u i l d i n g

c a d e m i c

o c a b u l a r y

Oklahoma Academic Vocabulary

Suggested Words and Terms

Oklahoma State Department of Education

Office of Standards and Curriculum

Oklahoma Academic Vocabulary Project

Sandy Garrett
State Superintendent of Public Instruction
 Table of Contents
Overview............................................................................................................................. 2
How the Terms and Phrases Were Identified ..................................................................... 5
How to Teach the Terms and Phrases................................................................................. 6
Final Comments .................................................................................................................. 9
Appendix A – Mathematics Word List............................................................................. 10
Appendix B – Science Word List ..................................................................................... 13
Appendix C – Language Arts Word List .......................................................................... 17
Appendix D – Social Studies Word List........................................................................... 20
Oklahoma State Department Curriculum Team ............................................................... 24
References......................................................................................................................... 25

1
Overview

This manual is designed to help school districts or individual schools systematically enhance

the academic vocabulary of their students to better prepare them to learn new content in

mathematics, science, language arts, and social studies. The research and theory underlying

the recommendations made here have been detailed in the book Building Background

Knowledge for Academic Achievement (Marzano, 2004). Briefly, though, the logic of such an

endeavor is that the more general background knowledge a student has about the academic

content that will be addressed in a given class or course, the easier it is for the student to

understand and learn the new content addressed in that class or course. Unfortunately

because of a variety of factors, including differences in the extent to which experiences at

home help enhance academic background knowledge, for students transferring from one

school to another or one district to another, and so on, there is typically great disparity in the

academic background knowledge of the students, and this disparity increases as students

progress through the school years. However, if a district (or school) were to systematically

ensure that all students were exposed to specific academic terms and phrases across the grade

levels, this would form a strong common foundation for all students. To this end, this manual

lists important academic terms and phrases in mathematics, science, language arts, and social

studies. Table 1 provides an overview of the number of terms and phrases in each subject

area:

2
Table 1 – Terms and Phrases by Grade/Course within Subject Area

Language Social
Mathematics Science
Arts Studies
Grade K 36 25 24 26
Grade 1 34 20 32 31
Grade 2 31 26 30 29
Grade 3 35 29 31 33
Grade 4 31 31 28 30
Grade 5 23 35 26 39
Grade 6 28 36 20 36
Grade 7 37 30 17 41
Grade 8 23 32 19 45

Algebra I 26
Geometry 32
Algebra II 28

Physical Science 33
Biology 33
Chemistry 35
Physics 20

English I 19
English II 23
English III 16

Economics 44
Oklahoma History 28
U.S. Government 37
U. S. History 44
World Geography 28
World History 43

3
Table 1 illustrates that, with a few obvious exceptions, approximately 30 terms and phrases

have been identified for each subject area for grades K – 8. In addition approximately 30

terms have also been identified for the majority of the following general courses:

Mathematics

• Algebra I

• Geometry

• Algebra II

Science

• Physical Science

• Biology

• Chemistry

• Physics

Language Arts

• English I

• English II

• English III

Social Studies

• Economics

• Oklahoma History

• U.S. Government

• U.S. History

• World Geography

• World History

4
How the Terms and Phrases Were Identified

It is important to note that the terms and phrases listed in this document are meant as

“examples.” They are not to be considered implicitly or explicitly a list of “mandated” terms

and phrases. Rather districts (or schools) might decide to add terms and phrases, delete terms

and phrases, further define terms and phrases, or create their own lists which are completely

different from those offered here.

The lists provided here were generated by groups of volunteer subject matter and grade-level

specialists from Oklahoma schools whose charge was to identify those terms and phrases that

are important to student understanding of mathematics, science, language arts, and social

studies. Approximately 30 terms were identified in each subject area so as not to overburden

an individual classroom teacher. For example, a third-grade teacher in a self-contained

classroom whose job it is to teach all four of these subject areas would be responsible for

about 120 terms and phrases. During a 36-week school year this would amount to about 14

terms and phrases per month allowing adequate time for the teacher to address many other

terms of her own choosing. For example, the teacher could attend to the 120 preidentified

terms and phrases and still teach important words found in a story or important words found

in a chapter of a textbook. In fact, research indicates that about 400 terms and phrases per

year are typically addressed in programs that emphasize vocabulary instruction (see

Marzano, 2004, p. 63). Identifying 120 terms and phrases leaves about 280 terms and phrases

that are specific to an individual teacher.

5
To demonstrate the potential power of teachers within a district addressing common terms

and phrases, consider the subject of mathematics. In mathematics 277 terms and phrases are

listed for Grades K – 8. If every teacher in a district were to teach these terms and phrases,

students in that district would enter ninth grade with common, in-depth experiences in these

277 key mathematics terms and phrases. Certainly this would provide a strong base on which

ninth grade mathematics teachers could build.

How to Teach the Terms and Phrases

There is no single best way to teach terms and phrases. However, the research and theory on

vocabulary development does point to a few generalizations that provide strong guidance.

Initially Provide Students with a Description, Explanation, or Example as Opposed to a

Formal Definition

When introducing a new term or phrase it is useful to avoid a formal definition—at least at

the start. This is because formal definitions are typically not very “learner friendly.” They

make sense after we have a general understanding of a term or phrase, but not in the initial

stages of learning. Instead of beginning with a definition, it is advisable to provide students

with a description, explanation, or example much like what one would provide a friend who

asked what a term or phrase meant.

6
Have Students Generate Their Own Descriptions, Explanations, or Examples

Once a description, explanation, or example has been provided to students they should be

asked to restate that information in their own words. It is important that students do not copy

exactly what the teacher has offered. Student descriptions, explanations, and examples should

be their own constructions using their own background knowledge and experiences to forge

linkages between the new term or phrase and what they already know.

Have Students Represent Each Term or Phrase Using a Graphic Representation,

Picture, or Pictograph

Once students have generated their own description, explanation, or example they should be

asked to represent the term or phrase in some graphic, picture, or pictographic form. This

allows them to process the information in a different modality—in imagery form as opposed

to a linguistic form. It also provides a second processing of the information which should

help deepen students’ understanding of the new term or phrase.

Have Students Keep an Academic Vocabulary Notebook

One of the basic assumptions underlying the approach outlined in this manual is that over

time students will develop an understanding of a set of terms and phrases that are important

to the academic content in mathematics, science, language arts, and social studies. This

implies that the terms and phrases that are taught using this approach represent a related set

of knowledge that expands and deepens from year to year.

7
To facilitate this cumulative effect it is highly advisable for students to keep an “academic

vocabulary” notebook that contains the terms and phrases that have been taught. Enough

space should be provided for students to record their initial descriptions, explanations, and

examples of the terms and phrases as well as their graphic representations, pictures, and

pictographs.

Space should also be provided for students to write additional comments about the terms and

phrases as time goes on. As mentioned in the next section, students should be engaged in

activities that allow them to review the terms and phrases in their academic vocabulary

notebooks and add to their knowledge base regarding specific terms and phrases. As these

activities occur, students can be asked to add to the entries in their notebooks perhaps

correcting misconceptions, adding new information, or making linkages with other terms and

phrases.

Ideally, all terms and phrases are kept in one academic notebook that has a “tab” or divider

for each subject area. This would allow students to make comparisons between terms and

phrases from different subject areas. The academic notebook might also have a tab or divider

entitled “my words.” In this section students would record terms and phrases of interest

gleaned from their own reading experiences in or outside of school.

8
Periodically Review the Terms and Phrases and Provide Students with Activities That

Add to Their Knowledge Base

If students experience a new term or phrase only once, they will be left with their initial,

partial understanding of the term or phrase. To develop deep understanding of the terms and

phrases in their academic vocabulary notebooks students must be engaged in review

activities. Once a week or perhaps more frequently, students might be offered activities that

add to their knowledge base about the terms and phrases in their notebooks. For example,

they might make comparison between selected terms in a given subject area or between

subject areas; they might create analogies or metaphors for selected terms; they might simply

compare their entries with those of other students. Finally, they might be engaged in games

that use the terms and phrases from their academic vocabulary notebooks. After each of these

activities students should be asked to make corrections, additions, and changes to the entries

in their notebooks. In this way, students’ knowledge of the academic terms and phrases might

deepen and become a sound foundation on which to understand the academic content

presented in class.

Final Comments

The terms and phrases listed in this manual are offered to Oklahoma districts and schools as a

foundation from which to design and implement a comprehensive program to enhance the

academic background knowledge of students. Districts and schools are encouraged to use this

resource in ways that best suit their needs and dispositions.

Members of the Oklahoma Academic Vocabulary Project

Robert J. Marzano, Facilitator

9
Appendix A – Mathematics | Word List

Kindergarten foot symmetry

greater than table
above guess tens
add half hour thermometer
behind inch volume
below increasing pattern whole number
beside less than
between list Third Grade
calendar minus
circle minute algorithm
clock number line analog clock
compare numeral area
count odd array
fifth order bar graph
first ordinal commutative property
fourth plus coordinates
graph size customary/standard
hour solve measurement
left subtraction data
length tallies denominator
measure temperature density
money value digital clock
number weight division
on edge
over Second Grade face
pattern factor
rectangle addends grid
right classify horizontal
second decrease input
shapes difference metricunits (meter,
sort – same/different distance centimeter, gram,
square estimate kilogram)
subtract fractions (halves, thirds, and multiple
third fourths) multiplication
time gallon number sentence
triangle height numerator
under hexagon ordered pairs
zero hundreds output
increase perimeter
First Grade model pictograph
numeric pattern probability
addition octagon product
angle ones rounding
backward / forward pentagon three-dimensional
chart pint two-dimensional
congruent place value vertex
describe pound vertical
digit quart
direction quarter hour
equal regroup
even standard measures
explain sum

10
Appendix A – Mathematics | Word List

Fourth Grade metric prefixes (milli, centi, alternate interior/exterior

kilo) angles
acute angle mixed numbers bisector
associative percent combinations
axis plane corresponding angles
computation prime discount
dividend proper fraction equilateral triangle
divisor range experimental probability
elapsed time ray exponential notation
equation straight angle integer
equivalent thousandths interest
expanded form (of a number) Venn diagram isosceles triangle
expression withdraw negative
frequency table obtuse triangle
hundredths Sixth Grade outcome
inequality symbols parallelogram
intersecting algebraic expression permutations
inverse operation base number polygon
line graph circumference positive
obtuse angle complement proportion
parallel convert quadrant
perpendicular coordinate plane radical sign
prediction diameter rate
quotient evaluate ratio
reasonable exponent regular polygon
reflection factorization rhombus
right angle median right triangle
rotation mode scale factor
rule non-terminating decimal scalene triangle
standard form (of a number) numerical expression square root
tenths order of operations theoretical probability
translation pi transversal
variable plane figure trapezoid
prime factor unit rate
Fifth Grade quadrilateral vertical angle
radius
balanced reciprocal Eighth Grade
base sequences (arithmetic,
composite geometric, Fibonacci) adjacent angles
deposit similarity coefficient
distributive property simplify constant
fair number cube square units distance formula: d=rt
greatest common factor substitution domain
(GCF) supplement formula
improper fractions terminating decimal hypotenuse
least common denominator lateral area
(LCD) Seventh Grade legs of a triangle
least common multiples linear equation
(LCM) absolute value linear inequality
mean acute triangle Pythagorean theorem

11
Appendix A – Mathematics | Word List

Eighth Grade (cont.) Algebra II conditional statements

range of a function
rational number
scatter plot
scientific notation
slope-intercept form
slope
solids (prisms, cones,
cylinders, pyramids)
standard form (of a linear
equation)
surface area
term
x-y intercepts
Algebra I
absolute value function
ascending/descending
binomial
degree of a polynomial
difference of squares
elimination method (for
solving a system of
equations)
factor a polynomial
function notation
inequalities
intercepts (x & y)
irrational numbers
line of best fit
linear/nonlinear functions
(exponential, quadratic,
absolute value)
linear systems
literal equations
monomial
parent graph (linear, absolute
value, quadratic, constant)
polynomial
quadratic equation
quadratic formula
rate of change
rational expression
real numbers
relations
substitution method (for
solving a system of
equations)
trinomial
arithmetic/geometric
sequences
asymptotes
completing the square
complex numbers
composition
conic sections
conjugate (complex)
correlation
curve of best fit
delta
discriminant
functions (exponential,
polynomial, logarithmic,
etc.)
imaginary
inverse function
logarithm
matrix
minimum/maximum
(relative, absolute)
normal distribution curve
(Gaussian)
parent function (exponential,
polynomial, logarithmic)
radical equation
sigma
standard deviation
synthetic division
three-dimensional coordinate
transformation (algebraic)
variance
weighted averages
zero of a function
Geometry
altitude
angle of depression/elevation
angle relationships
(complementary,
supplementary, etc.,
expressed algebraically)
arc (measurement, length,
major, minor)
central angle
chord
(converse, inverse,
contrapositives)
congruence
conjecture
construction (protractor,
compass, straightedge)
convex/concave
corresponding parts
counterexample
deductive reasoning
distance formula:
d = (X2 −X1)2 +(Y2 −Y1)2
Euclidean/non-Euclidean
Geometry
inductive reasoning
inscribed angles and
polygons circumscribed
interior/exterior angles (of a
figure)
lateral surface area
median of a triangle
midpoint formula
polyhedra
proof (formal, paragraph,
flow, algebraic)
Pythagorean theorem – area
model
reflexive, symmetric and
transitive properties
secant line
tangent line
theorem/postulate/conjecture
total surface area
transformation (reflection,
rotation, translation)
trigonometric ratio (sine,
cosine, tangent)

12
Appendix B – Science | Word List

Kindergarten Second Grade physical change

pollination
air behavior renewable/nonrenewable
animal characteristics resources
cloud dissolve reptiles
color distance rock
day diversity of life solution
earth fuel sound
egg gas structures
float graph traits
flower habitat vertebrate
food hibernation vibrations
growth larva
insect life cycle Fourth Grade
light natural resources
living pattern adaptation
night physical properties balance scale
parent planets classification
plant predator conductor
seasons (spring, summer, predict consumer
winter, fall) prehistoric decomposer
seed prey deposition
senses scientist direction
shape shadow electrical circuit (open and
sink SI units (meters, centimeters, closed)
soil degrees Celsius) electricity
sort similarities/differences erosion
water space evidence
texture force (pull/push)
First Grade fossils
Third Grade friction
attract inherited traits
camouflage amphibians insulator
desert balance mineral
freezing conservation motion
gravity contract organism
liquid dispersal position
magnet endangered producer
magnifier environment reproduce
measure expand resistance
moon experiment sediment
ocean extinct SI Prefixes (micro, milli,
pull food chain centi, kilo)
push germinate SI units (grams, meters,
safety invertebrate liters, degrees Celcius)
shelter investigate speed
sky mammals stationary object
solid metamorphosis (complete survival
star and incomplete) weathering
sun migrate
thermometer mixture

13
Appendix B – Science | Word List

Fifth Grade membrane, organelles, meiosis

vacuole) mitosis
acids/bases commensalism molecule
atmosphere conservation of energy organ
axis dependent variable organ system
biome ecosystem organisms (multicellular and
chemical change electric current unicellular)
chemical properties electrical energy osmosis
community electromagnet photosynthesis
condensation electromagnetic spectrum qualitative change
crater energy pyramid quantitative change
decompose energy transformation respiration
dichotomous keys food web sexual reproduction (plant
earth’s layers (crust, mantle, forms of energy (heat, light, and animal)
core) electricity, mechanical species diversity
eclipse motion, sound) tissue
energy (kinetic/potential) frequency transpiration
environmental changes geosphere transport
(human and nature) herbivore weather (conduction,
evaporation hydrosphere convection)
graduated cylinder independent variable
mass magnetic field Eighth Grade
matter mutualism
moon/lunar (phases) niche abiotic
observe parasitism acceleration
orbit reflection biotic
pollution refraction chemical compound
population relative age chemical element
precipitation sedimentary rocks chemical energy
revolution technology chemical reaction (Newton’s
rotation water cycle three laws of motion)
Scientific Method wave comets
serial order wave length constant velocity
solar energy continental drift
Solar System Seventh Grade continental glaciation
species control
transfer of energy aerobic crustal deformation
Universe anaerobic dispersal methods
weather asexual reproduction DNA
asteroids dominant/recessive traits
Sixth Grade carbon cycle elements
cell organelles (chloroplast, forces
amplitude ribosome, mitochondria, hypothesis
atmosphere (layers) vacuole, lysosome) inertia
atoms chromosome landforms
balanced/unbalanced forces climate Law of Conservation of
biosphere density Matter
carnivore diffusion monohybrid cross
cells – (cell wall, cell gene net forces
membrane, cytoplasm, heredity
nucleus, nuclear homeostasis

14
Appendix B – Science | Word List

Eighth Grade (cont.) symbiosis (mutualism, Physical Science

commensalism)
Newton’s laws of motion transport (active, passive) atom (electron, proton,
pH tropism neutron)
plate tectonics atomic mass
Punnett square Chemistry atomic number
rock cycle catalyst
sedimentary/igneous/ atom (electron, proton, chemical formulas
metamorphic rock neutron) compound
variables (independent, atomic mass conduction
dependent) atomic number conservation (mass, energy,
volume atomic theory momentum)
Avogadro’s Number convection currents
Biology balanced equations (mass dilution
conservation) elements
allele bonding (ionic, polar equilibrium
analogous covalent, nonpolar) fossil record
ATP catalyst gas laws
behavior (innate, learned) chemical equations geologic time scale
biogeochemical cycle chemical formulas heterogeneous
biomolecules electron configuration homogeneous
carrying capacity electronegativity ion
cellular respiration elements isotopes
DNA (replication, sequence, endothermic kinetic energy
molecule) entropy mixture (heterogeneous,
enzyme equilibrium homogeneous,
evolution exothermic suspension, colloid)
genes (encoding, expression, gas laws nuclear fusion
mutation) intermolecular forces periodic table (families,
genotype inversely proportional periods)
heterozygous ion (cation, anion) potential energy
homologous Kinetic Theory pure substance
homozygous molar mass radiation
levels of organization (cell, molarity solute
tissue, organs, organ mole solvent
system, organism) neutralization star life cycle
limiting factors oxidation tectonic cycle
multicellular periodic table (families, thermal energy
mutation periods) velocity
nucleotide proportional (directly, waves (electromagnetic,
pedigree indirectly) seismic, sound)
permeable pure substance
phenotype reactant Physics
phospholipids reduction
population density solubility buoyancy
recessive trait stoichiometry electromagnetic
RNA valence fluid
sex-linked trait gas laws
stimulus gravitation
inversely proportional

15
Appendix B – Science | Word List

Physics (cont.)

kinetic energy
magnitude
momentum
Ohm’s law (voltage, current,
resistance)
potential energy
power
proportional
scalar
specific heat
thermodynamics
vectors
velocity
viscosity
work

16
Appendix C – Language Arts | Word List

Kindergarten reread chronological order

sentence conjunction
alphabet setting contemporary realistic fiction
author short vowel context clues
back cover singular declarative
book spelling encyclopedia
bottom table of contents exclamatory
consonant title page fact
different verb glossary
fairy tale vocabulary historical fiction
follow directions imperative
front cover Second Grade index
letter inferences
listening skill adjective interrogative
lowercase antonyms main idea
name apostrophe modern fantasy
picture book base word multi-meaning
retell cause/effect words(homonyms)
rhyme compound word opinion
same comprehension persuasion
sight word conclusion possessive
title contraction revise
top dictionary run-on sentences
uppercase fiction story elements
vowel fluent subject
words folk tale supporting details
guide words theme
First Grade homonym/homophone
infer Fourth Grade
alphabetize informational text
beginning main character almanac
beginning consonant nonfiction analyze
blend prefix appendix
chapter pronoun audience
character purpose author’s purpose
conversation quotation (mark) character’s motive
date (written form) sequencing compare/contrast
discuss suffix double negatives
end summarize drawing conclusions
ending consonant synonyms evaluate
illustrate thesaurus genre
language topic hyperbole
long vowel visualization legend
middle metaphor
noun Third Grade myths
period outline
plural abbreviation paraphrase
poem adverb persuasive
predict biography possessive nouns
punctuation chapter headings prewrite
question (mark) check for understanding preface

17
Appendix C – Language Arts | Word List

Fourth Grade (cont.) dialect debate

graphic organizer derivation
proofread literal dramatization
publish mythology elaboration
research narrative writing gerund and gerund phrase
sentence fragment phrases (adj., adv., prep.) inference
simile plagiarism infinitive and infinitive
simple predicate point of view (1st, 3rd phrases
simple subject limited, and 3rd parallel structure
omniscient) participial phrase and
Fifth Grade predicate adjective participles
predicate nominative persuasive writing techniques
caption propaganda sensory detail
character development references (i.e., card catalogs, synthesize
comparative database, magazine, thesis statement
adjective/adverbs newspapers, dictionaries,
concluding paragraph and other reference books) English I
conflict relevant/irrelevant
coordinating conjunctions sentence structure (simple allegory
figurative language and compound) analysis
free verse anecdote
generalization Seventh Grade antagonist
idiom appeals
interjections assumption/assume connotation
introductory paragraph clause (adverb, introductory, context credibility
minor character etc.) data gathering
onomatopoeia convention denotation
parts of speech description dialogue
poetic styles exposition epic
reference source expository monologue
resolution flashback mood
rhythm fluency personification
stereotypical foreshadowing protagonist
stress imagery sonnet
superlative adjectives, interpretation summary
adverbs irony tone
supporting ideas nominative and objective word choice
text (structure) prose
transitional words types of poetry
word origins types of sentences (complex) English II
viewpoint/opinion
Sixth Grade archetype
Eighth Grade complexities
affix consumer document
analogy agreement (subj-verb, counterclaim
appositive pronouns, etc.) editorial
author’s viewpoint allusion explicit
characterization argument implicit
clause bias inconsistencies
(dependent/independent) coherent order/coherence lyric
counter argument/ rebuttal

18
Appendix C – Language Arts | Word List

English II (cont.)

paradox
parenthetic document
perspective
primary source
provocative
rhetoric
root
satire
secondary source
sentence fluency
stereotype
subgenre
vocative
voice

English III

aesthetic purpose
argumentation
ballad
clarity of meaning
literary analysis
MLA style
multimedia presentations
multiple point of views
reflective essay
resumes and applications
rhetorical purpose
structure of informational
documents
study strategies
style
synthesis
textual evidence

19
Appendix D – Social Studies | Word List

Kindergarten Pacific Ocean consumer

past/present/future culture
American flag patriotic symbols/traditions distribution
career/employment Pledge of Allegiance economy
basic needs rural/country Equator
classroom seasons geographic features
community South America geography
cooperate Southern Ocean global
customs Star Spangled Banner hemisphere
holiday timeline human resources
home trade industry and manufacturing
legends/folktales latitude/parallels
language Second Grade longitude/meridians
money map key/legend
national symbol Appalachian Mountains natural resources
obey bank physical map
Oklahoma barter political map
Oklahoma flag basic landform population
property biography Prime Meridian
respect cash producer
responsibility citizenship product
rules courage representative leaders
savings credit card resources
school cultural features scale
state goods and services scarcity
town/city Great Lakes region suburban
transportation gulf thematic map
United States history wants and needs
honesty
First Grade landmark Fourth Grade
literature
Africa location almanacs
Antarctica luxuries bay
Artic Ocean Mississippi River canyon
Asia mountains city council
Atlantic Ocean occupation delta
atlas patriotism economic specialization
Australia plains entrepreneur
cardinal directions recreation exports
city/urban rivers global trade
commemorative holidays Rocky Mountains governor
continent title human system
encyclopedia weather immigrants
Europe imports
globe Third Grade intermediate directions
Independence Day land run
Indian Ocean agriculture mayor
map borders mesa
neighborhood/community capital resources major metropolitan center
North America climate point of view/perspective
ocean/sea conflict prairie

20
Appendix D – Social Studies | Word List

Fourth Grade (cont.) triangular trade continental drift

U. S. Constitution cultural fusion
primary sources westward expansion density
region women’s suffrage desertification
relative location developed nations
rural Sixth Grade developing nations
secondary sources distribution of resources
state capital absolute/relative location diversity
state legislature artifacts drought
Trail of Tears barter economy earthquake
tributary Buddhism ecosystem
urban caste system elevation
Chinese civilization emigrant
Fifth Grade Christianity ethnic heritage
city states famine
abolitionist command economy flood
amendments constitutional monarchies fossil fuel
American Revolution dictatorship GIS (Geographic Information
Articles of Confederation Egypt civilization System)
basic freedoms feudal system global warming
Bill of Rights Greek civilization human modification/
cause and effect Hinduism adaptation
colony impact hurricane
compromise Incan civilization immigration
Constitutional Convention irrigation map projection
and ratification Islam patterns
Declaration of Independence Judaism perspective
democracy lake plate tectonics
executive branch market economy policy
explorers Mayan civilization prevailing winds
historical map migration processes
indentured servant monarchy regional change
Industrial Revolution nomadic tectonic plate
judicial branch oligarchy tornado
legislative branch peninsula tsunami
Lewis and Clark Expedition physical regions typhoon
Louisiana Purchase plateau urban sprawl/urbanization
manifest destiny political volcano
mental mapping representative democracy weather phenomena
mission republic
Native American/Indian Roman civilization Eighth Grade
Preamble satellite-produced images
Puritan settlement patterns abolitionism
Quaker advantage/disadvantage
religion Seventh Grade checks and balances
revolution chronological
rights acid rain Civil War
slavery arable land “The Common Man”
supply and demand biome consent of the governed
taxes climactic pattern/region cotton/cotton gin
topographic map depression

21
Appendix D – Social Studies | Word List

Eighth Grade (cont.) consumer price index geographic regions

corporation Great Depression
due process currency Indian Territory
economic plan deficit Jim Crow laws
federal government deregulation land allotment
federalism discount rate land distribution
finance economic system Long Expedition
continental congresses entrepreneur Mound Builders
founding fathers Federal Reserve oil boom and bust cycle
frontier free enterprise Oklahoma Territory
Gettysburg Address Gross Domestic Product Paleo Indians
Indian removal (GDP) Plains Tribes
inflation Gross National Product Populist Movement
Jacksonian Democracy (GNP) Progressivism
Monroe Doctrine inflation race relations
Northern states interest river systems
nullification loan The Kiowa Five
plantation system macroeconomics tourism
political parties microeconomics Tulsa Race Riot
popular sovereignty national debt
president not-for-profit
Presidential election opportunity cost U. S. Government
presidential impeachment and poverty
trial private property Affirmative Action
propaganda private sector appellate jurisdiction
protective tariff profit bicameral
Reconstruction risk campaigning
reform movements save census
Second Great Awakening self-interest civic duty/responsibility
separation of powers seller civil liberties/rights
social classes services comparative government
Southern states shortages systems
states’ rights debate socialism constitutional law
Supreme Court socioeconomic constitutional
territorial acquisition standard of living origins/principles
three branches of government stock market Elastic Clause
trial by jury surplus equality
union unemployment executive
utopian community expressed powers
Oklahoma History gerrymandering
Economics implied, inherent, and
Archaic Indians reserved powers
aggregate demand cattle industry injunction
aggregate supply cultural perspectives jurisdiction
borrow Dawes Commission landmark case
business cycle Dust Bowl limited government
buyer ethnic group local government
capitalism European explorers majority rule
command economy First Kansas Colored media
competition Regiment minority rights
Five Tribes naturalization

22
Appendix D – Social Studies | Word List

U. S. Government (cont.) political scandals aristocracy

progressivism and populism atheism
platform Prohibition Buddhism
political spectrum reservation system capitalism
politics segregation Christianity
polling stock market crash civilization
power and authority totalitarianism Columbian Exchange
reapportionment United Nations communism
redistricting Women’s Liberation Confucianism
republicanism Movement Crusades
rule of law World War I Daoism/Taoism
sovereignty World War II empire/imperialism
special interests feudalism/Middle Ages
unicameral World Geography genocide/ethnic cleansing
Hellenism
U.S. History atmosphere hunter-gatherer
bilingual Islam
anti-Semitism biosphere Judaism
appeasement cartograms labor union
arms race climograph Mediterranean region
assimilation culture trait Meiji Restoration
Big Stick and Dollar economic interdependence Mercantilism
diplomacy erosion Middle Passage
blockade free trade Militarism
Civil Rights Movement globalization Mongol conquests
Cold War hydrosphere Nationalism/ unification
communism indigenous Paleolithic Era
constitutional amendments key landforms proletariat
counterculture landmass Reformation/Renaissance
desegregation lithosphere religious fundamentalism
discrimination microclimate river valley civilizations
embargo monotheism Romanticism
fascism movement Shintoism
feminism physical environment Socialism
foreign policy place terrorism
Gilded Age polytheism theocracy
Harlem Renaissance population pyramid tribal system
Holocaust regionalization Vikings
imperialism silting
industrialization spatial distribution
isolationism thermal
Jazz Age topography
Labor Movement weathering
McCarthyism
monopolies World History
muckraker
nationalism absolute monarchy
nativism Age of Exploration
neutrality Age of Enlightenment
New Deal ancient civilization
political machine apartheid

23
 Assistant State Superintendent, School Improvement Division
Cindy Koss
(405) 521-4514
<Cindy_Koss@sde.state.ok.us>

Oklahoma State Department Curriculum Team

Team Leader
Jennifer Watson
(405) 521-3361
<Jennifer_Watson@sde.state.ok.us>

Advanced Placement Social Studies Arts in Education

Kristy Ehlers Kelly Curtright Glen Henry
(405) 521-4287 (405) 522-3523 (405) 521-3034
<Kristy_Ehlers@sde.state.ok.us> <Kelly_Curtright@sde.state.ok.us> <Glen_Henry@sde.state.ok.us>

Gifted and Talented Science Mathematics

Catherine Dunn Jana Rowland Kerri White
(405) 521-4288 (405) 522-3524 (405) 522-3525
<Catherine_Dunn@sde.ok.state.us> <Jana_Rowland@sde.state.ok.us> <Kerri_White@sde.state.ok.us>

Reading/Literacy World Languages Language Arts

Penny Gooch Desa Dawson Cathy Douglas
(405) 521-2537 (405) 521-3035 (405) 522-3522
<Penny_Gooch@sde.state.ok.us> <Desa_Dawson@sde.state.ok.us> <Cathy_Douglas@sde.state.ok.us>

24
References
Marzano, R. J. (2004). Building background knowledge for academic achievement: Research on
what works in schools. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development.
Oklahoma State Department of Education. (2007). Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS).
Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma State Department of Education,.

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