1. Differentiate overload and short circuit.

When there is a short circuit, the impedance at the fault point is almost
zero and the voltage at the point is zero. The short circuit current is very high.
While an overload means the load is higher than the rated load which is
specified as the safe load. Thus the current is also higher than the safe designed
rated value. The overload does not cause damage instantly but if persists for long
time, can cause damage to the system.

2. List the different types of earthing.

▪ Solid or effective grounding
▪ Resistance grounding
▪ Reactance grounding
▪ Resonant grounding
3. Define pick up value in relay.
It is the minimum value of an actuating quantity at which relay starts
operating. In most of the relays actuating quantity is current in the relay coil and
pickup value of current is indicated along with the relay.

4. State the various methods of Backup Protection.

The various methods used for the backup protection are classified as,
▪ Relay Backup Protection.
▪ Breaker Backup Protection.
▪ Remote Backup Protection.
▪ Centrally Co-ordinate Backup Protection
5. Discuss why earth wire is provided in overhead transmission line?
It is a shielding method of protection against lightning over-voltage hitting
directly the phase wires. The earth wire or wires are kept above the phase
conductors such that the ‘shielding angle’ is about 30*. This reduces the
probability of direct lightning strokes hitting the phase conductors, and the
probability of hitting the earth wire and getting discharged to earth is more. Note
that this is effective only if the tower footing resistance is also low or else ‘back-
flash-over’ may occur. It is able to reduce slightly the induced over-voltages also.

6. Describe why a shading ring is provide in an induction disc relay?

This coil is usually energized by current flowing in the single coil wound on a
magnetic structure containing an air gap. The air-gap fluxes produce by the
initializing current is split into two flux displace in time-space and by a shaded
ring. The shaded ring is made up of the copper ring that encircles the part of the
pole face of each pole.
The magnetic field develops from the current produces the flux in the portion of
the iron ring surrounded by the ring to lag in phase by 40° to 50° behind the flux
in the unshaded portion of the pole.

7. Define under frequency relay?

If frequency decreases then there is unbalance in the impedances. But the
torque exerted on the rotor is anti- clockwise. This operates the relay if frequency
decreases beyond the setting. This is known as under frequency relay
8. Define negative sequence relays?
These relays are also called as phase unbalance relay. Because these relay
provides protection against negative sequence components of unbalanced currents
existing due to unbalanced loads or phase to phase faults.

9. Discuss the difficulties in differential protection?

• The impedance of the pilot cables generally causes a slight difference

between the currents at the two ends of the section to be protected, then
the small differential current flowing through the relay may cause it to
operate even under no fault conditions.
• Pilot cable capacitance causes incorrect operation of the relay when a
large current flows
• Accurate matching of current transformers cannot be achieved due to
pilot
10. List the merits of mho relay?
The main advantages of the MHO relays are
▪ Faster Protection.
▪ Simpler Co-ordination.
▪ Inherent directional Characteristics
▪ Less effect of amount of generation of fault levels, fault current
magnitudes.