and scratch resistance
• high opacity
• durability
• quick drying
• flexibility
• corrosion resistance
• easily cleaned
• water resistance
 METHOD – 1 ( FOR WATERCOLOUR PAINTS )

Materials required : Procedure :

1. Baking soda A. In a mixing bowl, mix 4 tablespoons baking soda
with 2 tablespoons vinegar until fizzing stops. Add
2. White vinegar
1/2 teaspoon corn syrup and 2 tablespoons
3. Light corn syrup cornstarch. Mix until a uniform consistency.
4. Cornstarch B. Pour the mixture into individual egg carton cups,
filling each about a third to halfway.
5. Mixing bowl
C. Add five to 10 drops of food coloring to each cup,
6. Mixing spoon mixing in thoroughly, to reach desired colors.
7. Half-dozen egg carton D. Allow paints to set overnight. Use paints on
8. Assorted food coloring 4-pack watercolor paper with a wet paintbrush.
 METHOD – 2 ( FOR ACRYLIC PAINT )

Materials required : Procedure :

1. A plastic mixing container • Grind the dry pigment.
2. Wooden chopstick • Measure and record the amounts of pigment and
acrylic base.
3. Dry pigment
• Add the pigment to the acrylic base in the plastic
4. Painting spatula
container.
5. An acrylic base
• Combine the solution with the pigmented acrylic
6. Solution (water or an alcohol like rubbing base thoroughly.
alcohol)
• Blend in acrylic retarder
7. Acrylic retarder
CASE STUDY – PAINT
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
 ANALYSIS
REPORT
• The Indian paint market is expected to
reach Rs 709 bn by 2019-20 from around Rs
403 bn in 2014-15. The per capita paint
consumption in India which is a little over 4
kgs is still very low as compared to the
developed western nations. Therefore, as the
country develops and modernizes, the per
capita paint consumption is bound to
increase.

• The paints sector is raw material intensive,

with over 300 raw materials (50% petro-
based derivatives) involved in the
manufacturing process. Since most of the
raw materials are petroleum based, the
industry benefits from softening crude
prices.
• Demand for paints comes from two broad categories:
1. Decoratives : Major segments in decoratives include exterior
wall paints, interior wall paints, wood finishes and enamel and
ancillary products such as primers, putties etc. Decorative
paints account for around 75% of the overall paint market in
India.
2. Industrial : Three main segments of the industrial sector
include automotive coatings, powder coatings and protective
coatings. User industries for industrial paints include
automobiles engineering and consumer durables. The
industrial paints segment is far more technology intensive than
the decorative segment.

• The unorganised sector controls around 35% of the paint market,

with the organised sector accounting for the balance. In the
unorganised segment, there are about 2,000 units having small and
medium sized paint manufacturing plants
THANKS