Major Project Report

ON

PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN FOR MICRO WATERSHED OF SHIRPURWA VILLAGE

For partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of technology in Agril. Engg.

Submitted to:- Under guidance:-

Er. Ashwani Duggal Er. K.P. Mishra

Head of Department Associate Professor

(Agril. Engg. & Food Tech.) (Agriculture Engineering)

Submitted by

TARUN DAHARWAL

AMARDEEP THAKUR

PRASHANT DONGRE

JAYDEEP SINGH

SANDEEP PRAJAPATI

B.Tech. (Agril. Engg.) VIII Semester (2015-16 Batch)

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

MAHATMA GANDHI CHITRAKOOT GRAMODAYA VISHWAVIDHYALAYA CHITRAKOOT SATNA (MP)

 CERTIFICATE
Mahatma Gnadhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot Dist. Stana (M.P.) India

Pin code:485334

This is certified that the work entitled “Preparation of Master Plan for
Shirpurwa (Micro Watershed)” is a piece of research work done by Mr. Tarun
Daharwal, Mr. Amardeep Thakur, Mr. Prashant Dongre, Mr. Jaydeep
Singh, Mr. Sandeep Prajapati under my guidance and supervision for the degree
of B.Tech Agril. Engg. Of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya
Vishwavidhyalaya, Chitrakoot,Satna (M.P.) India. To the best of my knowledge
and belief the thesis:

1. Embodies the work of the It is to certify that the work entitled “Preparation of
Master plan for shirpurva candidate hershelf;
2. Has duly been completed;
3. Fulfills the requirements of the ordinance relating to B.Tech Agril. Engg.
Degree of the university;
4. Is up to standard both in respect of contents and language for being reffered to
the examiner.

Guide H.O.D DEAN

Er. K.P. Mishra Er. A.K. Duggal Dr. A.K. Pandey

(Associate Professor) (Ag.Engg. & Food Tech) ( F.E.T)

 SELF ATTESTATION
It is certified that i have worked on the project entitled “preparation of master
plan for shirpurwa (micro watershed)” the results mentioned in the project report
have been a been generated during the work and are genuine. Data/information
obtained from other agencies have been duly acknowledged. None of finding
information pertaining to the work has been concealed. The results embodied in
this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for
the award of any degree, diploma or certificate.

Date:

Place: Chitrakoot Tarun Daharwal

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334

 SELF ATTESTATION
It is certified that i have worked on the project entitled “preparation of master
plan for shirpurwa (micro watershed)” the results mentioned in the project report
have been a been generated during the work and are genuine. Data/information
obtained from other agencies have been duly acknowledged. None of finding
information pertaining to the work has been concealed. The results embodied in
this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for
the award of any degree, diploma or certificate.

Date:

Place: Chitrakoot Amardeep Thakur

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334

 SELF ATTESTATION
It is certified that i have worked on the project entitled “preparation of master
plan for shirpurwa (micro watershed)” the results mentioned in the project report
have been a been generated during the work and are genuine. Data/information
obtained from other agencies have been duly acknowledged. None of finding
information pertaining to the work has been concealed. The results embodied in
this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for
the award of any degree, diploma or certificate.

Date:

Place: Chitrakoot Prashant dongre

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334

 SELF ATTESTATION
It is certified that i have worked on the project entitled “preparation of master
plan for shirpurwa (micro watershed)” the results mentioned in the project report
have been a been generated during the work and are genuine. Data/information
obtained from other agencies have been duly acknowledged. None of finding
information pertaining to the work has been concealed. The results embodied in
this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for
the award of any degree, diploma or certificate.

Date:

Place: Chitrakoot Jaydeep Singh

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334

 SELF ATTESTATION
It is certified that i have worked on the project entitled “preparation of master
plan for shirpurwa (micro watershed)” the results mentioned in the project report
have been a been generated during the work and are genuine. Data/information
obtained from other agencies have been duly acknowledged. None of finding
information pertaining to the work has been concealed. The results embodied in
this project report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for
the award of any degree, diploma or certificate.

Date:

Place: Chitrakoot Sandeep prajapati

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334

 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the minor project report entitled “preparation of master
plan for shirpurwa (micro watershed)” is prepared by us and submitted to the
faculty of Engineering and technology, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya
Vishwavidhyalaya,chitrakoot,Satna(M.P) in partial fulfillment for degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Agricultural Engineering, is recorded as original and
authentic work under supervision able guidance of Er. K.P Mishra senior
professor in FET,MGCGVV,Chitrakoot Satna (M.P).

The available Publist /Unpublist data have been incorporated/ utilized with due
acknowledgement , to draw our own interpretation and conclusion .

Tarun daharwal

Amardeep Thakur

Prashant dongre

Jaydeep singh

Sandeep prajapati

Date :

Palce : MGCGV Chitrakoot

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to express our deep sense of gratefulness to the almighty
god for giving continuous support & confidence.

We wish to express our heartily sense of gratitude

indebtedness to our guide Er. K.P.Mishra , senior professor in FET , MGCGV and
co-guide MGCGV Chitrakoot Satna (M.P.) for his constant
inspiration, encouragement and illustrative and learned guidance during our
project work.

We are extremely thankful to Dr. A Pandey (Deen FET), Er.

Ashwani guggal (H.O.D.), Rajesh Khariya, Er. R. K. Sinha, Er. V. K. Gupta, Er.
Bastani sir for their constructive suggestion during the project work.,

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our dear friends and

juniors for their immense help and information for upgrading our knowledge on
topic and was always there whenever needed.

We shall feel in our duty if we do not record the value of great affection and
inspiration of reverent parents for their affection contion continuous financial and
moral support thoughout our study period.

Tarun Daharwal

Amardeep Thakur

Prashant Dongre

Jaydeep singh

Sandeep Prajapati

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya

Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India Pin code: 485334
 INDEX

S. N. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. List of Abbreviations

2. List of symbols

3. Introduction

4. Objective

5. Justification

6. Review of Literature

7. Materials & Methodology

8. General description of watershed

9. Land use capability classification

10. Design small farm pond and stone wall at site

11. Crop management

12. Observation

13. Result and Conclusion

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

% Percent

Agril- Agricultural

ASAE- American Society of Agricultural Engineers

M Meter

DC Drainage Coefficient

Dept Department

FAO Food and Agricultural Engineering

Hr Hour

Ha Hectare

Km Kilometer

Mm Millimeter

Mgcgv Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya

m/s Cubic meter per second

Rs Rupees

ICID International Committee on Irrigation and drainage

NCA National Commission of Agriculture

RES Rural engineering service

S Second

MOA Ministry of Agriculture

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

C Run-off coefficient

Tc Time of concentration

D Discharge

A Area

P Wetted Perimeter

R Hydraulic Radius

N Manning coefficient

V Velocity of Flow

H Total Energy Head

Q Discharge per meter length

dc Critical depth of flow

D Nrmal depth of flow

G Aceeleration due to gravity

Fr Froude number

Y Vertical distance between crest and the stilling basin floor

d2 Vertical distance between tail water level and floor of the stilling basin

Lb Length of stilling basin

yt Vertical distance between crest and tail water level

Avg. Average
CHAPTER-1
 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1. Master plan
Master plan is a tool to guide and manage the growth of any watershed in a
planned manner preparation of master plan based on the data collected from
various sources is a pre-quite for any watershed development program. Such a
step is useful not only to describe the site specific technology but also to help in
proper monitoring of progress , operation the budget and for achieving inter-
departmental co-ordination .

The master plan must reflect an integrated approach and therefore, each
component of programme should be described in detail.

The proper development and management of watershed calls for accurate and vital
data to be made available on a periodic basis in order to formulate a responsive
spatial planning framework.

1.1.2. Function of master plan and major contenet.

 To guide development of a watershed so as to improve the quality of life of
its citizens.
 Organize and co-ordinate the complex relationship between lands uses.
 Direct physical development of the watershed in relation to its social and
economics characteristic based on compressive survey and studies on the
present status and the future growth prospects.
 Provide a resources mobilization plan for the present development.
1.1.3. The major content of the master plan.
 Physical characteristics and natural resources.
 City influence area / village covered area.
 Demography.
 Economic base including employment in formal and informal sectors.
 Social infrastructures (health and education) and land use.

1.1.4. Map to prepared

 Soil survey map.
 Present land use map.
 Land capability map (based on slope and vegetation).

1.1.5 Watershed and Watershed management:

Watershed:- Is the area which contributes water to a single outlet. Watershed
boundary is called water divide or ridge line. Everyone lives in a watershed. A
watershed is the land area drained by a river/stream system. Rain falls and snow
melting from field, forests, rooftops, lawns and street flows toward lakes or river
and forms a watershed. Smaller drainage areas – The component parts of a
watershed are called sub watersheds. Watershed are separated from each other by
high land elevation called watershed divide line.

Watershed management:- Is the management of natural resources like soil,

water, vegetation, man, animals etc. on sustained basis for maximizing production
of various commodities required for the livelihood of rural population and
conservation of the environment.
 OBJECTIVE
=============================

 TO PREPARE THE MASTER PLAN FOR MICRO

WATERSHED
 TO MAKE DOUBLE THE INCOME OF FARMERS
 JUSTIFICATION
Area profile:
Geografically our watershed area( shirpurwa) situated in chitrakoot,
Madhya pradesh 485334. And its latitude 25*10”39N and longitude
80*12”E at earth surface. The total watershed area(micro watershed) is
339.2 Hactare. The watershed area also near from the state border line of
Uttar Pradesh.The watershed area 90Km away from District satna Madhya
Prades and 15Km away from district karwi Uttar Pradesh..

Other detail
 The area of shirpurwa watershed is farming/ agriculture based land about
85% people of area are involved in agriculture so there in need for
enhancement and improvement in yield by alternate land use system.
 The planning of its implementation of master plan thus facilities the orderly
and planned development of cities in a sustainable manner and ultimately
development of people of watershed.
 Gully plug are helpful to the watershed to reduce the erosion problem.
 Check dam act as storage and water harvesting structure which cause
infiltration and ultimately increase the time of concentration of given
watershed.
 Review of literature

District rural development agency satna (M.P.)(15th june 2002)

The krishivigyan Kendra (KVK) managed by deendayal research institute at

majhgawan Dist. Satna has implemented an extensive and integrated project
in the collabrotion with the DRDA Govt. of satna under the rajiv Gandhi
watershed mission in the majhgawan block with the maim objective of
deloping the area of natural resource base sustin . Its productivity
improving the standard of living and Enveadouring to restore the ecological
balance.
V.P. Singh and S.N. Singh [2003-2009]
A study was conducted during 2003-2009 to acces the impact of watershed
activities implemented by micro watershed K.V.K. satna [MP] during 2003-
2009 project title impact assessment of watershed activities in tribal area f
satna MP . Its work include soil and water conservation measure include
loose boulder , check dams staggered , contour , form pond , Earthen dam
for rainwater harvesting and recycling the productivity of major crop and
availablility of water in the managed area has incrased appreciably.
Union ministry of rural development requested samajpragatisahyog [dec.
2005]
This is the impulse motivating the writing of the manual. It is meant for
those individual and organization who will be involved in planning
implementing and monitoring NREGA, they need to be aware of the various
entitlement of worker under the act.

Economical perspective
Income, income inequality, consumption expenditure and poverty.

Singh (1974)in his book, entitled, “The Green Revolution in India- How
green it is?”, discussed the limitations of new agricultural technology and HYV
seeds. The author underlined that it is the intensity of capital requirement that
served as the major road block in universally spreading its effectiveness.

Luxminarayan (1979)studied importance of livestock for different farm

sizes based on NSS data. The importance of livestock for small holdings was
unabatedly much higher than the other farm size holdings because small
farmers tried to keep their own draught animals for the purpose of cultivation.

Aggarwal (1980)conducted study in rural Punjab and analysed the

impact of agriculture development in terms of per family and per capita income
among all categories of farmers as well as agricultural labourers.

Singh (1993)studied the income and expenditure pattern of farmers and

agricultural labourers in Punjab. He highlighted that the consumption
expenditure of small and marginal farmers exceeded their income.

Gill (1994)conducted a study on the economic development and

structural change in Punjab, and indicated towards the growing tendency of
capitalistic mode
of production.
I. Socio-economic characteristics, indebtedness and suicide among
marginal and smallfarmers
Rao (1975)conducted a study of three villages of Vishakhapatnam
district of Andhra Pradesh to comparatively examine the asset structure and
borrowing. Singh et al. (2004b) examined the extent and sources of farm loans
in Sangrur district of Punjab. The total sample consisted of 120 farmers in two
development blocks of Sangrur district of Punjab

Jayachandra and Naidu (2006)conducted a study to examine the impact

of dairy co-operatives on income employment and creation of assets of the
marginal and small farmers.
 Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice (2011)estimated that more
than a quarter million farmers had committed suicide in the last 16 years and
was the largest wave of recorded suicides in human history. A great number of
those affected were cash crop farmers and cotton farmers in particular

Gaur (2014)examined the development story of the state and revealed

that the rural economy of Punjab was based on agrarian and allied activities,
mainly livestock. The swelling cost of production and commercialization had
escalated the costs and risks prone to crop failure have landed small and
marginal farmers in the state of distress
CHAPTER-2
 Material and Methodology
1.2 Materials:-

1.2.1 Watershed
It refers to area drained by a stream in such a way that all flow originating
in that area is discharge d through a single outlet .
1.2.2. Watershed feature:-
The information on watershed features regarding by social survey and studies of
hydrological and morphological are very important in addition to the type of
watershed falling in particular area the various important feature of watershed
concern:
a) Size:- The watershed size varies from mini watershed to sub watershed
and given watershed fall under micro watershed .
b) Drainage divide:- Also called watershed boundary or ridge line. It play
very significant role to divide the water flow from the area i.e. whether
the water flowing toward or very away from the area with in the
watershed
c) Topography :-It is basically refers to the terrain land with the watershed
boundary terrain affect the trends to flow . example – if the steep slope
then the flow is very quick which may result in to occurrence of severe
soil erosion .on the other hand , if terrain is flat then there is very little
possibility of soil occurrence .
d) Soil type :- The soil is also considered as the one of the important feature
of watershed and given watershed area soil type sandy loam soil.
e) Contour line :- A contour line of the function two variable is curve along
which the function has constant value.
1.2.3. Continuous contour trench :-

In the watershed development technique by master planning of continuous contour

trench is used treated barren undulating land.

1.2.4.Non arable land:-

Land which is unsuitable for cultivation has at least one of the following
Deficiencies :- No source of fresh water too hot, too cold, too mountain, too salty,
too rainy, too snowy, too pollutant, too nutrient poor cloud may block the sunlight
plant need for photosynthesis (making sunlight into food reducing productivity.)

1.2.5. Gulley plug:-

Gully plug are constructed with rock or from weir in the gully channel to keep the
flow of water in the center of gully.

1.2.6. Check dam:-

A check dam is the small dam , which dam can be either temporary or permanent
built across the minor channel.

1.3. Software used:-

1.3.1. Global positioning system.

A GPS is a receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signal sent by
GPS satellite high above the Earth . Each satellite continuously transmits message
that include:-

The time , the message was transmitted.

Satellite position at time of message transition.

The receiver uses the message it receive to determine the transit time of each
message and compute the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. The
receiver is on the surface of each of these sphere when the distance to each
satellite location are correct . these location is then displayed, perhaps with a
moving map display or latitude elevation or altitude information may be included.
Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated
from position change.

1.3.2. Google Earth is a free software download from Google that allows us to
zoom into see highly detail aerial photo or satellite image of any place on the
planet Earth. Google Earth includes numerous layers of profession and community
submission assist the user in zooming to see interesting place . the search feature is
as easy to use as is Google search.
1.4. Methods

Collection of primary data :- A survey of whople far is done to get the primary
data . the data is recorded and the it is used to know the following .

1.4.1. Area of Each plot:- The whole watershed divided on gridline and
according to toposheet map (1:50000) calculate the whole watershed area and
area of each plot.

1.4.2. social survey:- In this data information include live farmer status, education
qualification, life style, present land use pattern etc. This information regarding by
villagers and villagepanchayat.

1.4.3. To prepare map :- The various type map prepare by conduct information of
watershed.

 Watershed area map:-

To find out area by manual method and scale of toposheet map (1:50000)
 Drainage map:-
This map give information on about location of outlet, order of steam , flow
of stream, soil erosion etc.
 Present land use map:-
This map prepare according to toposheet map and social survey. This map
indicate present cultivation land.
 Land use capability map according to slope and vegetation:-
This map prepare by obtain information and indicate arable and non arable
land by slope and vegetation.

1.4.4. To prepare master plan map:-

This map preparing by obtaining all information about is given watershed

area. And this indicate future land use pattern and location of check dam
arable land area, non arable land area, available source etc.
1.4.5. Planning of propose structure:

Each plot of all field is inspected carefully and then the reconnaissance map
is draw on a paper. This map include the demographic detail live the shape
of the plot, rough location of available water resources gullies and structure
after drawing the reconnaissance map, propose map is draw over it which
show the work which would be done over the land to check erosion and
increase crop production and it is also show where the water resource
should be made so that it can be used for irrigation with less power
consumption and also less cost of construction.
CHAPTER-3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED

1.1 Basic information about the area:

Villages:- Shirpurwa,kevtara,lohsiya
Panchayat:- Chitrakoot
Tehsil:- Manjhgawa
Block:- manjhgawa
District:- satna
State :- Madhya Pradesh

1.2 Land utilization pattern:

Total geographical area:- 339.2 hactare
Total cultivation land :- 265 hactare(Approx)
Total forest land:- 15 hactare(Approx)
Total pasture land:- 19.2 hactare(Approx)
Total water land:- 10 hactare(Approx)
Total waste land :- 30 hactare(Approx)

1.3 GPS system useful for

S .NO Place Latitude Longitude Altitude

N E
1. Shirpurwa 25*10’33” 80*53’19” 159
Outlet
2. Shirpurwa 25*10’39” 80*53’12” 162
center
3. Hanuman 25*10’06” 80*53’31” 165
dhara
stream
 1.3 Crops:
Kharif:- Yes
Rabi:- Yes
Zaid:-No

1.4 Crop productivity:

Wheat : Yes
Paddy : No
Arhar : Yes
Mastured : Yes
Gram : Yes
Sugarcan : No
Barley : Yes
Pearl millet : Yes

1.5 Water resource :

Ponds : 1
Wells : 9
Tube wells : 11
Hand pump : 10 (approx)

1.6 Temperature :

Minimum : 4°C
Maximum : 46°C
Average : 28°C
 1.7 Area :

Total area of the watershed is about 339.2 ha which is contribute by

about 3 villages. Villages are completely rural even looks like slums. To reach all
villages first we were gone to Shirpurwa by bike , which is about 4.1 km from
mgcgv.

1.8 Physiography :

The watershed area is in state of Madhya pradesh . All the 3 villages

are around the hanuman dhara and all the steames of our watershed which
ultimately meets to the mandakini river.Lohsiya village, where the outlet of
watershed is situated.

1.9 Climate:

Watershed comes under semi-arid region most of the rainfall

receiver in ( about 85%) second last week of june to first week of October.Rainfall
is moderate.

1.10 Soil:
Silt and sand moderate with low productivity soil in watershed area.

1.11 Vegetation:

Trees:- Babul,Mango,Neem,Banyan,Ber,Palas etc are largely found in

the watershed area. .

Shrubs:- There are very less area which is covered by shrubs so erosion
is very big problem.
 1.12 Drainage:

Due to presence of gully,higher infiltration capacity of soil and

unmetalled soil,there is no problem of water logging in this area.

1.13 Irrigation:

Irrigation is quite big issue in this watershed area,because farmers

are not aware about soil and water conservation techniques.They are completely
dependent on well & tubewell ,while water level is about 80 to 100 ft. which is very

Deep .

1.14 Land classification:

Land classification according to land slop,which is given

below table-

No. Class Slop% Area(Ha) Present land use pattern

1 Class1 0-1 180 Cropping wheat,maize.arhar,red gram

2 Class2 1-3 100 Cropping wheat,red gram,arhar,maize

3 Class3 3-5 30 Cropping wheat,vegetables

 4 Class4 5-8 15 Not useful but at some horticulture
crops are grown

5 Class5 8-12 ------

6 Class6 12-18 14.2 Forest area include.trees are available

there.

7 Class7 18-25 ------

8 Class8 >25 ------

1.15 Cattle population

Buffaloes Cow Bullocks Goats

80-100 100-120 60-80 180-200

1.16 General information

Number Total Farmer % Education Number of

of population criteria school
house
150 1400 apx. 85% Very poor 2
CHAPTER-4
The Master planning Process: Main steps are given
below
1. Introduction

2. General description of watershed

3. Present land use pattern and land capability classification
4. Analysis of problems and potential
5. Improved technology for adoption
6. Cost benefit analyisis
7. Budget proposals
8. Schedule of operation
9. Training
10. Evaluation and monitoring

 Following maps are generally enclosed with the master

plans

 Location map
 Topographical map
 Soil survey and land capability map
 Proposed land use map
 GOALS:-
 Reduce existing extent of flooding & drainage problems
 Improve water quality of stormwater runoff.
 Protect, enhance & restore natural conveyance & storage.
 Prevent future increased vulnerability to watershed problems.

 Evaluation Criteria:-
 Technical Criteria
 Economic Criteria
 Environmental Criteria
 Institutional -*Criteria

 HOW DO WE MASTER PLAN?

 Gather existing condition data
 Hydrology
 Hydraulics
 Erosion
 Water quality
 List problems
 List possible solution
 Recommended possible solution
 Flowpath determining times
 Apply a uniform rainfall to the watershed to determine flow rate
Chapter-5
 Land use capability classification

Field 1: cultivated
Land characteristics Rainfed area LUC classification Over-all
class

Area (ha) 265 II (Avg.)

Avg. slope % 1.0 I

Soil depth (cm) 22 II I

Erosion status Sheet ,Rill, Splash main I

erosion
Vegetative cover Not enough -

Field 2: forest
Land characteristics Rainfed area LUC classification Over-all
class

Area (ha) 15 IV

Ave. slope % 6 IV

Soil depth (cm) 21 III IV

Erosion status Sheet, rill,small IV
gully
Vegetative cover Not bad -
Field 3: pasture land

Land characteristics Rainfed area LUC classification Over-all

class
Area (ha) 19.2 III
Ave. slope % 8 IV
III
Soil depth (cm) 21 IV
Erosion status Moderat gully III
Vegetative cover GOOD -

Field 4: water land

Land characteristics Rainfed area LUC classification

Area (ha) 10 ----

Ave. slope % ---- II
Soil depth (cm) ---- ----
Erosion status Small gully ----
Vegetative cover Good ----
Field 6: waste land
Land Rainfed area LUC classification Over-all class
characteristics

Area (ha) 30 ---

Ave. slope % Some >30% IV and VII
Some include<8%
Soil depth (cm) 20 IV IV
Erosion status Rill and gully IV
erosion effective
Vegetative cover Very Poor ----
CHAPTER-6
 CONSTRUCTION OF FARM POND

After the site selection and pond dimensions decided, the pond site should be
cleared of all stones and woody vegetation. Before construction of farm pond,
proper layout should be made for proper construction. The design drawings for
farm pond with silt trap, inlet and outlet construction are given in coming figure.

Generally, the equipment’s used for pond construction are pull wheeled scrappers,
draglines and bulldozers.

DEPTH AND SIDE SLOPE OF FARM PONDS

Water technology centre for eastern region reported that, when pond construction
is done with labor, any increase in depth beyond 3.0 to 4.0m becomes
uneconomical. It also becomes uneconomical and difficult for lifting devices
operated with human and animal power. Hence, a depth of 2.5 to 3.5m may be
suitable in general for the ponds.

The side slope of the pond is decided based on their angle of repose of the material
being excavated and this angle of repose varies with type of soil. For the most
cases, the side slopes of 1:1 to 1.5:1 are recommended that, selected side slopes
are generally no steeper than the natural angle of repose of material. The standing
of water in a farm pond for a long duration may require relatively flatter side
slopes to avoid slippage due to saturation
.
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FARM POND
Proper maintenance of the pond can ensure good life and service as it prevents
expensive repair costs. A pond, no matter how well planned and built, must be
adequately maintained if its intended purpose are to be realized throughout its
expected life. The pond should be inspected periodically. Care should be taken
when heavy rains occur for the damages if any in farm pond. Initially damage may
be small, but if neglected it may increase until repair becomes impractically. Any
rills on the side slopes of the pond may be filled and any washes in the inlet
spillway must be immediately filled with suitable material with thorough
compaction. Care should be taken to keep the water in the pond as clean and
unpolluted as possible.

FENCING

Fencing must be erected around the farm pond to prevent the entry of wildlife,
stray dog etc. In farm field, cost effective vegetative hedges by using henna,
shallow rooted fruit trees, glyricidia etc. may be planned as protection to farm
pond.

SAFETY MEASURES

A sign board of size 1m*.5m must be installed near the farm pond. The board may
be written with the material indicating prohibition of the structure for swimming
and entry of animals. A danger signal with red color may also be displayed to the
top left corner of the sign board. The writing should be properly visible. Since,
farm ponds are fulfilling the needs and purpose of farmers; their continuous
improvement and modernization is an emerging trend among farmers to reduce all
types of losses i.e. Infiltration, seepage and evaporation to meet the summer water
demands of the farmers. Especially; Lining for infiltration as well as seepage and
floating Thermopolis sheets for evaporation losses reduction purposes.
LINING OF WATER BODIES/FARM PONDS

One of the easiest ways of reducing the seepage in the water bodies is to provide
an impervious lining material. A large number of factors have to be considered
before designing a perfect system for appropriate lining of the system. The
important geographical factors are topography, rainfall and type of soil in the
area. The engineering factors are design, alignment, transmission losses, capacity
and structures of the water bodies. The various types of linings can be grouped
into two main categories.

1. Exposed and hard surface lining: Such linings are constructed of

cement concrete and mortar, asphaltic materials, bricks, stones etc. Exposed and
hard surface lining are subject to wear, erosion and deterioration effect of the
flowing water, operation and maintenance equipment’s and other hazards.

2. Buried membrane lining: Buried membrane lining consists of an impervious

and relatively thin material covered by protective layer. The protective layer saves
the membrane from direct exposure, turbulent water, weeds, maintenance
equipment and animal traffic. Generally earth, gravel and tiles are used as
protective material, however, some other materials like concrete and asphalt
macadam have also been used successfully. The commonly used buried membranes
are

1. Sprayed-in-place asphalt membrane lining

2. Pre-fabricated asphalt membrane lining

3. Clay membrane lining

4. Plastic film lining

EVAPORATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES

This paper analyses the efficiency of existing technique in reducing

evaporation from small farm pond with the use of thermacol sheets as
floating cover and the results are compared with another farm pond
without any floating cover. Devergaon village in niphadtahshil of Nasik
district, Maharashtra, India was selected as study area as it belongs to
area of scanty rainfall. March, April and may were selected as the
 observation months as major loss of water is during summer season . 32
percentage of water is saved with this simple technique. The cost of
covering the pond is Rs 48/meter square. Due to thunderstorm sheets
were broken but the effect of floating cover still remained and saving of
water continued although it was slightly affected. The technique is simple
and can be very much useful to farmers in the areas where water
availability is a problem.

Currently there are four techniques adopted to reduce evaporation loss

frim the water bodies practiced by developed countries and Australia has
implemented these techniques to reduce evaporation loss.

The techniques are:

1. Floating modules

2. Floating bubble wrap type sheets

3. Suspended permeable and impermeable cover

water management methods and erosion control

structures
• runoff harvesting (catching runoff for supplementary irrigation);
• total absorption or infiltration;
• runoff diversion (redirecting excess water);
• runoff spreading (distribution of runoff energy).

STRUCTURES FOR RUNOFF HARVESTING

In semi-arid countries where rainfall is too sparse to allow crops to be grown on

the whole slope, part is used to favour runoff, which is then retrieved lower down
to irrigate smaller areas, make up for any lack in rainfall, and enhance crop
security . Figure spillways
 Cost and budget proposal
Our total watershed area is 339.2 hactare. Here average slope is 1%
and in water point of view only one pond situated,which is not big. Soil
erosion is very big problem in this area where approx all types of
erosion available as splash,rill,sheet,gully. Available soil structure is
not plane means structure is rough.
According to govt. survey avg. cost for watershed management Rs.6000
per hectare then aur total budget for watershed project is
6000*339.2=20 lac(approx).
In watershed management there are different works are carried out like
create pond, soil erosion control structure ,bunding,spillway, surface
planning etc.

Cost estimation for making stone wal/clay wall/Barier

Because of here stones are available in major quantity so making stone
wall is not very expensive for removing soil erosion problem and also
useful for making pond.
Length of wall= 25-40m
Width of wall=1.5-2m
Height of wall=1-2m
The total avg. volme of above measures are=84.14 cu.m
For making 1 cu.m stone wall cost is Rs.=200-300
So total cost for making 1wall of above given measures is
84.14*250=Rs. 21035 (approx).
For the whole watershed ,requirement of retaining stone wall is about
10,so the total budget is approx 2-3 lac.

Cost estimation for making farm pond

Because our watershed is not cover very large area so requirement of
pond is not very big. Here rain is the only source for pond water and it
is the area of semi arid.
Dimension detail:- Bottom width=10m*10m
Top width=20m*20m
Depth=3m
Side slope=1:1
Capacity=300 cu.m

Cost analysis:- Avg. soil excavation =750 cu.m.

If cost of excavation of 1 cu.m. is =Rs.400(Approx)
Total cost =750*400=3 lac.
Requirement number of farm pond is 4 in our watershed area.
Other cost like for surface planning, vegetative waterways,small bunds,
plantation, fencing,etc.
 Crop Management
Crop management practices for the safe use of salt-affected and saline
water primarily consists of growing suitable salt-tolerant crops,
managing seedbeds, and grading fields to minimize local accumulation
of salts, soil management, improving irrigation efficiency and soil,
water, and salinity monitoring for
assessing leaching and drainage requirements.

Crop production by land capability classification

Land capability Crop requirement

class

Class I Wheat, red gram, black gram,arhar,maize

Class II Wheat, vegetable crop,red gram
Class III Vegetable crop
Class IV Horticulture crop

Crop Rotations
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or
different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It is done
so that the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients. It helps
in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield.
The suitable crop rotations for this area are -

1. Maize-wheat
2. Horticulture crop-wheat
3. Arhar-moong
4. Maize-wheat-moong
5. Wheat-vegetable crop
CHAPTER-6
 Observation
Production and income of farmers before
master plan

S. crop Production(rs/Q)Avg. Income

no
Per hactare (Annual)

1. Wheat 1500*15=22500 22500

2. Red gram 1500*10=15000 15000

3. Arhar 3500*4=14000 14000

4. Vegetable crops ------------------------ 5000-7000

 Production and income of farmer will be after
master plan

S.No Crop Production(Q/ha) Price Income

(Rs./Q)
1. Wheat 30 1500 45000
2. Red gram 20 1500 30000
3. Arhar 6 3500 21000
4. Vegetable 10000
crops ----- ----

Land use before and after

Present land use pattern Future land use pattern
Cultivated land Scientific farming,use techniques

Forest Agri-horticulture & agri-silviculture

Pasture Silvi-pastural system,poultry farming

Waste land Multipurpose tree product

zone,animal farming
 Result & Conclusion

Result
1. To calculate the total area for “Shirpurwa watershed”( map
no.1)

Area was calculated as 339.2 ha through grid point

methodology by the use of google earth map.

2. Design the farm pond in selected watershed so ultimately

achieve the goal.
3. Design the farm pond according to farmers land holding and
crop management plans for their economic sustainability.
4. To observe farmers crop production income .
5. Make the master plan of shirpurwa watershed for the
development of area. Map no 2,3,4,5
Conclusion
By the land use capability classification map of the watershed we came
to know different characteristic of the land such as slope, depth etc.
These characters ensures the farmers and local people as well to do
recommended farming and allied practices which provides the vital
benefits to the farmers and local people.

The on spot surveying of the watershed helped us in making plans for the
soil water conservation & erosion control structures in the suitable
location for ground water recharge, storing water for irrigation and
allied usages (i.e livestock) and for rising productivity and largely to
control soil erosion.

The ultimate aim of project was preparing master plan in with it is

included to make the use of land according to its capability and slope to
raise the socio economic status of the people by applying the
agronomical measures to watershed.
 People Interesting Response when we asked
some questions
In our visit of that particular area of watershed,

Q. What kind of crop productivity is here in this particular region?

A. wheat, red gram,arhar,maize and vegetative crop are the main crops
that is usually taken in this region.

Q. What are the sources of irrigation in your area?

A. Here well and bore well are the major sources of irrigation.

Q. What type of irrigation pattern you adopted?

A. In this area flood and border furrow irrigation are mostly adopted.

Q. What is the status of farm mechanization?

A. Its very rare in practice, still traditional methods are in trend here.
Q. What is the employment status in this area?
A. Most of the youths are migrating towards cities like Jabalpur and
Allahabad for employment.

Q. Are you satisfied with your income sources and what you expect next
to increase your living standard?
A. Its satisfactorily to run the family but to increase our living standards
its required quite more or just we need somewhat support from the govt.

Q. Are you all villagers aware about all the new schemes and policies
which government runs for the betterment of villagers?
A. Some of the schemes and policies we know but about all schemes or
policies we rarely updated from that.

Q. Don’t you think your village is so backward yet here no technologies

is being adopted for increasing the crop productivity?
A. Yes, its totally true .lack of awareness in between the people is the
main reason for that.
 REFERENCE

1. Principal of agricultural engineering T.P Ojha & A.M

Micheal.
2. Crop analysis data by the local farmers.
3. Gram panchayat Shirpurwa
4. Google search engine
5. Google Earth map.
6. Topographic survey of toposheet
7. Watershed management by v.v dhruva narayana ,G. sastry
U.P patnaik CSWCRTI Dehra dun.
8. wikipedia