EarthSci Reviewer
M- Theory - the origin of the universe occurs as a result
Big Bang, Bruh
- According to its proponent, all the matter and
energy in the universe are crammed into a tiny
compact point called singularity.
- Proponents includes Lamaitre, Friedmann
Radiation and Matter Era
Timeline:
Big Bang Era – infinitely dense primeval fireball
Planck Time – Gravity separated; unified force included
strong, electromagnetic, and weak
End of Grand Unified Theory – Strong force
separated; unified force consisted of electromagnetic and
weak; formation of quarks, leptons, and anti-particles
Inflation – size of universe drastically increased
End of unified forces – split of weak and
electromagnetic forces
Heavy particle – formation of proton and neutron
Light particle – formation of electron and positron
Nucleosynthesis – formation of elements like Hydrogen
and Helium
Recombination – start of matter domination
Galaxy formation – galaxies formed in the universe
The 4 basic forces
1.Strong force - Shore-ranged (10 13 cm) attractive force
which binds the nucleus
2.Electromagnetic force - Long-ranged force that binds
atoms which can cither be attractive or repulsive
3.Weak force - Short-ranged force present in radioactive
decay
4.Gravitational force - Weak, long-ranged, and attractive
force which binds the Solar System
Dark Matter
Astronomers cannot see dark matter directly, but can
study its effects. They can see light bent from the gravity
of invisible objects (called gravitational lensing).
Dark Energy is an unknown form of energy which is
hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to
accelerate the expansion of the universe
Normal Matter, including all the visible stars, planets
and galaxies, makes up less than 5 percent of the total
mass of the universe
Other Theories
Steady State
• Proposed by Bondi, Gold and Hoyle in 1948
• The universe is unchanging in time and uniform
in space
• Unresolved features of the big bang
– Flatness
– Monipole
– Horizon
Inflation Theory
• Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul
Steinhart and Andy Albrecht
• A period of exponential expansion of the
universe prior to the gradual big bang expansion.
• the rapid expansion of the universe which is
dominated by a cosmological constant-type of
vacuum energy
String Theory – the “theory of everything”
of two hyperdimensional branes
Solar System, Sis
Descartes’ Vortex Theory
- solar system with nearly circular orbits because
of whirlpool-like motion in the pre-solar
materials
Buffon’s Collision Theory
- collision of the sun with giant comet
Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory
- nebula began to collapse because of
gravitational pull; as the cloud contracted, it
spun more rapidly
- the spinning clouds flattened into pancake-
shaped object with bulge in the center
- Focuses on the angular momentum of the sun
Jeans-Jeffreys’ Tidal Theory
- dualistic theory
- Planets are formed from condensed materials
from the sun due to the presence of another
massive star
Solar Nebular Theory
- Explosion of the supernova
- Planetesimals (the objects formed)
- Protoplanets (massive objects or the planets)
Additional Information
Asteroids - Are made up of rocks and sometimes
referred to as minor planets in many ways.
Comets - Are composed mainly of ice (frozen water and
gas) and non volatile dust (silicate minerals and carbon
grains)
Asteroid Belt - Located between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter
Kuiper Belt - Often called the Solar Sytem’s “final
frontier”
Oort Cloud - Located farther than the Kuiper belt,
unexplored; Long period comets are thought to originate
International Astronomical Union – naming and
nomenclature of planetary bodies and their satellites
NASA - Monitors the asteroids because of the possibility
of them hitting Earth, which could have catastrophic
consequences
Planets, Par
Number of satellites:
M–0
V–0
E–1
M–2
J – 79
S – 62
U – 27
N – 14
Inferior Planets: Mercury, Venus
Superior Planets: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune
Dwarf Planets: Eris, Ceres, Makemake, and Pluto
Terrestrial Planets – inner planets
Jovian Planets – gas giants, outer planets
Frost line – distance of the solar nebula from the
protostar
Geologic Time, Girl
Precambrian – 88% or total span of 4.1 Ga (Giga-
annum)
Hadean – Earth’s surface was bombarded by meteorites;
severe volcanism caused by very hot mantle; ocean,
atmosphere were formed and core, crust were stabilized
Archean – beginning of the continent formation;
profusion of volcanoes; orange sky due to methane;
green sea due to Iron
Proterozoic – longest period (almost half the age of the
Earth); oxygenation of the atmosphere; diversification of
eukaryotes; presence of multicellular organisms
Phanerozoic – consists of three eras:
Paleozoic – fossils of trilobites and brachiopods were
found; marine life forms had developed shells;
adaptation of amphibians; development of marine life;
appearance of reptiles
Mesozoic – N. America began to part from Europe; S.
America and Africa began to drift apart; Australia, New
Zealand, and India had all left Africa; extinction of
dinosaurs; reptiles were considered as the first true
terrestrial vertebrates; extinction of many reptile groups
Cenozoic – abundant amount of lava flow and basalt;
warm-blooded animals like marsupials (kangaroo) and
primitive mammals roamed the land
Earth Subsystem, Erp
Atmosphere - Air
Lithosphere - Land
Hydrosphere - Water
Biosphere - Life
__________________________ 1. The forest fires
could cause acid rain. As with industrial pollution, CO2
from the fire would combine with the moisture in the
atmosphere to form carbonic acid, or H2CO3.
__________________________ 2.Fires create their own
upward air movement. Forest fires make "updrafts" of air
like the warmth you can feel if you hold your hand about
12 inches above a candle flame.
__________________________ 3. I heard that lightning
is a common cause of forest fires. This makes sense to
me because the high temperature of a lightning bolt
combined with the dry biomass often found in
Yellowstone is a recipe for a forest fire.
__________________________ 4. Precipitation can
naturally extinguish wildland fires. On September 11,
1988, two inches of wet snow covered a large portion of
Yellowstone National Park. The snow put out some of the
flames and prevented the fire from spreading.
_________________________ 5. Removal of leaf litter
and other debris, as well as plant competitors such as
non-natives, makes it easier for native plants and
pioneer plants (fireweed, lodgepole pine, etc.) to
germinate.
_________________________ 6. Forest fires are
sometimes needed in the life cycle of some living things.
For example, some pinecones, like the lodgepole
pinecones, need the heat of a fire to open them and
release their seeds.
_________________________ 7. Animals that couldn't
flee the flames were killed. Even those who could flee
had trouble surviving after the fire because their habitat
was severely altered.
________________________ 8. Intense heat from
the fires may have caused some rocks to break apart
as I have seen happen in campfires.
________________________ 9. Heat from the fires
can affect the topsoil. As an illustration, the fires
baked out a lot of the living, nutrient-rich organic
matter, called humus.
________________________ 10. Burned plant debris
that did not blow away becomes the new soil that can
provide some nutrients for pioneer plants. By
comparison, gardeners prepare their soil with ashes
from a fireplace.
________________________ 11. Because soil
moisture is extremely low due to the fires, surviving
seeds of all types, plus windblown seeds and spores,
cannot germinate until new rains fall in the area.
________________________ 12. Erosion increases
from runoff following the fire and changes the
turbidity, temperature, and pH of the streams and
rivers. A similar circumstance occurs in the strip
mining areas near where I live. Following hard rains,
the nearby streams become very muddy. An article in
the local paper said such "erosion and drainage
creates acidic conditions in the streams."
________________________ 13. Blackened areas
can absorb heat faster, increasing the rate of
convection in cells. An increase in convection may
move air masses through a burned area quicker
and/or cause moist air to move vertically faster,
increasing rain further downwind.
_________________________ 14. There may have
been more precipitation in neighboring areas because
ash particles in the air could have become
condensation centers upon which raindrops could
form.
_________________________ 15. Smoke and
noxious fumes could have coated the lungs of
animals and people, affecting their ability to breathe.
Quiz, Queer
__________1. What is the most likely explanation of the
creation of our Solar System?
__________2. What are the processes that explains the
formation of planets out of the disk material – dust
particles?
__________3. In what direction do planets rotate
around the Sun?
__________4. Which planet resembles the Moon with
its heavily cratered surface and has practically no
atmosphere?
___________5. What makes give Neptune it's blue-green
color?
__________6. What are these small, rocky bodies, most
of which orbit the Sun at the average distance of ~2.8
A.U., between Mars and Jupiter?
__________7. What are these small chunks of rock and B. PAGASA D. PHIVOLCS
metal that fall into the Earth’s atmosphere and get 20. What are the two planets that rotate clockwise?
vaporized by friction at ~80 km altitude? A. Venus and Uranus
__________8. What are these balls of dirty ices which C. Mercury and Pluto
the Sun’s radiation vaporizes to produce a tail of gas B. Jupiter and Saturn
and dust that is pushed away by the solar wind and light D. Uranus and Neptune
pressure. 21.What are the names of the two moon of planet
__________9. It is the proposed Filipino name for the Mars?
planet Saturn. A. Luna and Callisto
__________10. It is known as the outermost region of
C. Ganymede and Europa
the solar system.
B. Phobos and Deimos
D. Titan and Eris
11. Which of the following is NOT the characteristics of
22.Who among the following provided the system for
terrestrial planets?
computing the location of the planets in the Solar
A. have iron/nickel cores surrounded by rocky
System?
mantles C. have less dense atmospheres
A. Johann Bode
B. small
D. lie in the outer Solar System C. Clyde Tombaugh
12. Which planets are mostly composed of rocks and B. Edwin Hubble
metals? D. Rene Descartes
A. Jupiter and Saturn 23.Which among the following is NOT considered as an
C. Mars and Venus inferior planet?
B. Uranus and Mercury A. Mercury C. Mars
D. Jupiter and Uranus B. Earth D. None of the above
13. Which statement describes the atmosphere of the
planet correctly? 24. Which among the following is the proposed Filipino
A. Venus is mostly carbon dioxide name for planet Venus?
C. Earth is mostly oxygen A. Amihan C. Magwayen
B. Mercury is mostly nitrogen B. Lakambakod D. Alunsina
D. Saturn is mostly helium 25.What can be found on the great dark spot of planet
14. What is the Great Red Spot? Neptune?
A. A storm on Jupiter A. Atmospheric hole
C. A storm on Saturn C. Permanent hurricane
B. A smudge on the Hubble telescope B. Permanent tsunami
D. An atmospheric hole D. Permanent volcanic erruptions
15. Which planets have rings?
A. Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune
C. Saturn and Uranus
B. Saturn and Neptune
D. Saturn and Jupiter
16. Which feature distinguishes Uranus from other
planets?
A. It's the largest planet
C. It's the farthest planet from the sun
B. It's tilted over on its side
D. It’s blue color
17. What separates the terrestrial planets from the
Jovian or gas planets in space?
A. Nothing B. Mars
C. Comets D. The Asteroid Belt
18. The biggest asteroid known is _____.
A. Ceres C. Eros
B. Biyo D. Ida
19.Which among the following organizations monitor
the entry of asteroids in our earth’s atmosphere?
A. IAU C. NASA