, cultural and environmental impacts, may also be prepared.

Such a study also serves as a rough

assessment of the affordability or profitability of hosting the Games. As with the impacts of mega-
events the opportunities created as a result of hosting a mega-event may be perceptible for many
years, even decades, to come. Examples of opportunities created as a result of hosting an Olympic
Game include the long-term use of sporting facilities and related infrastructure.”34

mpic Games and their sports facilities are a ‘Greenwash Marketing Tool’ or could be termed as
‘sustainable’. The definition, assessment and measurement of ‘Sustainability of Olympic Games’ is
surveyed. Essig’s intention is to verify if existing planning and assessment methods are a sufficient
basis for the planning, construction and operation of ecological, economical and social Olympic
venues or if only a common and mandatory assessment tool can promote and assure sustainable
building performance of Olympic venues. The dissertation reviews 12 case studies of the modern
Olympic Summer and Winter Games in chapter ‘Olympic competition venues and sustainable
planning concepts’. Furthermore environmental evaluations, reports and guidelines of different
Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) as well as such for applicant and candidate cities established
by the IOC in the 1990s are investigated. International assessment methods like BREEAM, LEED and
DGNB are evaluated with regard to criteria and applicability for Olympic sports facilities.”40 In
chapter ‘Evaluation and certification of sustainable building quality regarding Olympic competition
venues: Procedures for implementation of sustainable sports facilities’ Essig concludes her resume
with four theses. “

nd the World's Games, 1896 to the present’ is a compendium of essays by John R. Gold and
Margaret M. Gold published in 2007 which highlights “the relationship between the Olympic Games
and its host cities from the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896 through the early planning
stages of London 2012, focusing mostly on the Summer Olympics. The problem of sustainability after
the Games is addressed. In his chapter about London 2012, Graeme Evans predicts that London will
experience postGames regeneration that is uneven and not beneficial to the local community, citing
previous regeneration efforts that were incomplete and the Millennium Dome that remained
unused for years. He also argues that unless the Olympics move toward a less costly, less
cumbersome Olympics and Olympics that would be more viable for developing countries instead of
the mega-events designed to put

of life-cycle, attracting public interest and activities. Considering the ecological aspects as an integral
part of the design from the very beginning creates strong synergy between technical demands of the
Games and long-term responsibilities for future generations.”44

Kay Killmann describes in his publication ‘Good, Better, Certified? How can green building labels help
planning sustainable buildings?’ that the idea of sustainability governs the ecological, economic and
social behaviour of most public and private sectors. The most used common building certification
systems DGNB, BREEAM and LEED differ in the way they focus on the different aspects of the
building process and from experience it can be assumed that regardless of a factor’s weighting
within a given system each factor can have a powerful impact on costs and environmental benefits.
Killmann conducts an example for evaluation with the three certification systems on the parameter
potable water. He summarizes that compared to the energy efficiency or materials, the importance
of potable water consumption seems relatively low. Nevertheless, buildings with a LEED or BREEAM
23 label use less water than an average building and therefore contribute to a more responsible
handling of a precious resource.”45

https://orca.cf.ac.uk/71864/1/150121_Revised_Thesis_Sven_Schmedes.pdf

tokyo Olympic complex - Japanese architect Kenzo Tange

The complex, called the National Gymnasium consists of two separate gymnasiums, a building which
connects them, and extensive ground works on a roughly triangular and rather limited site. The main
building seats 13,000 people for swimming and diving, 16,000 when the pool is floored over for judo
matches. The smaller annex seats 4,000 spectators for basketball, 5,400 for boxing. The connecting
building is long, straight, and narrow, and its roof makes a promenade linking the two spectator
annexes.

The two gymnasiums, despite their feeling of masterful strength and the monumental size of the
bigger one, are feminine objects on that masculine base. They are not twins which were in style at
the time, and they are not mother and daughter - the same thing seen through alternate ends of a
telescope. They are more like sisters, one big and capable, the other small and playful, both
composed in softly rounded continuous curves with hardly one straight-1ine in either of them. (see
Fi gure 5-2. ) The buildings have an intense regional character. They are reminiscent of pagoda
architecture. The end view is the main gymnasium is a striking visual reflection of the gable end of
the main sanctuary at Ise. The plan of the main building, the circle with the two jibsails - or the
double sail shape, or the loosely gripping hands - reflects a symbol in the Tange family crest.