CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)

1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

Water analysis: Solids (Experiment 05)

Manguiam, Von Louie R.1, Dumlao, Juan Miguel C.2

1Professor, School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University; 2Student, CM011L/Section, Mapúa University

ABSTRACT
Water is one of the supreme valuable natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living organisms, most
ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. Today industrialization, negligence
of water sources combined with ever growing population has been responsible for water pollution as it is increasingly
contaminated with sewage, agricultural chemicals, oils, heavy metals, radioactive material, detergents and many
other synthetic products. Hence the emergence of millions and billions of suspended solids in numerous bodies of
water, this research aims to conduct a study regarding the proper analyzation of water samples regarding if they
are appropriate for drinking and being taken by our body or does it host thousands of bacteria that can harm our
well being, may this paper serve well as the readers progress through the said research.

Keywords: dissolved solids, total solids, suspended solids, evaporation, filtration

INTRODUCTION

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly MATERIALS AND METHODS

colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent
of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most Table 1. Materials used in the experiment
living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even Materials Quantity
though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Evaporating Dish 1
Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of Stirring Rod 1
its molecules contains one oxygen and Funnel 1
two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water Funnel Support 1
covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and Wire Gauze 1
oceans. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Spatula 1
Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes Beaker 1
to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a Iron Stand 1
major source of food for many parts of the world. So what if Graduated Cylinder 1
the water we care about is easily contaminated by
suspended solids filled with bacteria and viruses that can
The researchers performed this experiment with two
greatly affect our physical health. That can result to different
techniques involved: filtration and evaporation. To perform
complications inside our body, this is where different filtration
the experiment, the researchers prepared a 500 mL rice
process occur and are treated to water in order for it to be
water sample a week or prior to the experiment. It was
clean , it could be purified , distilled or adding minerals
contained in an PET bottle. This allows the water inside of it
necessary for it to be considered as edible. So the purpose
to rot , Moreover, two evaporating dishes, a funnel, a filter
of this study is to establish the total, dissolved and
paper, two beakers—one measuring 100 mL and the other,
suspended solids in a water sample as well as determine the
250 mL, two iron stands, a funnel stand, a burner, matches,
ions that are present in those solids. For this solids will be
a wire gauze, and two graduated cylinders—50 mL and 100
your reagent for the different chemicals poured into water so
mL.
the researchers can know the different effects on it once it is
mixed with the unpacified water.
To start the experiment the researchers arrange both setups
To determine the total dissolved solids: the filtration system

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

was set up by the researchers by assembling the funnel RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
stand, folding the filter paper into the funnel, and placing a
100 mL beaker underneath the funnel, the proper way of Table 1. Data Gathered
doing this is by placing the end of the funnel on the side of Trial 1
the beaker. About 50 mL of the rice water sample was Mass of evaporating dish (g) 54.25 g
measured and then poured over the filter paper, note the
substance should be poured slowly and in sets so that the Mass of water sample plus 78.83 g
filtration system does not overload. While researchers await evaporating dish (g)
the filtration of the sample, they begin setting up the devices
for the unfiltered sample experiment. To determine the total
solids: Using a separate iron stand, the researchers Mass of water sample (g) 24.58 g
assemble the iron ring, Bunsen burner, and wire gauze. The
empty evaporating dish was weighed, and 25 mL of the
Mass of dried sample plus 54.30 g
sample was measured—this will be referred to as the aliquot evaporating dish (g)
(unfiltered sample). The aliquot was poured into the dish and
was weighed once again. The burner was lit and the
evaporation ensued. The aliquot is place over the heat from
Mass of dissolved solids in 0.05g
the Bunsen burner, under a cool flame , note you should not 25mL aliquot of filtered
boil it in order to get the suspended solids and withour sample (g)
burning it . This very same process was also used for the
unfiltered sample. Data was gathered in the process and Mass of dissolved solids per 2.0341x10^-3 g/g
were used to determine the total dissolved solids and the total mass of sample (g
total solids. To calculate for the total suspended solids, total solids/g sample)
dissolved solids were subtracted from the total solids.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 2.0341 ppm
Furthermore, chemical tests were also performed by the
or salinity (g solids/kg
researchers to establish the presence of carbonates and sample, ppt)
bicarbonates by dropping a drop of 6M nitric acid (HNO3);
halides with a drop or two of 0.01M silver ion (AgNO3); and As for the first table, these are all the results gathered from
calcium ions with a drop of water and a drop of 1M potassium the first part of the experimentation. Before heating the
oxalate (K2C2O4) on each sample. evaporating dish, its mass was first measured which is
seventy eight point eighty-three grams (78.83 g). A mass of
a water sample was then added to the evaporating dish
which is twenty-four point fifty-eight (24.58 g). The mass of
the evaporating dish was then measured again but this time
with the water added to it and the result was seventy eight
point eighty three grams (78.83 g). After undergoing the
evaporation process, the mass of the dish was once again
measured which fifty four point thirty grams (54.30 g). The
mass of the dissolved solids in twenty-five (25mL) aliquot of
filtered sample was also taken and it is zero point zero five
grams (0.05g). The mass of dissolved solids per total mass
of sample is also taken which is two point zero three hundred
forty one raise to negative three grams of solids per grams
of sample (2.0341x10^-3 g/g). Then the Total dissolved
solids (TDS) or salinity was also taken and it is two point zero
three hundred forty one ppm (2.0341 ppm).

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

Table 2. Data Gathered CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Mass of evaporating dish (g)
Mass of water sample plus
evaporating dish (g)
Trial 1
65.14 g As a conclusion for the experiment, The water sample
obtained by the researchers contain a number of total solids
higher than that of the USPHS recommended value; the
88.95g water sample is not recommended for drinking.

Mass of water sample (g)
Mass of dried sample plus
evaporating dish (g)
Mass of total solids in 25mL
aliquot of unfiltered sample (g)
23.81 g The researchers recommend to the future researchers who
wants to perform the experiment to make their water sample
as filthy as possible to acquire better and interesting results.
0.24 g
To the students who are curious about the water they drink,
may this research paper help them to understand everything
0.24 g
they need to know about the materials inside the water they
drank every day.

Mass of total solids per total 0.01007 g/g To the parents, may this paper brought you awareness about
mass of sample (g solids/g the components inside a water that is not perfectly treated
sample) well , so to avoid diseases read this paper thoroughly.

Total solids (TS, g solids/kg 10.0797 ppm REFERENCES

sample, ppt)
Beran, J. A. (2013). Laboratory Manual For Priniciples of
Total suspended solids (TSS, g 8.0455 g/kg
solids/kg sample, ppt) General Chemistry 10th Edition.

J.D.Dziezak,(2003), Titration, Retrived from

After the first part of the experiment, the evaporating dish
was once again measured. It became sixty five point fourteen https://www.deanza.edu/chemistry/documents/1a/experime
grams (65.14g) then a mass of water sample was added to nts/Experiment%20A7-%20Titration.v2.pdf
it which is twenty three point eighty one grams (23.81 g)
before it was measured again with the water sample with it Kleven.R. (2017), Water Analysis ,Retrived from
which resulted to eighty eight point ninety five grams (88.95
g). After again the evaporation process the mass of dried http://www.npd.no/engelsk/cwi/pbl/wellbore_documents/5_3
sample plus evaporating dish was taken and it is zero point 4_10_17_Water_Analysis_DST1.pdf
twenty four grams (0.24g) which is the same with the mass
total solids in 25mL aliquot of unfiltered sample. The mass of
Merlot,(2016), Experiments: General Lab Techniques,
total solids per total mass of sample was also taken and it is
Retrived from
zero point zero one zero zero seven grams of solid per grams
of sample (0.01007 g/g). The total solids is ten point zero
seven hundred ninety seven ppm (10.0797 ppm). Lastly, the https://chem.libretexts.org/Demos%2C_Techniques%2C_a
measurement of the total suspended solids is eight point nd_Experiments/General_Lab_Techniques/Titration
zero four hundred fifty five grams solids per kilograms
(8.0455 g/kg).

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