Gearless Transmission

Gearless Transmission System
PREFACE
Modern age is the age of science & technology and necessitates greater
skills & knowledge for a technocrat. He is continually confronted with the
complex problem of improving the efficiencies of structure and machines
under the various operating conditions.
A project is an organized venture to be undertaken to achieve a desirable

objective. It is not a mere action or an activity or an attempt towards a
particular aim. It is rather an integrated effort including multifarious action
and activities towards the aim.
Here we are concerned with an industrial project which has the objectives
of undertaking the setting up of an efficient industrial production or
manufacturing and thereafter successfully running it. A project can be
started by anyone at any time and almost anywhere. However successful
completion of a project requires not only efficient handling of its affairs but
also a careful consideration of various aspects relevant to it, such as design,
drawing, estimation and manufacturing.
We feel great pleasure to present it and the studies reported here in were
made as a part of our project program. The studies were conducted under
the detailed direction of Prof. R. Kumar.
Atul kumar
Arpit Anand
Ajay Kanojia
Harkesh Singh
Manvendra Singh Chauhan
MNNIT, Allahabad Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We extend our sincere gratitude to Prof. R. Kumar under whose guidance

we are ongoing our final year project. Project under him is a real learning
process. The project “GEARLESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM”, would never
have been finalized without his support & involvement.
We are also extremely thankful to Er. Mayank Gangwar for his complete
support in guiding & compilation of the project
We are also highly grateful to the panel of eminent faculty members for
their valuable suggestions which guided us throughout the project.
Without their guidance, this project would not have been a reality.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our colleagues who were
always there to help and support us

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “Gearless Transmission“
submitted by Arpit Anand, Manvendra Singh Chauhan, Atul Kumar, Ajay
Kanojia & Harkesh Singh, B.Tech VIII semester, of Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,
Allahabad towards the partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology, is an authentic report of their own work and has not been
submitted else where for the award of any degree.
Date: 29th April, 2009 Prof. R. Kumar

HOD, Mechanical
MNNIT, Allahabad

ABSTRACT
The essential requirement of the present word is to achieve the objectives
with maximum efficiency at minimum cost. This requires least
manufacturing cost of replacement when any instrument fails. And also
that it performs the intended function at a higher efficiency.
As transmission of motion and power is one of the important and

necessary function in the present world of mechanical engineering, there is
a need of an efficient and economical means or system for transmission.
For transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another which are
non parallel or intersecting and coplanar, bevel gearing has been generally
employed. but there are some inherent disadvantages associated with
bevel and worm gearing
 Complexity in manufacturing
 High cost of replacement as failure of a single tooth demands
replacement of the whole gear pair
 A particular pair of bevel gears is only applicable for that system in
which the angle between the shafts is the same as the angle
between the gears i.e. for transmitting motion at various angles,
every time a new pair of bevel gears is to be incorporated.
 Transmits motion and power at comparatively low efficiency owing
to inherent defects like backlash, interference.
To overcome all these difficulties we have a mechanism called “SLAKE AND

PIN MECHANSIM’’ which transmits motion between the two non – parallel
(intersecting ) and coplanar shafts .
As it replaces gears and transmits motion without the aid of gears it is also
called as “GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSON MECHANISM”. As a reference
we have designed the mechanism for transmitting motion at right angle
.However it can also be employed for transmitting motion at any angle to
the driven shaft by using the pin bent to conform to the angle between the
shaft (acute obtuse ,or right angle ).

LITERATURE SURVEY
Transmission is the process of transferring the motion or power associated

with 1 machine element to another.
Transmission can be achieved by various means. These are:
1) Belt Drives
2) Rope Drives
3) Chain Drives
4) Gear Drives
1) BELT DRIVES:
The belts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means
of pulleys which rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. However,
the system has some serious limitations:
 Can only transmit moderate power

 System is not compact
 The shafts should be properly in line to insure uniform tension
across the belt section.
 In order to obtain good results with flat belts, the maximum distance
between the shafts should not exceed 10 metres and the minimum
should not be less than 3.5 times the diameter of the larger pulley.
TYPES OF BELTS:
The various types of belts used are:
 FLAT BELTS: The flat belt is mostly used in the factories and
workshops, where a moderate amount of power is to be transmitted,
from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are not more than
8 metres apart.

 V BELTS The V-belt is mostly used in the factories and workshops,

where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley
to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.
 CIRCULAR BELTS . The circular belt or rope as shown in Fig. 18.1 (c) is
mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a great amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the
two pulleys are more than 8 metres apart.
2) ROPE DRIVES:
Wire ropes are seldom used today as power transmission elements in the
same sense as belts. However, because of their high strength-weight ratio,
they have practically replaced chain or hemp-rope in hoisting and haulage
applications. Wire ropes are also widely used in the form of guys or stays as
stationary supporting members for radio-television transmission towers,
stacks, etc.
3) CHAIN DRIVES:
In order to avoid slipping, a problem commonly encountered in belts, steel

chains are used. The chains are made up of number of rigid links which are
hinged together by pin joints in order to provide the necessary flexibility for
wrapping round the driving and driven wheels. These wheels have
projecting teeth of special profile and fit into the corresponding recesses in
the links of the chain
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CHAIN DRIVE OVER BELT OR ROPE

DRIVE
Following are the advantages and disadvantages of chain drive over belt or
rope drive:

ADVANTAGES
1. As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity ratio is
obtained.
2. Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less space in
width than a belt or rope drive.
3. It may be used for both long as well as short distances.
4. It gives high transmission efficiency (up to 98 percent).
5. It gives fewer loads on the shafts.
6. It has the ability to transmit motion to several shafts by one chain only.
7. It transmits more power than belts.
8. It permits high speed ratio of 8 to 10 in one step.
9. It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric

conditions.
DISADVANTAGES
1. The production cost of chains is relatively high.
2. The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance,

particularly lubrication and slack adjustment.
3. The chain drive has velocity fluctuations especially when unduly

stretched.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHAINS:
The chains, on the basis of their use, are classified into the following three
groups:
1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains,
2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains, and

3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains
4) GEAR DRIVES:
The slipping of a belt or rope is a common phenomenon, in the

transmission of motion or power between two shafts. The effect of slipping
is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system. In precision machines, in which
a definite velocity ratio is of importance (as in watch mechanism), the only
positive drive is by gears or toothed wheels. A gear drive is also provided,
when the distance between the driver and the follower is very small.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GEAR DRIVES
The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as
compared to other drives, i.e. belt, rope and chain drives :
ADVANTAGES:
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It may be used for small centre distances of shafts.
4. It has high efficiency.
5. It has reliable service.
6. It has compact layout.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Since the manufacture of gears requires special tools and equipment,

therefore it is costlier than other drives.
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during
operation.
3. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it, for the
proper operation of gear drives.

To transmit power from one shaft to other, the different types of gears
available are: -
1. SPUR GEAR TRANSMISSION:

Spur Gear is the type of gear, which have tooth parallel to the axis of
shaft. These gears are used to transmit power between two parallel
shafts.
2. HELICAL GEAR TRANSMISSION:

Helical Gear is the type of gear, which has toothed aligned at a certain
angle, called helix angle, with the axis of shaft. These gears have the
advantage over spur gears that the meshing is gradual in case of helical
gear, which result less noise, wear & tear.
3. WORM GEAR TRANSMISSION

The worm gears are widely used for transmitting power at high velocity
ratios between non-intersecting shafts that are generally, but not
necessarily, at right angles. It can give velocity ratios as high as 300 : 1 or
more in a single step in a minimum of space, but it has a lower
efficiency. The worm gearing is mostly used as a speed reducer, which
consists of worm and a worm wheel or gear.
4. BEVEL GEAR TRANSMISSION

The bevel gears are used for transmitting power at a constant velocity
ratio between two shafts whose axes interest at a certain angle. The
pitch surfaces for the bevel gears are frustums of cones.

THEORY
Slack & pin mechanism is an ingenious link mechanism of the slider &
kinematics chain principle it is known as “Gearless Transmission
Mechanism or Elbow Mechanism.
This mechanism is very useful for conveying or transmitting motion at right

angles. However in certain industrial applications, slack and pin mechanism
can also work at obtuse or acute angles .The right angle driven from one
plane to another plane can be compared to worm & worm gear or bevel &
pinion gears, which are invariably used in industry for numerous
applications.The main feature of this mechanism is comparatively high
efficiency between the input & output power shafts with regard to the gear
efficiency.
The slack and pin mechanism transmits the input power towards the
output side in such a way that the angular forces provided in the slacks are
simply transmitted with the help of pins which take up the input power and
right angle drive is transferred towards the output slack & pin assembly
.Hence very little friction plays while the power is being transmitted,&
hunting and backlash are absent, therefore it is assumed that high
efficiency is possible in such gearless transmission mechanism .
The first application of the mechanism was made use of the in the big ben
clock having 4 dials on the tower of LONDON.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
The working of the mechanism is shown in the figure.
A usual form of transmission is shaft located at an angle. Motion is

transmitted from driving to driven shaft through the rods, which are bent
to conform to the angle between the shafts. These shafts are located at the
holes equally spaced around a circle and they are free to slide in and out as
the shafts revolve. This type of drive is specially suitable where quiet
operation at high speed is essential but it is only recommended for light
duty .
The operation of this mechanism will be apparent by the action of one rod
during revolutions.
Assume that the driving shaft ‘A’ is revolving as indicated by the arrow in
the figure then the driven shaft ‘B’ will rotate counter clockwise .As shaft ‘A’
turns through half revolution ,rod ‘C’ shown in the inner and the most
effecting driving position slides out of both shafts ‘A’ and ‘B’ during the first
half revolution. During remaining half revolution rod ‘C’ slides inwards until
it again reaches to the inner most position . In the meanwhile the other
rods have passed through the same cycle of movements , hence all rods are
successively sliding inwards and outwards .
In making this transmission, it is essential to have holes for a given rod

located accurately at the same position in each shafts and holes must be
equally spaced in radial and circumferential directions .The holes in each
shaft must also be parallel to each other and each rod should be bent to at
an angle at which the shafts are to be located.


DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 Holes in each cylinder must be equally spaced.
 Angle between holes = 360/(No. of holes)
 No. of rods = No. of holes
 Greater the no. of rods, smoother will be the operation and higher
will be the efficiency.
 3-8 rods feasible
 End of the cylinders have the input and output shaft fitted with
screws
 Each shaft is suppor2ted on bearings
 Main assembly is mounted on a frame.

ADVANTAGES OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION

MECHANISM OVER GEARED SYSTEMS
 Less manufacturing complexity and low cost
 Absence of backlash and interference
 Comparatively less noise
 Lower replacement cost
 Economical
 Can be used for transmitting motion between shafts separated by

some distance

CONSTRUCTION
The gearless transmission mechanism is a device for transmitting motion at
any fixed angle between driving & the driven shafts.
The synthesis of this mechanism would reveal it comprises a number of

pins and rods which are bent at right angle. The number of pins would be
between 3 to 8.
Greater the number of pins, smother will be the operation and higher will
be the efficiency.
These pins are very finely machined and well hardened .the pins slide
inside the holes thus forming a sliding pair. Our mechanism has 3 such
sliding pairs.
The 3 holes are drilled at 1200 to each other from the center of the cylinder
on the circumference of a circle called a pitch circle .The end of these
cylinders will have the input and output shaft fitted with the help of Allen
screws and each shaft is supported on a bearing house, which consists of
ball bearing .The main assembly is mounted on a frame made up of M.S.

COMPARISION BETWEEN GEARED AND

GEARLESS TRANSMISSION
MANUFACTURING METHOD
BEVEL GEARS GEARLESS TRABSMISSION
Manufactured on special purpose Can be manufactured and mechanized on

machines using processes like hobbing, conventional machines.
milling, broaching . Require a large Provides complete freedom of
amount of calculation and every pair of interchangeability.
gears are made together and there is no
interchanging ability
WORKING PRINCIPLE
BEVEL GEARS GEARLESS TRANSMISSION
Comprise a frustum of cone with teeth Comprise pin rods which transmit the
cut on its periphery. Driving gear motion for a particular angle of revolution
mounted on the input shaft meshes with of the shafts, depending upon the no. of
the driven gears and this motion is rods used.
transmitted at right angles to the output
shaft.
CAUSE OF FAILURE
Various types of failure like pitting, Pins will break due to bending and torsion
corrosion, fatigue etc. at the point of bend. However, only a
particular pin rod will have to be replaced
which reduces the replacement cost.
LUBRICATION AND COOLING

GEARLESS TRANSMISSION
BEVEL GEARS
Necessary. Few open gear drives are No cooling required. Lubrication will be
lubricated by grease but gear drives required as sliding action is occurring.
generally incorporate a leak proof housing
in which gears are placed and oil is filled.
TORQUE TRANSMITTING CAPACITY

Assume power for
which design is to be
made
Capable of transmitting very Find

highthe
torque Meant for low torque applications.
RPM of motor
which can transmit the
power
Find the torque that

will be transmitted due
to power & RPM
Select material
Find force on each

hole to transmit the
torque
Assuming factor of
safety 2 find the design
stress
DESIGN FLOW CHART
Design of shaft Design of pin rod .Selection of bearing Design of hub

Assume the length Find length of Calculate the Assume internal & outer
of shaft required each leg of the load acting on dia of hub
pin the bearing
Calculate the Design of pin for Design of bearing Assume internal &
mass of the hub failure in torsion based on the radial outer dia of hub
load
Calculate the bending Calculate the weight of

Design of pin for failure
moment of shaft Get the bearing the hub
in double shear
according to the design
data book
Calculate torsion in Design of pin for

shaft failure due to
shearing
Design for the Take the maximum

combined effect of diameter from the
bending & torsion design

Take the maximum
diameter From the
CONTD. CONTD. CONTD.

CONTD.

DESIGN OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM
Considering the applications of the gearless transmission system, let us

assume that the motor selected for the system has
Rated Power (P) = 3 H.P (horse power)
Rated RPM = 1200 rpm
Since 1 H.P = 746 Watt
Therefore
Power P =3 H.P =.3*746=2238 W
Now, P = 2**N*T/60
Therefore, T= 60*P/(2**N)
Where
T=Torque (N-m)
P=Power (W)
N=Angular Speed (rpm)
Putting all values in the above equation
T=60*2238/(2**1200)
T~18 N m = 18000 N-mm

This is the torque required to be transmitted.

SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The selection of proper material, for engineering purposes, is one of the

most difficult problems for the designer. The best material is
one, which serves the desired objective at the minimum cost.
The following factor should be considered while selecting the
material.
o Availability of the material.
o Suitability of the material for the working condition.
o The cost of the material.
Selecting the material for hub, shaft and pin rod as 45C8 as it is the
standard material for spindles, feed rods and shafts ( as per IS:1871 Part-2
-1987 Page 29 RS Khurmi).
So Material for design=45C8
From Page 1.9 Design Data Book, the composition of the mild steel is as
follows:
%C = 0.40-0.50
%Mn = 0.60-0.90
Manganese improves the strength of the steel. Mn steels are used

extensively in axles, shafts where high strength combined with fair ductility
is required. Principal use is in machinery parts subjected to severe wear.
Taking the median values,
Ultimate Tensile Strength = 670 N/mm²
Ultimate Yield Strength = 360 N/mm²
This is a case of completely reversible loading. When a rod is on top, it is

presses by the cylindrical hub and is subjected to tension while when the
rod reaches the bottom, it is the rod which actually presses the cylinder
and hence is subjected to compression.

CALCULATION FOR DESIGN STRESS
From Page 1.42 Design Data Book
Tensile/Compressive t = 0.36 * Ultimate Tensile Strength
Endurance Limit = 0.36 * 670
= 241.2 N/mm²
Bending Endurance Limit b = 0.46 * Ultimate Tensile Strength
= 0.46 * 670
= 308.2 N/mm²
Torsion Endurance Limit s = 0.22 * Ultimate Tensile Strength
= 0.22 * 670
= 147.4 N/mm²
Taking Factor of safety for design of the system as 2
(Page 148 Phelan)
DESIGN FOR HUB
Let outer diameter of hub = 47 mm
Pitch circle diameter =0.7*47 = 30 mm
Radius of pitch circle = 30/2 =15 mm
Length of Hub (l) = Outer dia of hub = 47 mm
Let inner dia of hub = 10 mm
Volume of Hub = *(r02 – ri2) * l
=*(.022 - .0052) * 0.047

= 5.54 * 10-5 m3
Density of mild steel = 7860 kg/m3
Mass of hub = 7860 * 5.54 * 10-5
= 0.435 kg
Weight if hub = m*g
= 0.435 * 9.81
= 4.3 N
CALCULATION OF FORCE
The 3 rods are placed symmetrically at equal angular distances from each
other on the pitch circle. So, force on each rod at pitch circle for
transmission of the above torque is
T=3*F*r
(Since the force due to the torque will be symmetrically distributed

amongst the 3 pin rods)
18000 = 3*f*37.5
f=171.43 N
Where f = force on each pin
r = Pitch Circle Radius
DESIGN OF PIN RODS

Length of pin rod (one side)
= 265 mm
Therefore, total length of each pin rod = 2 * 265 = 530 mm
FAILURE OF PIN RODS IN TORSION
Torque transmitted by each pin rod
T’ = f * r
= 171.43 * 35
~ 6000 N-mm
According to torsion formula
 s/FoS=16 * T’/(*d3)
Where
 s= Torsion Endurance Limit
T’= Torque Transmitted by each pin rod
d=diameter of pin rod

FoS = Factor of Safety
Hence d3=(16*2*6000)/(*147.4)
d3=414.62 mm3
d ~ 7.45 mm
FAILURE DUE TO DOUBLE SHEAR
Double shear will act due to relative motion between the pin rod and the
cylinder hub at both the input and output sides. (Page 94 Khurmi)
s/FoS = 4 * f / (2 *  * d2)
d2 = 4 * 171.43 / ( 147.4 * )
= 1.48 mm2
d= 1.22 mm

FAILURE IN BENDING
Failure in bending will occur due to the bending moment caused by the
weight of the cylindrical hub, as well as the load due to the weight of the
rods. This will be maximum at the point of bend.
But, since the weight of the pin rods will be quite less as compared to the
hub, it can be neglected.
The total weight of the hub will be borne by the 3 pin rods.
So, the effective weight = 4.3/3
= 1.5 N
Assuming this weight to be acting at the central portion of the cylinder
Bending Moment (M) = 1.5 * (218 + 24)
= 363 N-mm
Now,
b / FoS = 32 * M / (*d3)
308.2 / 2 = 32 * 363 / (*d3)

d3 = 24 mm3
d = 3 mm
Of the 3 values of d calculated, the largest value is 7.45 mm.
So, assuming d = 8 mm
DESIGN OF SHAFT
This is a case where the shaft is subjected to combined twisting and

bending moments.
Let the length of the shaft be 155 mm
The bending moment will be maximum at the end if the shaft which is
supported by the bearings
Hence, M = 4.3 * 155
= 670 N-mm
From Pg. 511, Khurmi – according to Maximum Shear Stress Theory
/16 * s/FoS * d3= (M2 + T2)1/2
/16 * 147.4/2 * d3= (6702 + 180002)1/2
d3= 964.43 mm3
d = 9.88 mm
According to Maximum Normal Stress Theory
/32 * b/FoS * d3= ½ * [ M + (M2 + T2)1/2]
/32 * 308.2 / 2 * d3= ½ *[ 670+ (6702 + 180002)1/2 ]
d3= 617.5 mm3
d = 8.5 mm

The larger of the 2 values is 9.88 mm
So, assuming d= 10 mm
SELECTION OF BEARINGS
The bearing will be subjected to a radial load.
So, assuming a radial load F to be acting at the portion of the bearing

supporting the shaft
F * 100 = 180 * R
Where R = Reaction at the cylindrical hub due to the weight of the hub
Hence, F * 100 = 180 * 4.3
F = 7.74 N ~ 0.1 kgf
From Pg 4.3 of Design Data Book, for intermittent operations, the life of
bearing Tl is taken as 12000 hours
Hence ,
Dia of shaft d = 10 mm
RPM N = 1200
Life Tl = 12000 hours
Radial Force Fr = 0.1 kgf

Axial Force Fa = 0
Life of bearing in million revolutions (L) = 60 * N * T/10 6
= 60 * 1200 * 12000/10 6
Hence,
L = 864 million revolutions
Taking Service Factor S = 1.3 (Page 4.2 Design Data Book)
Since bearing is under pure radial load
X=1 Y=0
P = Equivalent Load on Bearing
= S * (X Fr + Y Fa)
= 1.3 * ( 1 * 0.1 + 0)
= 0.13 kgf
From Page 4.12 of Design Data Book
Series 60 of Deep Groove Ball Bearings is selected
For d = 10mm, Bearing No. 6000 is selected
Now,
Static capacity C0 = 190 kgf
Dynamic capacity C = 360 kgf
And C is calculated as C = P * L1/3 = .13 * 8641/3
= 1.238 kgf
The value of C as calculated above is less than that of the Bearing No. 6000.
Hence, the bearing selected is safe

RESULT OF DESIGN
Material Selected = 45C8 mild steel
Dia. of shaft, d = 10 mm
Length of shaft, l. = 155 mm
Dia .of pin rods dp = 8 mm
Length of pin rods(one side), lp = 265 mm
Outer dia. of hub, D0 = 47mm
Inner dia. of hub, Di = 10mm
Thickness of hub, t = 37 mm
Pitch circle dia of hub Dp = 30 mm
Bearing Selected = Bearing No. 6000

LIST OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
MANUFACTURED COMPONENTS
STANDARD COMPONENTS

DESCRIPTION OF STANDARD COMPONENTS
1) Bearings:
A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine
element (known as journal). It permits a relative motion between the
contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load.
Classification of Bearings
Though the bearings may be classified in many ways, yet the following are
important from the subject point of view:
1. Depending upon the direction of load to be supported.
The bearings under this group are classified as:

(a) Radial bearings, and
(b) Thrust bearings.
In radial bearings, the load acts perpendicular to the direction of motion

of the moving element.
In thrust bearings, the load acts along the axis of rotation as
shown in the figure..
Fig.. Radial and thrust bearings.
2. Depending upon the nature of contact

. The bearings under this group are classified as :

(a) Sliding contact bearings, and
(b) Rolling contact bearings.
In sliding contact bearings, the sliding takes place along the surfaces of
contact between the moving element and the fixed element. The
sliding contact bearings are also known as plain bearings.
In radial bearings, the load acts perpendicular to the direction of

motion of the moving element
(a) Sliding contact bearing (b) Rolling contact bearings
Advantages of rolling contact bearings:
1. Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds.

2. Ability to withstand momentary shock loads.
3. Accuracy of shaft alignment.
4. Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in service.
5. Small overall dimensions.
6. Reliability of service.
7. Easy to mount and erect.
8. Cleanliness.
2) BELT:
The belts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means
of pulleys which rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. To
transmit power from one shaft to another, pulleys are mounted on the two
shafts. The pulleys are then connected by an endless belt or rope passing
over the pulleys .The connecting belt or rope is kept in tension so that
motion of one pulley is transferred to the other without slip. The speed of
the driven shaft can be varied by varying the diameters of the two pulleys.
Types of belts:
1) Flat belt
2) V belt
3) circular or rope belt
The belt used in our project is v- belt .
V-belt: The V-belt as shown in is mostly used in the factories and

workshops, where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one
pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other. Since
the distance between two pulleys is very less and we want to transmit
power most efficiently, we used v-belt.
It has following advantages over flat belt.
1) V-belt drives gives compactness due to small distance between

centers of pulley.
2) The drive is positive
3) V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble therefore
drives smooth.
4) It can easily be installed and removed.
5) V-belts may be operated in either direction .
6) The operation of belt and pulley is quick.
7) High velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
The V-belts are made of fabric and cords molded in Rubber and covered
with fabric and rubber. These belts are molded to a trapezoidal shape and
are made endless. These are particularly suitable for short drives. The
included angle for the V-belt is usually from 30° to 40°.
Types of V-belts:
According to Indian Standards (IS: 2494 – 1974), the V-belts are made in
five types i.e. A, B, C,D and E.
3 ) Pulleys :
The pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means
of flat belts, V-belts or ropes. The pulleys may be made of cast iron, cast
steel or pressed steel. The main parts of pulleys are hub or boss.
There are mainly two types of pulleys :
1) V-grooved pulley .
2) Flat belt pulley.
The groove on the rim of the pulley of a v-belt drive is made deeper to take
the advantage of the wedge action .owing to wedge action; v-belts need
little adjustment and transmit more power, without slip, as compared to
flat belts.
Usually the groove angle used is 32 to 38 degree
A clearance must be provided at the bottom of the groove in

order to prevent touching of the bottom as it becomes narrower
from wear.
The dimensions for the standard V-grooved pulley according to IS: 2494 –
1974, are shown in Table 20.2.
Table 20.2. Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS : 2494–1974.

(All dimensions in mm)

 Since the power to be transmitted is 2.23 kW

 We’ll select ‘A’ Belt
 The dimensions of pulley can be noted from the
previous table and can be understood using the
following figure
4) Screw:
A screw is a shaft with a helical groove or thread formed on its surface
and provision at one end to turn the screw. Its main uses are as a
threaded fastener used to hold objects together, and as a simple
machine used to translate torque into linear force. It can also be defined
as an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft. A screw used as a threaded
fastener consists of a cylindrical shaft, which in many cases tapers to a
point at one end, and with a helical ridge or thread formed on it, and a
head at the other end which can be rotated by some means. The thread
is essentially an inclined plane wrapped around the shaft. The thread
mates with a complementary helix in the material.

FABRICATION
Fabrication Flow Chart
Purchase of raw material
Calculate the length of the Raw material for hub Take rod of length 540mm,
shaft required φ8mm
Facing to required on the hub

Facing on lathe to required Facing the pin rods
length
Turning to required dia.to
Bend it at 90˚ so that each leg
length
Make external thread of pitch has length 265mm
2mm on one end
Marking 3 points on PCD at
an angular position of 120˚
Drilling hole of 10mm at these

3 points
Drill a through hole of φ8mm

at centre
Drill of blind hole on upper side

of hub till centre i.e 20mm
Tapping of 8mm in the blind

hole

INTRODUCTION
Fabrication is one of the most important activities in any mechanical

project. It should be given important consideration and should be done
with 100% accuracy for proper and efficient working of the prototype or
model. Fabrication, when used as an industrial term, applies to the building
of machines, structures and other equipment, by cutting, shaping, heat
treatment, welding and assembling components made from raw materials
PROCESSES USED IN FABRICATION ARE AS FOLLOWS

 FACING
 TURNING
 DRILLING
 CUTTING
 TURNING
When turning, a piece of material (wood, metal, plastic even stone) is

rotated and a cutting tool is traversed along 2 axes of motion to produce
precise diameters and depths. The starting material is generally a
workpiece generated by other processes such as casting, forging, extrusion,
or drawing. Turning can be either on the outside of the cylinder or on the
inside (also known as boring) to produce tubular components to various
geometries. The turning processes are typically carried out on a lathe,
considered to be the oldest machine tools, and can be of four different

types such as straight turning, taper turning, profiling or external grooving.

Those types of turning processes can produce various shapes of materials
such as straight, conical, curved, or grooved workpiece. In general, turning
uses simple single-point cutting tools.
There are three principal forces during a turning process: cutting force,
thrust force and radial force.
 The cutting force acts downward on the tool tip allowing deflection
of the workpiece upward. It supplies the energy required for the
cutting operation.
 The thrust force acts in the longitudinal direction. It is also called the
feed force because it is in the feed direction of the tool. This force
tends to push the tool away from the chuck.
 The radial force acts in the radial direction and tends to push the tool
away from the workpiece.
 DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process in which a hole is originated or enlarged by
means of a multipoint, fluted, end cutting tool. As the drill is rotated and
advanced into the workpiece, material is removed in the form of chips that
move along the fluted shank of the drill. The twist drill consists of two parts
- The body consisting of the cutting edges (chisel edge) and the shank,
which is used for holding purposes. This has two cutting edges and two
opposite spiral flutes cut into its surfaces. These flutes serve as a clearance
to chips produced at the cutting edges.
 BENDING
Bending is a process by which metal can be deformed by plastically
deforming the material and changing its shape. The material is stressed
beyond the yield strength but below the ultimate tensile strength. The
surface area of the material does not change much. Bending usually refers
to deformation about one axis.

 FACING
Facing is part of the turning process. It involves moving the cutting tool at
right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotating workpiece. This can be
performed by the operation of the cross-slide, if one is fitted, as distinct
from the longitudinal feed (turning). It is frequently the first operation
performed in the production of the workpiece, and often the last- hence
the phrase "ending up". When a lathe cutting tool removes metal it applies
considerable tangential (i.e. lateral or sideways) force to the workpiece. To
safely perform a facing operation the end of the workpiece must be
positioned close to the jaws of the chuck. The workpiece should not extend
more than 2-3 times its diameter from the chuck jaws unless a steady rest
is used to support the free end.
DIFFERENT MACHINE USED FOR

FABRICATION
1. Lathe machine
2. Drilling machine
3. Open Hearth
A lathe is a machine used principally for shaping pieces of metal, wood, or

other materials by causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the
lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutting action.
Common types of lathes:

Engine Lathe:
The most common form of lathe, motor driven and comes in large
variety of sizes and shapes.

Bench Lathe:
A bench top model usually of low power used to make precision

machine small work pieces.
Tracer Lathe:
A lathe that has the ability to follow a template to copy a shape or

contour.
Automatic Lathe:
The lathe in which the work piece is automatically fed and removed without use
of an operator. Cutting operations are automatically controlled by a sequencer of
some form.
Turret Lathe:
The lathes which have multiple tools mounted on turrent either

attached to the tailstock or the cross-slide, which allows for quick
changes in tooling and cutting operations.
Computer Controlled Lathe:
Highly automated lathes, where cutting, loading, tool changing, and

part unloading are automatically controlled by computer coding.

Various lathe operations

• Turning – produces straight, conical, curved, or grooved work pieces
• Facing – produces a flat surface at the end of the part
• Boring – to enlarge a hole
• Drilling - to produce a hole
• Cutting off – to cut off a work piece
• Threading – to produce threads
• Knurling – produces a regularly shaped roughness

Workholding Methods
 Three-jaw chuck: Used with a variety of diameters of round stock.
 Four-jaw chuck: Used mainly for holding irregular shapes.
 Collet chuck: Primarily used for small round workpieces.
 Faceplate: A faceplate, drive dog, and mandrel may be used to turn
workpieces such as gearblanks.
DRILLING MACHINE
This is a rigid machine which is used to drill holes in workpieces.
OPEN HEARTH
This is a furnace in which coal is burnt in order to provide heat for various
purposes, It is placed in the Blacksmithy Shop and has been used in our
project for heating the pin rods in order to bend them.

Now we are giving details of all those process, which are employed in the
fabrication of different parts of “Gear less transmission”.
FABRICATION OF HUB
Fabrication of hub is done by use of lathe and drilling machines. During the
fabrication following operation is done.
1. Cutting
2. Facing
3. Turning
4. Marking PCD
5. Hole drilling
PROCEDURE FOR MACHINING OF HUB

i. Take a piece of mild steel of length and diameter more than 47mm
and 40mm respectively.
ii. Facing operation is done at both ends to make the piece of length
47mm.
iii. Turning operation is done on lathe to make the piece to diameter 40
mm.
iv. Mark the pitch circle diameter of 30mm.
v. Mark three points on the circle at angle difference of 120 degree.
vi. Drilling of through holes of diameter 8 mm is done at the above
marked points.
vii. Drilling of a blind hole of diameter 8 mm is done at the center of the
length of the hub to a depth of 20 mm.
viii. Hand Tapping of 8 mm is done in the blind hole.
FABRICATION OF SHAFT
Fabrication of shaft is done on the lathe machine
Operating done for machining of shaf
1. Facing
Procedure for machining of shaf

1. Take a piece of diameter 8 mm and length greater than 155 mm.
2. Facing operation is done to reduce the length to 155 mm.
3. Turning operation was not done as we got the shaft having diameter
exactly 8mm.
4. External thread of pitch 2mm is made at one end of shaft.
FABRICATION OF PINS
Fabrication of pins is done on the lathe, open hearth and bench vice
(bending machine).
PROCEDURE OF MAKING PINS
1. Take a rod of length greater than 530 mm and diameter 8mm.

2. Facing operation is done to reduce the length to 530 mm.
3. Rods are heated, at their centres, on the open hearth to a very high
temperature so that the stress exceeds the yield stress of the mild
steel.
4. The rods are bent at 900 on the bench vice (bending machine) in
order to obtain the pin rods.
FABRICATION OF FRAME
Fabrication of frame is done by cutting and welding operation.
Note: -
For machining any part to the required size, the raw material to be
machined should have dimension little more than that required after
machining because the original piece may not have the required surface
finish

ASSEMBLY
Assembly Flowchart
Machined shaft Machined Hub Pin Rods
Fix hub with shaft
Fix roller bearing on the

shaft
Fix pulley at the end of

the input shaft
Tight a belt between the

pulley & the shaft
Make another similar

hub shaft & bearing
arrangement
Fix these two assembled

pieces on the frame
Place pins in the holes of

the hubs
Fix the A.C single phase

motor on the hub
Fix pulley on the shaft of

motor
Join both the pulley with

the belt

INTRODUCTION
Assembly is defined as joining one part to the other in order to make a
complete system. Assembly should be done with special care as any
misalignment can stop the working of the system. Assembly should be
made in such a way so that one part can be separated with other easily as
and when required. It should not disassemble itself while working.
ASSEMBLY OF DIFFERENT PARTS
Shaf and hub

Place shaft into the hub and fix it with the key. Key should be fixed tightly
i.e. press fit so that it cannot be removed easily. Bolt is tightened with the
help of spanner in the threads made in the hub and shaft. Washer should
be fit between the bolt and hub before tightening t he bolt. Bolt should be
fixed firmly so that it does not get removed while rotating.
Bearing on Shaf
Bearings are press fit on the shaft bearing in such a way that the shaft and
bearing have interference contact.
Pulley and shaf
Pulley is assembled on the end of the driver shaft
Pulley with motor

Pulley is also tightly fixed on the shaft of motor.

Pins in the hub
Pins are placed in each holes of the hub so that it is free to rotate and slide
inside the holes i.e. they have a clearance fit.
Fixing above part on frame
Above part should be fixed on the frame with the help of nuts and bolts in
such a way that the axis of the two shafts make angle of 900 with each other
and both hubs should be at same level Frame should not vibrate while the
system is working.
Fixing of motor on frame
Motor is fixed on the frame at the bottom of the hub pulley on motor
should be in the same plane of the pulley on the shaft.
Putting belt on pulley

Belt is placed on the pulley on the shaft and motor to transmit torque from
motor to the shaft belt should be tight.

PROCESS SHEETS

PROCESS SHEET -1
Component-1 Specification – 47×40 mm
Name-Cylinder Material-45C8
Quantity -2
Operation Machine Description of Tools

operation
Cutting Measuring
1 Turning Lathe Turning the Turning Vernier
cylinder to the tool caliper
diameter of 40 mm
2 Facing Lathe Facing the cylinder Facing Vernier
to the length of 47 tool caliper
mm
3Drilling Drilling Drilling a through Twist Vernier
hole of Φ-8 mm at Drill, caliper
the centre Core
Drill
4 Drilling Drilling Drilling of 3 holes Twist Protractor
at an angle of 1200 Drill, & Vernier
at pitch circle of Core caliper
dia Φ-30 mm Drill
5. Drilling Drilling Drilling of a blind Twist Vernier

hole from the Drill, caliper
upper side of the Core
hub till the centre Drill
i.e. 20 mm
6 Hand Tapping Tapping of 8 mm in M-8 tap
the blind hole
Process sheet -2

Component -2 Name –Shaft
Material –45C8 Quantity -2
Specifications –Φ 8mm × 155 mm

operation
Cutting Measuring
1) Facing Lathe Facing the shaft to a Facing Vernier caliper
length of 155 mm tool
2)External Lathe External thread of
Threading pitch 2mm made at
one end of shaft
Process sheet -3
Component -3 Name –Pin rods
Material–45C8 Specification – Φ 8 mm 530mm
Quantity -3

operation
Cutting Measuring
1) Facing Lathe Facing the pin Facing tool Vernier caliper
rods to the
length 530 mm
2)Bending Open Hearth Heating the pin Hammer Protractor
heating & rods at center
bench vice &bending it at
90 °
Testing for efficiency

The efficiency of any mechanism shows the performance of the mechanism

. The efficiency of the system is defined as the ratio of the output to the
input .for gearless transmission system mechanical efficiency can be
calculated by the following formula :
η = No/Ni
η = mechanical efficiency of the gearless transmission
No = speed of the shaft at the output in rpm
Ni = speed of the shaft at the input in rpm
Observation table
S .no No Ni %η
1 1200 1072 89.3
2 1200 1076 89.7
3 1200 1080 90.0
4 1200 1078 89.8
5 1200 1075 89.6
6 1200 1074 89.5
Average efficiency of the system
η av = (89.3+ 89.7+90.0+89.8+89.6+89.5)/6
=89.6%
Thus the average efficiency of the gear less transmission system is nearly
90%
The efficiency of the system can be increased by following ways :

1) Proper lubrication of the pins and hub

2) For lubrication oil of suitable viscosity should be taken.
3) By reducing the weight of mechanism through proper designing.
4) Finished surface after grinding will reduce the friction between the
hub and pins.
MAINTENANCE
Introduction

It is defined as the work of keeping system or its components in proper

condition by taking suitable measures like the inspection, repairing and
servicing .When the system or mechanism is given some remedial
treatment to remove its troubles, this is called servicing. When system and
its components have to be dismantled for their corrective measures this is
called repairing .
Types of maintenance
It is of two types:
1. Preventive maintenance –
Preventive maintenance is a schedule of planned maintenance

actions aimed at the prevention of breakdowns and failures. The
primary goal of preventive maintenance is to prevent the failure of
equipment before it actually occurs. It is designed to preserve and
enhance equipment reliability by replacing worn components
before they actually fail. Preventive maintenance activities include
equipment checks, partial or complete overhauls at specified
periods, oil changes, lubrication and so on. In addition, workers can
record equipment deterioration so they know to replace or repair
worn parts before they cause system failure. Recent technological
advances in tools for inspection and diagnosis have enabled even
more accurate and effective equipment maintenance. The ideal
preventive maintenance program would prevent all equipment
failure before it occurs.
2. Break down maintenance –
Breakdown maintenance implies that repairs are made after the

equipment is out of order and it cannot perform its normal function
any longer, e.g., an electric motor of a machine tool will not start, a
belt is broken, etc.

Under such conditions, production department calls on the

maintenance department to rectify the defect. The maintenance
department checks into the fault and makes the necessary repairs.
After removing the fault, maintenance engineers do not attend the

equipment again until another failure or breakdown occurs. This type
of maintenance may be quite justified in small factories which:
(i) are indifferent to the benefits of scheduling;
(ii) Do not feel a financial justification for scheduling techniques; and
(iii) Get seldom (temporary or permanent) demand in excess of

normal operating capacity. In many factories make-and-mend is the
rule rather than the exception.
Breakdown maintenance practice is economical for those (non-

critical) equipments whose downtime and repair costs are less this
way than with any other type of maintenance. Breakdown type of
maintenance involves little administrative work, few records and a
comparative small staff. There is no planned interference with
production programmes.
Preventive maintenance for gearless transmission :

1) A complete check of pin cracks periodically
2) Check the cracks in the shaft also. These cracks can be welded using
filler material.
3) Check the lubrication in pins and hubs
4) Check the misalignment of the sytem
5) Check the shape of the pins periodically. Deformed pins should be

removed so that they don’t deteriorate the performance of the
system.
6) Clean the components of mechanism properly .
7) Protect the mechanism form moisture

Break down maintenance for gearless transmission mechanism :

1) If the depth of crack in the pin rod has exceeded the critical value,
replace the pin rod immediately.
2) Alignment of pins and hubs should be checked after the servicing or
repairing.
3) Replace the belt once it wears out and results in a greater slip than is
permitted
Implementations

The gearless transmission system will be a useful system for following

purposes :
 For low power transmission between perpendicular shafts
 Where the objects between which the power is to be transmitted are

separated by some distance. The distance can be varied by varying
the length of pin rod
 In the installed units which are to operate at more or less fixed load
 Static applications where 1:1 velocity ratio is to be transmitted
 Crushers
 Low-duty vehicles which are not subjected to shocks and vibrations,

like the ones used in cricket matches for transporting drinks
 It may replace the bevel gears and crown gears for power
transmission
SOME ADDITIONAL POINTS IN FAVOUR
 The gearless transmission is a system that has very few moving

parts ,and therefore requires less material to produce.
 Also the weight of the transmission, whether it is automatic or
manual, is reduced .
 Less heat energy will be produced by the gearless transmission
mechanism so less thermal stresses will be generated during
working.
COMAPRISIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT

S.NO. FEATURES GEARLESS BEVEL GEAR

TRANSMISSION
TRASMISSION
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
1 Design Simple Complex

2 Manufacturing Can be It required
manufactured on special purpose
conventional machines, tools ,
machines equipments,
complex
processes like
hobbing, milling,
broaching and
intense
calculations.
3 Maintenance Easy Difficult
4 Space required Slightly larger Compact size
than bevel gear.
5 Efficiency Medium High
6 Initial cost Low High

7 Maintenance cost Low High
8 Cooling Air Cooling Special Cooling
sufficient Mechanism
required.
9 Torque Transmitting Low High
Capacity
LIMITATIONS

1.It is not suitable for heavy power transmission
2.It cannot be used where change in speed is required i.e. it can transmit a
velocity ratio of only 1:1
3. It has lower efficiency as compared to bevel gears
4. It may not work properly at varying speeds.
PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT
Though the advantages of GEARLESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM are
numerous, it would be even more useful if the suggested improvements
could be further incorporated in the system
 Some mechanism which would result in the mechanism being able to

transmit velocity ratios other than 1:1.
 Use of a higher strength material which would help the system in
transmitting higher torques.
 Use of dampers, shock absorbers etc. which could help the system
perform even in dynamic conditions.
 A proper lubrication system
Undoubtedly, these additions would improve the performance of the

system but at the same time, a lot of cost would also be incurred in
incorporating these additions. Hence, a cost analysis needs to be done in
order to ascertain which of these suggested improvements should actually
be used so that the mechanism still remains economically viable.

ASSEMBLY
DRAWINGS



OUR JOURNEY THROUGH THE PROJECT

As a part of our Final Year Curriculum, the Mechanical Engineering students
are expected to come up with an innovative idea, something which would
be of value to the society, and try to implement it successfully after doing

thorough research.
Our group’s endeavor started with our vision of a GEARLESS TRANSMISSION

MECHANISM, a mechanism which would be able to transmit power
between shafts without using gears. The mechanism which we envisioned
designing would be transmitting power at 90 degrees. However, with slight
modifications, it could also be used for transmitting power at acute or
obtuse angles.
First of all, we went for a comparative analysis of GEARLESS TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM with Bevel Gears. The pros and cons were brought out after long
hours of deliberation, The lower manufacturing complexity and minimal
manufacturing and operating costs of this mechanism over the geared
transmission were enough to spur us to go for the design of this system
with full motivation, even though we knew this mechanism would not be
able to transmit high torques.
The next step involved drawings of the mechanism as well as its

components. We developed representations of the various components
using AUTOCAD, and even developed a 3-d model of the system using
IDEAS. Various design considerations were also pondered about, discussed
and finalized at this stage.
The next and the most tedious process was the actual design of the
GEARLESS TARNSMISSION MECHANISM. Considering the applications of the
transmission system, we assumed the power and rated rpm of the motor.
Taking into account the requirements of strength, ductility, wear resistance,
the material for the pin rods and shaft was selected. Next, the various
modes of failure of the shafts and pin rods were investigated and
accordingly, the components were designed. The various forces acting on

the bearings were also calculated and using the Selection Design
procedure, bearings were selected to be used in the mechanism.
Some other standard components like the Belts, Pulleys, Screws were also
selected depending upon the power to be transmitted.
Having successfully completed the designing of the various components of

the GEARLESS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM, our next target was the
fabrication of the mechanism as per the design. We purchased the raw
material i.e. mild steel shafts, pin rods, hubs according to the dimensions of
the design. Thereafter, various operations like turning, facing, drilling,
bending, tapping were performed on these components in order to obtain
the finished sub-assemblies. Bearings were designed by Selection Design,
and hence the selected bearings were purchased.
Having successfully fabricated the various sub-assemblies, we went forward

with the assembly of the various components. All the fabricated
components were connected with each other, and then were fixed to the
frame. Motor and pulleys were also incorporated in the system for
transmitting input power to the system.
Any mechanism can be termed ‘successful’ only once it is tested, and

hence, our group also went in for a test to determine whether the
mechanism was functioning properly or not. The test also helped us to
determine the efficiency of the system by taking the ratio of the output and
input shaft speed. Our system gave around 90% efficiency.
We wanted our project not just to remain as a model but also to be used in
practice, in the real world. And when any apparatus is working, it is bound
to be subjected to wear and tear, and hence its maintenance becomes

mandatory if it has to give trouble-free functioning. Hence, we also

pondered about the probable troubles which could arise and suggested
some simple maintenance measures – both preventive as well as
breakdown ones.
We wanted to incorporate many additional new ideas but could not do so

due to the time constraints. Acknowledging scope for further improvement
in the project, we have ourselves suggested some measures which if
incorporated can make the mechanism even more useful. However, a
proper analysis and research needs to be done so that the mechanism still
remains economically viable after incorporating these suggestions also.
Overall, our group found the whole experience a very enriching one in
which we made use of a golden opportunity to learn many new things and
do something worthwhile for the society.
CONCLUSION

The gearless transmission is a simple mechanism and has numerous

advantages associated with it. It is quite light in weight, simple to design,
easy to manufacture and is economically viable, both at the time of
manufacturing as well at the time of running. True, it does have some
disadvantages – like inability to transmit velocity ratios other than 1:1,
inability to transmit higher torques – but these disadvantages can be
worked upon and improved with further research. Even at this stage, the
GEARLESS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM can find various uses in the real
world, some of them being
 For low power transmission between perpendicular shafts
 Static applications where 1:1 velocity ratio is to be transmitted
 Crushers
 Low-duty vehicles which are not subjected to shocks and vibrations,

like the ones used in cricket matches for transporting drinks
With a little improvement, this system has the power to replace even
bevel and crown gears for power transmission.
Thus, we can conclude that GEARLESS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM is a

very useful innovative idea, which can be of great use to the society.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Theory of Machines – S.S. Rattan
 A Textbook of Machine Design – R.S. Khurmi
 Fundamentals of Mechanical Design – Phelan
 Machine Design – V. Bhandari
 PSG Design Data Book
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.technologystudent.com
 www.mechanicalindetail.info

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Gearless Transmission System

A project is an organized venture to be undertaken to achieve a desirable

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 1

We extend our sincere gratitude to Prof. R. Kumar under whose guidance

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 2

Date: 29th April, 2009 Prof. R. Kumar

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 3

As transmission of motion and power is one of the important and

To overcome all these difficulties we have a mechanism called “SLAKE AND

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 4

Transmission is the process of transferring the motion or power associated

Transmission can be achieved by various means. These are:

 Can only transmit moderate power

The various types of belts used are:

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 5

 V BELTS The V-belt is mostly used in the factories and workshops,

In order to avoid slipping, a problem commonly encountered in belts, steel

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CHAIN DRIVE OVER BELT OR ROPE

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 6

3. It may be used for both long as well as short distances.

4. It gives high transmission efficiency (up to 98 percent).

5. It gives fewer loads on the shafts.

7. It transmits more power than belts.

8. It permits high speed ratio of 8 to 10 in one step.

9. It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric

1. The production cost of chains is relatively high.

2. The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance,

3. The chain drive has velocity fluctuations especially when unduly

1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains,

2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains, and

3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains

The slipping of a belt or rope is a common phenomenon, in the

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GEAR DRIVES

1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.

2. It may be used to transmit large power.

3. It may be used for small centre distances of shafts.

4. It has high efficiency.

5. It has reliable service.

6. It has compact layout.

1. Since the manufacture of gears requires special tools and equipment,

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 8

1. SPUR GEAR TRANSMISSION:

2. HELICAL GEAR TRANSMISSION:

3. WORM GEAR TRANSMISSION

4. BEVEL GEAR TRANSMISSION

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 9

This mechanism is very useful for conveying or transmitting motion at right

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 10

A usual form of transmission is shaft located at an angle. Motion is

In making this transmission, it is essential to have holes for a given rod

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 11

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 12

 Angle between holes = 360/(No. of holes)

 No. of rods = No. of holes

 3-8 rods feasible

 Each shaft is suppor2ted on bearings

 Main assembly is mounted on a frame.

MNNIT, Allahabad Page 13

ADVANTAGES OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION

 Absence of backlash and interference

 Comparatively less noise

 Lower replacement cost

 Can be used for transmitting motion between shafts separated by

Volume of Hub = (r02 – ri2) l

=(.022 - .0052) 0.047