International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET)

Volume 9, Issue 4, July-August 2018, pp. 33–45, Article ID: IJEET_09_04_004

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=9&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553
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© IAEME Publication

A FUZZY-BASED COMBINED MPPT

TECHNIQUE FOR WIND AND SOLAR SYSTEM
Dr Sudhir Sharma
Associate Professor and Head of the Department,
Electrical Engineering Department, DAV Institute of Engg. & Tech., Jalandhar, India

Sandeep Kaur
Student, Department of Electrical Engineering,
DAV Institute of Engg. & Tech., Jalandhar, India

ABSTRACT
Maximum Power Point Tracking has been using to enhance the capability of the
power generation systems. There are two different power generation systems such as
solar and wind which have been used by several researchers. Alternatively, in this
paper, hybridization of these systems is done which are controlled by the fuzzy logic. It
has combined with the system to make a decision about the participation of MPPT in
the model. The simulation analysis has performed using the MATLAB Simulink model
where wind and solar both systems are operated. From the results analysis, it has
shown that the proposed system concludes fewer fluctuations as well as less distortion
in the system.
Key words: Maximum Power Point Tracking, Solar energy, Wind energy, Total
Harmonic Distortion.
Cite this Article: Dr Sudhir Sharma and Sandeep Kaur, A Fuzzy-Based Combined
MPPT Technique for Wind and Solar System. International Journal of Electrical
Engineering & Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 33–45.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=9&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION1
There is a variable source of energy that is available on earth such as coal, petroleum, natural
gasses etc. These resources can be categorized into two types as follows:
 Renewable Sources of Energy
 Non-Renewable Sources of Energy

Renewable Sources of Energy: The renewable sources of energy generation are solar, wind,
rain, tides, geothermal heat etc [1]. These sources of energies generally opt the energy from
natural resources.

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 A Fuzzy-Based Combined MPPT Technique for Wind and Solar System

Nonrenewable Source of Energy: The nonrenewable resources are such as coal, oil,
petroleum, etc. which can be exhausted totally if used in excess. There is a need to conserve
nonrenewable sources of energy, therefore, these are also known as finite sources of energy
[2]. The example of a non-renewable source of energy is minerals, ores that are extracted
from the crust of earth by the time when the natural geographical process takes place which
makes sources viable to extract for economical use.
As the human being is overusing the energy sources such as petroleum, coal, a natural oil
which will results in depletion of these resources within coming hundred years.
Hence there is a need to shift the focus on the renewable source of energy in spite of
nonrenewable sources of energy because; there is no risk of depletion of the renewable source
of energy. In 2012, it was surveyed that 19% of energy was consumed in that year and this
number observed to be increased in 2013 and 2014 as per renewable global status survey
[3][4].
Given table depicts the summarized report generated by a survey that point to global rapid
enhancement in renewable energy on the basis of last few years from 2010-2013.

Table 1 Necessary global indicators for renewable energy

S. No. Energy Sources (Gw) 2010 2011 2012 2013
1. Renewable power 1,250 1355 1470 1560
installed capacity with
hydro
2. Renewable power 315 395 480 560
installed capacity
without hydro
3. Solar PV installed 40 71 100 139
capacity
4. Wind power installed 198 238 283 318
capacity
5. Concentrating Solar 1.1 1.6 2.5 3.4
Thermal Power installed
capacity

From the above-defined tables and points, it is observed that the natural resources are
depleting day by day for that reason in order to fulfil the required need of energy the power
sector is researching for substitute of these resources.
By using the renewable energy, the carbon molecules that are available in the atmosphere
can be decreased through which the issue of global warming can be overcome [5]. There are
various renewable sources are available out of which solar PV systems or wind PV systems
are most prominent sources due to its simple and easy implementable topology.
PV system is a device which is made up of semiconductors which are in the solid state.
These semiconductors are used to generate electric power when it comes in the touch with
light [6]. A PV device can be created by interconnecting these solar cells either parallel or in a
series. It is better to connect these solar cells in series to achieve the high output voltage. The
features like long-lasting benefits and free of maintenance cost make PV systems more useful.

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 Dr Sudhir Sharma and Sandeep Kaur

Figure 1 PV generation System

PV devices are mainly divided into categories as per their functionalities and operations
performed by the devices, modules, the configuration of the system [7]. Grid-connected and
standalone systems are two main categories of PV systems. These systems are created to
produce DC and AC power energy to operate grid on an individual basis which is connected
with other storage devices and energy sources.

2. MPPT (MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING)

MPPT stands for maximum power point tracking. It is a control technique or method which is
basically employed with energy resources in order to extract the maximum capable energy of
PV modules [8][9]. The objective behind employing MPPT is to enhance the efficiency of PV
system. A large number of algorithms is created for MPPT control.

2.1. Types of MPPT Algorithms

Various MPPT techniques have been developed form last few years. These techniques are
divided as follows:
1. Online methods
a. VMPPT
b. CMPPT
c. Look up Table
2. Offline methods
a. P & O
b. Incremental
c. Temperature
d. 3 Point MPPT
3. Indirect methods
a. ANN
b. Load Parameter
c. RCC
Out of above-defined techniques, offline methods are solar cell dependable methods.
Figure 2 depicts the categorization of MPPT techniques. In this the three main categorize are
further subdivided into modules as online MPPT techniques have further 4 more techniques
under its category, similarly, the offline technique consist 5 subcategories and indirect

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 A Fuzzy-Based Combined MPPT Technique for Wind and Solar System

technique is divided into three more types. Most of the MPPT techniques suffer from the
problem of slow tracking which directly degrades the utilization efficiency of the system [10].

2.2. Need for MPPT

The need for MPPT arises due to disadvantages of PV systems. By deploying PV system, if
the system tries to extract more energy as compared to the amount of energy that is produced
by the system then there is a requirement of extra cost which is not feasible to implement. The
MPPT is an electrical DC to DC converter or device that optimizes the similarities among PV
devices, in this way it enhances the efficiency of power system [11]. To enhance the
capability of power generation PV devices modifies the high voltage output that is received
from the renewable source of energy to lower voltage power which is required to run the
batteries. In MPPT DSPs are used to handle the converters [12]. The working of MPPT starts
by receiving the input from PV systems then converts this power to high voltage DC voltage
power and then splits it to the various DC voltage currents

2.3. Fuzzy Logic Control based MPPT techniques.

From last few years, fuzzy logic based MPPT mechanism is most popular among the research
workers in this field. The fuzzy logic based MPPT technique operates on the basis of
estimated inputs and it is also able to manage the non-linear functions and did not require an
exact model or match for processing [13]. Above defined characteristics of the fuzzy logic
system makes it more popular among the researchers in various fields. The working of the
fuzzy logic system is divided into three various states such as Fuzzification, decision making
and Defuzzification.
Following figure 3 explains the working process of the fuzzy system in brief. Firstly a
crisp value is added to the fuzzy system as an input. Then Fuzzification process is applied to
the crisp fuzzy values. Fuzzification is a process which converts the crisp values into fuzzy
sets [20].

Figure 2 Fuzzification [34]

Then defined rules are applied to the fuzzy input set driven by applying fuzzification. On
the basis of rules an intelligent decision is taken and then the fuzzy sets are converted to the
crisp values back by applying the Defuzzification [14].

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 Dr Sudhir Sharma and Sandeep Kaur

Rules

Crisp Fuzzification Defuzzification Crisp

Input
Outp
ut
Fuzzy Input Fuzzy Output

Intelligence

Figure 3 Working of Fuzzy Logic Based System

Fuzzification: It is a process in which the numerical values are converted to linguistic
variables. The input membership function is defined on the basis of any interval such as [-1
1]. In case of the power system, PV array and MPPT voltages are two inputs that are used to
define the control values.
Decision making phase: In this phase, the system generates output by using input functions
on the basis of If-Then rules set. Fuzzy logic contains a fuzzy rule set which defines the rules
in the form of If-Then.
Defuzzification: It is a process in which to manage the power and to control the operating
point to MPP analogue signals are generated.

3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Energy is important for the human life and economy. Consequently, due to the increase in the
industrial revolution, the world energy demand has also increased. In the later years, irritation
about the energy crisis has been increased. Fossil fuels have started to be gradually depleted.
It is a global challenge to generate a secure, available, and reliable energy and at the same
time reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Energy saving was suggested by the researchers to
meet the worldwide energy demand. But this method is a cost-effective solution. One of the
most effective and suitable solutions is the renewable energy supplies. Recently an MPPT
strategy was proposed to extract maximum power from a variable speed wind turbine based
on squirrel cage induction machine drive by using a fuzzy logic control. The main issue that
was analyzed in the previous model was that the till date most of the researchers work on the
Pv array based MPPT systems only a few did work on wind-based power source but no one
worked on combining both sources. Also if it will be done there will need to decide when it is
to be switched so further work can be done in the proposed model.

4. PROPOSED WORK
As per the study, it was analyzed that no work was done on combining the multi-source
models as PV that is solar and the wind source. So in the proposed model, it is proposed that
the model will have both the solar and the wind as a source and a hybridized model. Also, a
new thing will be used that the switching will not be done manually that will be done using a
fuzzy model that which source will be switched on. Finally, the rest MPPT will work on the
fuzzy control based simulation. The whole working will be done using the MATLAB
Simulink.

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 A Fuzzy-Based Combined MPPT Technique for Wind and Solar System

5. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND SIMULINK MODEL

Mathematical Model of PV Array
In the proposed work, both source models have been utilized. The general mathematical
model of PV array has been studied over past years. This equivalent circuit consists of
different models such as a photocurrent, a diode, a parallel resistor expressing a leakage
current and a series of the resistor. These components defined the internal resistance to the
current flow. The figure depicts this idea below:

Figure 4 Circuit diagram of the PV model

The equation of solar cell is given below. This equation is of voltage-current

characteristics such as:
( )
( ) (1)

In the above equation 1, Iph is considered as the light generated current or photocurrent.
Io is the cell saturation of dark current.
The electron charge is considered as q = 1.6 * 10-19 C and K = 1.38* 10-23 J/K is the
Boltzmann’s constant. Other parameters such as T, N and Rsh are considered as the cell’s
working temperature, ideal factor and shunt resistance respectively. And Rs is a series
resistance in the equation 1. The photocurrent is totally dependent upon the solar irradiance as
well as on the cell temperature which can be derived in the below equation as:
( ( )) (2)
In the equation 2, Iscr represents the cell’s short current at a 250 C and 1 kW/m2. Ki
symbolizes the cell’s short circuit current temperature coefficient. Tr is the cell’s reference
temperature and G is the solar irradiance in Km/m2.
With the variation in the temperature of the cell, the saturation current of the cell also
varies. The equation to describe this variation is discussed below:
( )
( ) ( ) (3)

Tc= ((NOCT-20) * ) + (Ta) (4)

In the equation 3, IOR signifies the cell reverse saturation current at a reference
temperature as well as a solar irradiance. The Nominal operating cell temperature symbolizes
through the NOCT. The band gap energy of the semiconductor in the cell shows as eg. The

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 Dr Sudhir Sharma and Sandeep Kaur

variable N is considered as the ideality factor which is dependent on the PV technologies.

Thus, the concluded behaviour of the PV cells are described using five parameters such as
Iph, N, Is, Rsh. This model is used to represent the physical PV cell/module. The five
parameters mentioned are related to the two different environmental parameters such as solar
irradiance and the temperature.

Mathematical Model of Wind

The method which is used to extract the amount of power from the wind is Wind Turbine.
And the expression which is used for such purpose is given as:

.. (5)

(6)

With λ (7)

Cp in the equation 5 shows the ability of a wind turbine in order to extract the power from
the wind. This parameter is a complex function of λ and . The Cp parameter is considered as
the power coefficient. This coefficient parameter is used to represents the fraction of a power
in the wind which is captured by the wind turbine. The power coefficient can be represented
in the following formula as:

( ) (8)

Where the equation 2 shows the pitch angle of the blade in degrees with the symbol β and
tip speed ratio of the turbine is shown with γ.

Mathematical Model of MPPT

The mathematical model of the MPPT which has used in designing the proposed model has
described in this section. The MPPT can be defined in terms of two different conditions
shown as:
( )
(9)

( )

( )

( ) (10)
In the above equation (10), (a) represents the condition at MPP, and (b) and (c) represents the
condition on left and right respectively.
Moreover, the beta method is used to approximate the point of maximum power using the
equation of variable which is independent i.e. (11)

( ) (11)

In the equation 11, c represents the (q/ (σ.K.T.Ns)) which is constant depending on the
electric charge q,

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 A Fuzzy-Based Combined MPPT Technique for Wind and Solar System

σ= quality factor of the junction panel,

K=Boltzmnn constant,
T= Temperature and
Ns= amount of PV cells in series
As the conditions of the operation can be change but the value of β remains constant this
can be used to calculate the voltage as well as the current of the panel and further, be inserted
into a conventional closed loop having a constant reference.

Figure 5 Proposed model of MPPT

The above method described the proposed model of MPPT where fuzzy has combined to
it to generate an optimum solution and perform switching between two different power
systems i.e. wind and solar.

6. RESULTS
This section of the paper explained the results acquired after performing the proposed method.
In the proposed method solar and wind have combined together. Moreover, it uses the fuzzy
logic decision model to decide when the MPPT will be participating. The experiment analysis
was performed using the MATLAB Simulink model to examine the results of the proposed
method.

Figure 6 Fuzzy model of the proposed work

In this model wind and solar units are combined and an MPPT controller is designed for
the system to extract maximum power from the resources. The MPPT is controlled by the
fuzzy logic.

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 Dr Sudhir Sharma and Sandeep Kaur

Figure 6 represents the fuzzy model of the proposed work. This fuzzy model is used to
switch between two different power generation systems wind and solar. For the proposed
model, two different inputs such as error and change error and one output i.e. Voltage
reference has taken. Based on the given input, an output has produced.
NB NS ZE PS PB
1

0.8
Degree of membership

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Error

Figure 7 Membership function of the first input parameter

Figure 7 shows the membership function of the first input parameter such as Error. The
above membership function ranges from 0 to 1. Likewise, figure 8 and 9 also depicts the
membership function of another input i.e. change error and one output function i.e. voltage
reference respectively.

NB NS ZE PS PB
1

0.8
Degree of membership

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ChangeError

Figure 8 Membership function of the second input parameter

NB NS ZE PS PB
1

0.8
Degree of membership

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

VoltageReference

Figure 9 Membership function of the output parameter

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 A Fuzzy-Based Combined MPPT Technique for Wind and Solar System

800

700

600

500

Voltage
400

300

200

100

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time

Figure 10 Voltage of the proposed model

The figure 10 shows the voltage of the proposed model. From the result it has been
cleared that the number of distortions in the voltage are less and the system is more stable.
300

250

200
THD

150

100

50

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time

Figure 11 Total Harmonic Distortion

Figure 11 shows the THD i.e. total harmonic distortion of the proposed model. It
calculates the power quality of the electronic power system. The lesser the distortion, more
accurate the reproduction of the signal will be. The figure concludes that THD is quite less in
the proposed model.
15

10

5
Current

-5

-10

-15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time

Figure 12 The current of the proposed model

The figure 12 represents the current of the proposed model. It depicts the three-phase
current which varies from the -6 to 6.

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 Dr Sudhir Sharma and Sandeep Kaur

Figure 13 Analysis of the proposed system

The figure 13 characterizes the analysis of the proposed system in terms of current, Total
Harmonic Distortion and the voltage. The numbers of fluctuations in the proposed model are
less which confirms that the system is a more stable

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

From the experimental analysis using the Simulink model has shown that the proposed model
is efficient. It has been explored over three different system analysis parameters such as
Current, Voltage and the THD. The three-phase current of the proposed model varies from -6
to 6. And the voltage acquired from the system has less number of fluctuations which
concludes more stability. Lastly, the less distortion of the system confirms high accuracy.
Consequently, the proposed model using the fuzzy logic with hybridization of two different
power generation systems ensures more stability and accuracy.
The proposed model combines the energy power of both the system for the utilization.
Thus, in case if the energy of both the system goes down, the demanding energy will not be
fulfilled. Therefore, in future, diesel generator can be introduced to accomplish the desired
requirement of the energy.

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