Mathematics (Higher 2) 9740/02

A-LEVEL H2 MATHS 2015 – PAPER 2

Question 1
1
[ Ans: (i) 32 (ii) t = 160 − 40 16 − h ; 𝑡𝑡 = 46.9 years ]
2
dh
(i) For max. height, let =0
dt
1 1
�16 − ℎ = 0
10 2
1
ℎ = 16 ⇒ ℎ = 32
2

dh 1 1
(ii) = 16 − h
dt 10 2
1
1 −2 𝑑𝑑ℎ
10 �16 − ℎ� =1
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
1 −2
� 10 �16 − ℎ� 𝑑𝑑ℎ = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1
1 2
10 �16 − ℎ�
2 + 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑡𝑡
1 1
�− 2� �2�

1
𝑡𝑡 = −40�16 − ℎ + 𝐴𝐴
2
When 𝑡𝑡 = 0, ℎ = 0
∴ −40√16 − 0 + 𝐴𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝐴 = 160

1
∴ 𝑡𝑡 = 160 − 40�16 − ℎ
2

When h =
1
(32) = 16
2
1
𝑡𝑡 = 160 − 40�16 − (16) = 46.9
2

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Question 2
[ Ans: (i) 73.4° (ii)  ,− ,−  and (3, 1, −10),  , ,−  (iii) −36𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 11𝑧𝑧 = 4 ]
13 5 46 17 1 58
7 7 7   7 7 7 
1 2
(i) 𝐿𝐿: 𝒓𝒓 = �−2� + 𝜆𝜆 � 3 �
−4 −6
Let 𝜃𝜃 be the acute angle between 𝐿𝐿 and the 𝑥𝑥-axis.
2 1 2 1
�� 3 � ∙ �0�� = �� 3 �� ��0�� cos 𝜃𝜃
−6 0 −6 0
|2 + 0 + 0| 2
cos 𝜃𝜃 = =
√22 + 32 + 62 √12 + 02 + 02 7
2
𝜃𝜃 = cos −1 = 73.4°
7
2
�����⃗
(ii) 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = � 5 �
−6
Let the point(s) on 𝐿𝐿 which is √33 from 𝑃𝑃 be 𝑄𝑄.
1 2 1 + 2𝜆𝜆
������⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = �−2� + 𝜆𝜆 � 3 � = �−2 + 3𝜆𝜆�
−4 −6 −4 − 6𝜆𝜆
1 + 2𝜆𝜆 2 −1 + 2𝜆𝜆
�����⃗ = �−2 + 3𝜆𝜆� − � 5 � = �−7 + 3𝜆𝜆�
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
−4 − 6𝜆𝜆 −6 2 − 6𝜆𝜆
−1 + 2𝜆𝜆
�����⃗ � = √33 ⇒ ��−7 + 3𝜆𝜆�� = √33
�𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
2 − 6𝜆𝜆
�(−1 + 2𝜆𝜆)2 + (−7 + 3𝜆𝜆)2 + (2 − 6𝜆𝜆)2 = √33
1 − 4𝜆𝜆 + 4𝜆𝜆2 + 49 − 42𝜆𝜆 + 9𝜆𝜆2 + 4 − 24𝜆𝜆 + 36𝜆𝜆2 = 33
49𝜆𝜆2 − 70𝜆𝜆 + 21 = 0
3
λ = or λ = 1
7

3
When λ = ,
7
1 + 2�3�7� 13�
7
������⃗ ⎛ 3
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = −2 + 3� �7� = − �7 ⎞
⎞ ⎛ 5
3 46
⎝−4 − 6� �7�⎠ ⎝− �7⎠
When λ = 1 ,
1 + 2(1) 3
������⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = �−2 + 3(1)� = � 1 �
−4 − 6(1) −10

∴ The points are  ,− ,−  and (3, 1, −10).

13 5 46
7 7 7 

Point closes to 𝑃𝑃
13 5 46
7 + 3 − 7 + 1 − 7 − 10 17 1 58
=� , , � = � , ,− �
2 2 2 7 7 7

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Mathematics (Higher 2) 9740/02

(iii) A direction parallel to the required plane

2 1 1
= � 5 � − �−2� = � 7 �
−6 −4 −2

Normal vector to the plane

1 2 −36
= � 7 �� 3 �= � 2 �
−2 −6 −11

∴ Equation of plane:
−36 2 −36
𝒓𝒓 ∙ � 2 � = � 5 � ∙ � 2 �
−11 −6 −11
−36
𝒓𝒓 ∙ � 2 � = −72 + 10 + 66 = 4
−11
−36𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 11𝑧𝑧 = 4

Question 3
 3  3 
[ Ans: (a)(i) show (ii) f −1 (x ) = 1 −
1
; 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓−1 = (−∞, 0) (b) Rg =  − ∞,1 −  ∪ 1 + ,∞ ]
x  2   2 
 
(a) (i) From GC, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

From the graph, a horizontal line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘, where 𝑘𝑘 ∈ 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 , cuts the graph at a
maximum of one point, ∴ 𝑓𝑓 is a one-to-one function ⇒ 𝑓𝑓 has an inverse. (shown)

(ii) Let 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

1
∴ 𝑦𝑦 = , 𝑥𝑥 > 1
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 =
𝑦𝑦
1
𝑥𝑥 2 = 1 −
𝑦𝑦
1
𝑥𝑥 = �1 − (∵ 𝑥𝑥 > 1)
𝑦𝑦

1
∴ 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) = �1 −
𝑥𝑥

From the graph, 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = (−∞, 0) = 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓−1

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2+ x
(b) Let y = and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘
1 − x2
2 + 𝑥𝑥
∴ = 𝑘𝑘
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2 + 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘 − 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + (2 − 𝑘𝑘) = 0

For 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘 to intersect the curve,

Discriminant ≥ 0
12 − 4𝑘𝑘(2 − 𝑘𝑘) ≥ 0
4𝑘𝑘 2 − 8𝑘𝑘 + 1 ≥ 0
1
𝑘𝑘 2 − 2𝑘𝑘 + ≥ 0
4
3
(𝑘𝑘 − 1)2 − ≥ 0
4
2
2 √3
(𝑘𝑘 − 1) − � � ≥ 0
2
√3 √3
�𝑘𝑘 − 1 + � �𝑘𝑘 − 1 − � ≥ 0
2 2
3 3
k ≤1− or k ≥ 1 +
2 2
3 3
∴ y ≤ 1− or y ≥ 1+
2 2

√3 √3
∴ 𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔 = �−∞, 1 − � ∪ �1 + , ∞�
2 2

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Question 4
1 1
[ Ans: (a) prove (b)(i) 𝐴𝐴 = 1, 𝐵𝐵 = −1 (ii) − (ii) 499 ]
3 2n + 3
(a) Let
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 : 1 × 3 × 6 + 2 × 4 × 7 + 3 × 5 × 8 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 2)(𝑛𝑛 + 5) =
1
12
(
n(n + 1) 3n 2 + 31n + 74 )
∑ r (r + 2)(r + 5) = 12 n(n + 1)(3n )
n
1
i.e.
2
+ 31n + 74 for 𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℤ+
r =1

𝑃𝑃1 : 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = � 𝑟𝑟(𝑟𝑟 + 2)(𝑟𝑟 + 5) = (1)(1 + 2)(1 + 5) = 18

𝑟𝑟=1
1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (1)(1 + 1)(3 + 31 + 74) = 18
12

∴ 𝑃𝑃1 is true.

∑ r (r + 2)(r + 5) = 12 k (k + 1)(3k )
k
1
Assume 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 is true for some 𝑘𝑘 ∈ ℤ . i.e.+ 2
+ 31k + 74
r =1
[ Aim: To prove 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘+1 is true. i.e.

∑ r (r + 2)(r + 5) = 12 (k + 1)(k + 2)[3(k + 1) ] ( )

k +1
+ 31(k + 1) + 74 = (k + 1)(k + 2) 3k 2 + 37k + 108
1 2 1
r =1 12
]
𝑘𝑘+1

� 𝑟𝑟(𝑟𝑟 + 2)(𝑟𝑟 + 5)
𝑟𝑟=1
𝑘𝑘

= � 𝑟𝑟(𝑟𝑟 + 2)(𝑟𝑟 + 5) + (𝑘𝑘 + 1)[(𝑘𝑘 + 1) + 2][(𝑘𝑘 + 1) + 5]

𝑟𝑟=1
1
= 𝑘𝑘(𝑘𝑘 + 1)(3𝑘𝑘 2 + 31𝑘𝑘 + 74) + (𝑘𝑘 + 1)(𝑘𝑘 + 3)(𝑘𝑘 + 6)
12
1
= (𝑘𝑘 + 1)[(3𝑘𝑘 3 + 31𝑘𝑘 2 + 74𝑘𝑘) + 12(𝑘𝑘 2 + 9𝑘𝑘 + 18)]
12
1
= (𝑘𝑘 + 1)(3𝑘𝑘 3 + 43𝑘𝑘 2 + 182𝑘𝑘 + 216)
12
1
= (𝑘𝑘 + 1)(𝑘𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘𝑘 2 + 37𝑘𝑘 + 108)
12

∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘+1 is true if 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 is true.

Since 𝑃𝑃1 is true, by mathematical induction, 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 is true for 𝑛𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .

2 2 A B
(b) (i) Let = = +
4r 2 + 8r + 3 (2r + 1)(2r + 3) 2r + 1 2r + 3
By “cover-up” rule,
2
𝐴𝐴 = =1
1
2 �− 2� + 3
2
𝐵𝐵 = = −1
3
2 �− � + 1
2
2 1 1
∴ 2 = −
4𝑟𝑟 + 8𝑟𝑟 + 3 2𝑟𝑟 + 1 2𝑟𝑟 + 3
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∑ 4r
2
(ii)
r =1
2
+ 8r + 3
𝑛𝑛
1 1
= �� − �
2𝑟𝑟 + 1 2𝑟𝑟 + 3
𝑟𝑟=1
1 1
= −
3 5
1 1
+ −
5 7
1 1
+ −
7 9
⋮
1 1
+ −
2𝑛𝑛 − 1 2𝑛𝑛 + 1
1 1
+ −
2𝑛𝑛 + 1 2𝑛𝑛 + 3
1 1
= −
3 2𝑛𝑛 + 3

(iii) S∞ = lim  −
1 1  1
=
n → ∞ 3 2n + 3  3

|𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 − 𝑆𝑆∞ | < 10−3

1 1 1
�� − � − � < 10−3
3 2𝑛𝑛 + 3 3
1
� � < 0.001
2𝑛𝑛 + 3
From GC,

smallest value of 𝑛𝑛 = 499

Question 5
[ Ans: (i) reason (ii) explain (iii) reason ]
(i) The manager would not be able to use stratified sampling because he/she will not be
able to know the total number of customers in the different age groups.

(ii) First the manager can decide on the quota for each age group to sample.
For example:
Age less than Age more
Age 20 – 35 Age 36 – 50 Total
20 than 50
25 25 25 25 100
Then he/she can collect feedback from each of the groups based on his/her
preference until the quotas are met.

(iii) The sampling may be biased as it depends on the method and preference of the
manager.

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Question 6
[ Ans: (i) 0.224 (ii) 0.149 (iii) 0.825 ]
(i) Let 𝑋𝑋 be the number of red sweets in a small packet of Droppers.
𝑋𝑋~𝐵𝐵(10, 0.25)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≥ 4) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 3)
= 0.224

(ii) Let 𝑌𝑌 be the number of red sweets in a large packet of Droppers.

𝑌𝑌~𝐵𝐵(100, 0.25)
𝑛𝑛 = 100 (large), 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = (100)(0.25) = 25 > 5, 𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝) = (100)(1 − 0.25) = 75 > 5

𝐸𝐸(𝑌𝑌) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 25, 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟(𝑌𝑌) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝) = (100)(0.25)(1 − 0.25) = 18.75

∴ 𝑌𝑌~𝑁𝑁(25, 18.75) approx.

𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌 ≥ 30)
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌 > 29.5) (c.c.)
= 0.149

(iii) Let 𝑊𝑊 be the number of large packets of Droppers containing at least 30 red sweets in
each packet out of the 15 packets.
𝑊𝑊~𝐵𝐵(15, 0.14935)
𝑃𝑃(𝑊𝑊 ≤ 3) = 0.825

Question 7
[ Ans: (i) state (ii) 0.165 (ii) 4 ]
(i) Assumption 1: The number of errors on a page is independent of that on another
page.
Assumption 2: The average number of errors per page is the same throughout the
daily newspaper.

(ii) Let 𝑋𝑋 be the number of errors on the first 6 pages of the newspaper.
𝑋𝑋~𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(1.3 × 6) ⇒ 𝑋𝑋~𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(7.8)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 10) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10)
= 0.165

(iii) Let 𝑌𝑌 be the number of errors on the first 𝑛𝑛 pages of the newspaper.
𝑌𝑌~𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(1.3𝑛𝑛)
𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌 < 2) < 0.05
𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌 = 0) + 𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌 = 1) < 0.05
(1.3𝑛𝑛)0 (1.3𝑛𝑛)1
𝑒𝑒 −1.3𝑛𝑛 + 𝑒𝑒 −1.3𝑛𝑛 < 0.05
0! 1!
−1.3𝑛𝑛 (1
𝑒𝑒 + 1.3𝑛𝑛) < 0.05
From GC,

least possible value of 𝑛𝑛 = 4

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Question 8
[ Ans: 𝜇𝜇 ≈ 0.883, 𝜎𝜎 2 ≈ 0.00559; 𝑝𝑝-value = 0.265, do not reject 𝐻𝐻0 ]
From GC,

𝜇𝜇 ≈ 𝑥𝑥̅ = 0.883
𝜎𝜎 2 ≈ 𝑠𝑠 2 = 0.0747852 = 0.00559

𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 0.9
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 < 0.9

𝑛𝑛 = 8
𝑥𝑥̅ = 0.8825
𝑠𝑠 2 = 0.0747852

Test Statistics:
𝑋𝑋� − 0.9
𝑇𝑇 = ~𝑡𝑡(7)
� 0.074785 �8

From GC,

𝑝𝑝-value = 0.26462

Since 𝑝𝑝-value > 0.10, there is insufficient evidence to doubt the owner’s claim that the
mean mass of the pineapples is at least 0.9 kg at 10% level of significance.

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Question 9
[ Ans: (i) 0.4 (ii) 0.185 (iii) 0.33, 0.165 ]
(i) 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐴𝐴)
= 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 0.4

(ii) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵)

= 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)
= 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
= 0.45 + 0.4 − (0.45)(0.4) = 0.67

𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶)

= 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − [𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐶𝐶) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)]
= 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − [𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)]
= 0.3 − [(0.45)(0.3) + (0.4)(0.3) − 0.1] = 0.145

∴ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ′ ) 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶)
= 1 − [𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶)]
= 1 − (0.67 + 0.145) = 0.185 𝐶𝐶

(iii) For greatest 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ′ ),

Check
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶)
= 0.3 − (0.45)(0.3)
∴ Greatest 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ′ ) = 0.165
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶)
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)
= 1 − 0.67 = 0.33 = 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
= 0.4 − (0.45)(0.4)
For least 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ′ ), = 0.22
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
∴ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶) < 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵)

𝐶𝐶
∴ Least 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶 ′ )
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 ∪ 𝐶𝐶)
= 1 − [𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶𝐶)]
= 1 − {𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) + [𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐶𝐶)]}
= 1 − [𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶)]
= 1 − [0.67 + 0.3 − (0.45)(0.3)] = 0.165

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Mathematics (Higher 2) 9740/02

Question 10
[ Ans: (i) sketch (ii)(a) −0.9807 (b) −0.9748 (c) −0.9986 (iii) 𝑃𝑃 = 34.8 − 0.147√ℎ
(iv) 𝑃𝑃 = 34.8 − 0.266√𝐻𝐻 ]
(i) From GC, 𝑃𝑃

(ii) (a) From GC,

𝑟𝑟 = −0.9807

(b) From GC,

𝑟𝑟 = −0.9748

(c) From GC,

𝑟𝑟 = −0.9986

(iii) From (ii), as |𝑟𝑟| between √ℎ and 𝑃𝑃 is closest to 1, it can best model air pressure at
different heights. Its equation is:
𝑃𝑃 = 34.8 − 0.147√ℎ

(iv) Let 𝐻𝐻 be the height in metres.

∴ ℎ = 3.28𝐻𝐻

∴ Required equation:
𝑃𝑃 = 34.780 − 0.14687√3.28𝐻𝐻
𝑃𝑃 = 34.780 − 0.14687√3.28√𝐻𝐻
𝑃𝑃 = 34.8 − 0.266√𝐻𝐻

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Mathematics (Higher 2) 9740/02

Question 11
[ Ans: (i) 10080 (ii) 10079 (iii) 720 (iv) 5760 ]
CABGES
CAB

(i) Number of arrangements

8!
= = 10080
2! 2!

(ii) Number of arrangements

= 10080 − 1 = 10079

(iii) C A A B B G E S
Number of arrangements
= 6! = 720

(iv) Case 1: Inserting “B’s” into:  C  A A  G  E  S 

Number of arrangements
= 5! � 6𝐶𝐶2 � = 1800

Case 2: Inserting “A’s” into:  C  B B  G  E  S 

Number of arrangements
= 5! � 6𝐶𝐶2 � = 1800

Case 3: C A A B B G E S
Number of arrangements
= 720

Number of arrangements
= 10080 − 1800 − 1800 − 720
= 5760

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Mathematics (Higher 2) 9740/02

Question 12
[ Ans: (i) 0.127 (ii) 0.0524 (iii) 0.742 ]
(i) Let 𝑋𝑋 be the mass of an apple.
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(300, 202 )

𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ) = 5𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 5(300) = 1500

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ) = 5𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 5(202 ) = 2000

∴ 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ~𝑁𝑁(1500, 2000)

𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 > 1600) = 0.0127

(ii) Let 𝑌𝑌 be the mass of a pear.

𝑌𝑌~𝑁𝑁(200, 152 )

𝐸𝐸(𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 ) = 8𝐸𝐸(𝑌𝑌) = 8(200) = 1600

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 ) = 8𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌) = 8(152 ) = 1800

∴ 𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 ~𝑁𝑁(1600, 1800)

𝐸𝐸�(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ) − (𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 )� = 1500 − 1600 = −100

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉�(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ) − (𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 )� = 2000 + 1800 = 3800

∴ (𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ) − (𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 )~𝑁𝑁(−100, 3800)

𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 > 𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 )

= 𝑃𝑃�(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 ) − (𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 ) > 0�
= 0.0524

(iii) Let 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 be the total mass of 5 peeled apples.

𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 = 0.85(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋5 )
𝐸𝐸(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 ) = 0.85(1500) = 1275
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 ) = 0.852 (2000) = 1445
∴ 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 ~𝑁𝑁(1275, 1445)

Let 𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 be the total mass of 8 peeled pears.

𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 = 0.90(𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌8 )
𝐸𝐸(𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ) = 0.90(1600) = 1440
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ) = 0.902 (1800) = 1458
∴ 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 ~𝑁𝑁(1440, 1458)

𝐸𝐸(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 + 𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 ) + 𝐸𝐸(𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ) = 1275 + 1440 = 2715

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 + 𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 ) + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ) = 1445 + 1458 = 2903

∴ 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 + 𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 ~𝑁𝑁(2715, 2903)

𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 + 𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃 < 2750) = 0.742

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