PRACTICAL NO.

DATE:

REACTIVE FORCES IN SIMPLE BEAMS

OBJECTIVE:
To verify the reactions of beam with the help of simple supported beam

APPARATUS:
Simply supported beam apparatus, meter scale, weights etc.

THEORY:
A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium, when all forces whether active or reactive forces acting on the
body reduces to zero.
Thus the system of equilibrium forces, will not impart motion of translation or rotation of rigid bodies.
Therefore the equations of equilibrium are
ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0

FIGURE:

Beam Reaction Diagram

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the initial reading on the compression balance A and B equal to zero.
2. Suspend three different weights from the sliding hook against any division mark on beam.
3. Note the reaction on the beam given by reading by compression balance.
4. Calculate reactions at both ends analytically.
5. Find out the percentage error in the reactions.
6. Repeat the above procedure for different masses at different positions and take five readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Length of beam = 1.0 m
Sr. Reading on Reading on W1 (Kg) W2 (Kg) W3 (Kg) X1 X2 X3
No. Scale A Scale B (m) (m) (m)
1
2
3
4
5
FORMULA:
(𝑤1 × 𝑥1 )+(𝑤2 × 𝑥2 )+(𝑤3 × 𝑥3 )
RB =
𝐿
RA = W1 + W2+ W3 - RB
CALCULATIONS:
 PRACTICAL NO. DATE:

BELT FRICTION – FLAT BELTS

OBJECTIVE :
To determine coefficient of friction

APPARATUS:
Belt friction apparatus, Flat belt and weights.

THEORY:
A) Law of Friction:
Coulomb has conducted several experiments on friction, the results of which are summarized as laws
of friction
1. Total friction that can be developed is independent of the magnitude of area of contact
2. The total friction that can be developed is proportional to the normal force.
3. Coefficient of kinetic friction is slightly less than the coefficient of static friction.

B) Static & Kinetic Friction:

The above laws of friction may be expressed by the following formula
Fs = μs N
Fk = μK N
Fk ˂ Fs
Fs = Static frictional force
Fk = Kinetic frictional force
μs = Coefficient of static friction
μK = Coefficient of Kinetic friction

C) Belt friction:
For adjusting lap angle β on the drum, a pulley is used (assumption: the friction between pulley & belt
is zero). Driving force is generated by the flat belt passing over the pulley.
The friction that is developed between a flexible belt & a drum can be utilized for transmission of
power & applying brakes.

D) Flat Belts:
In the figure, a pulley is driven in the direction as shown.
It is evident that the tension T2 > T1. T2 is called tight side; T1 is called slack side tension. The relation
between T2 & T1 when slipping of the belt impends is given by
T2 /T1 = eμβ
Where,
β= Angle of lap in radians
μ= coefficient of static friction
 FIGURE:

BELT FRICTION APPARATUS

Lap Angle (β)

PROCEDURE:
Case I: Determination of μ by maintaining β as constant.
1. Adjust the angle β by rotating the graduated disc such that desired angle β is observed below the
pointer.
2. Clean the surface of belt and pulley
3. By holding the belt, add known weight on T1 side (Slack side)
4. Adjust the weights on T2 side such that the belt just starts sliding over the pulley.
5. Repeat the procedure for five different values of T1 and tabulate the results.
6. Find the value of μ every time from the following equation
μ= (1/β) 𝖷 loge(T2/T1)
7. Plot the graph of T2 vs T1. Slope of graph is ‘m’
8. Find μ from the graph
μ= loge(m) rad.
Β

Case II: Determination of μ by maintaining T1 as constant

1. Perform the experiment in the manner similar to case I by keeping T1 as constant and varying the
value of β (lap angle)
2. Repeat the procedure for five different value of β and tabulate the result.
3. Find the value of μ every time from the following equation
μ= (1/β) 𝖷 loge(T2/T1)
4. Plot the graph of loge(T2/T1) Vs β
5. Slope of this graph is m
6. Find μ from the graph
μ= m = slope of the graph
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Case l: β constant = π/2
Sr. No. T1 (Kg) T2 (Kg) μ = (1/β) 𝖷 loge(T2/T1)

1
2
3
4
5
Average μ =
From graph,
Slope = m =
loge(m)
μ=
β

Case II: T1 constant = 0.5 Kg

Sr. No. T2 (Kg) Β (rad.) μ = (1/β) 𝖷 loge(T2/T1)

1
2
3
4
5
Average μ =
From graph,
Slope = m = μ
PRACTICAL NO. DATE:

LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES

OBJECTIVE :
To verify law of parallelogram of forces

APPARATUS:
law of parallelogram apparatus, string, weights, paper and pencil

THEORY:
Statement: If the two forces simultaneously acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction
by two adjacent sides of parallelogram, the diagonal represents resultant in magnitude and direction but
passing through the point of intersection of two forces.

FORMULA:
R = √𝑃² + 𝑄² + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑄 sin 𝜃
μ= tan-1(𝑃+𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
FIGURE:

Law of Parallelogram Apparatus

PROCEDURE:
1. Attach the paper on the sheet.
2. Take a string and pass the string on respective pulleys.
3. Attach weights at the end of string
4. These represent the two concurrent forces P & Q.(Draw sides of parallelogram on sheet0
5. These two forces represent two adjacent sides of parallelogram.
6. Attach third weight such that it is diagonal of the parallelogram.
7. This third force represents resultant of parallelogram.
8. For different values of P & Q find the resultant analytically and compare the results.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. P (Kg) Q (Kg) θ (degree) Cos θ R Experimental (Kg) R Analytical (Kg)
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATIONS:
PRACTICAL NO. DATE:

COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION
OBJECTIVE:
To determine coefficient of restitution

APPARATUS:
Meter scale, rubber ball, tennis ball, plastic ball.

THEORY:
For two bodies A & B, if U1 & U2 are initial velocities of A and B respectively before impact and V1 &
V2 are final velocities of A & B respectively after impact, then the coefficient of restitution 9e) is equal
to the ratio of relative velocity of particle’s separation just after impact (V2 – V1) to the relative velocity
of the particle’s approach just before impact (U1 – U2)
(V2 – V1)
e= -
U1 – U2

For perfectly elastic bodies, e=1 and perfectly elastic bodies e=0. In practice, however no material is
perfectly elastic or plastic. Hence value of e is always between 0 and 1.
Coefficient of restitution can be approximately calculated by bouncing spherical balls against a rigid
support, eg: a heavy slab. The object B in this case is fixed and having zero velocity.
U1 = √2𝑔ℎ1
V1 =√2𝑔ℎ2
U2 = V2 = 0
ℎ2
e=-√
ℎ1

FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:
1. Drop rubber ball vertically from height (h1)
2. Record the height at which the rubber ball bounces back (h2).
3. Calculate the coefficient of restitution.
4. Take three more readings with different height h1.
5. Calculate coefficient of restitution for other balls by repeating the steps.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. Object h1(mm) h2(mm) e =√ℎ2/ℎ1 Average
1 Rubber Ball
2
3
1 Tennis Ball
2
3
1 Plastic Ball
2
3
CALCULATIONS:
 PRACTICAL NO. DATE:

CURVILINEAR MOTION
OBJECTIVE:
To study kinematics of curvilinear motion of a particle

APPARATUS:
Cycle rim, balls, scale, powder, thread.

THEORY:
When a particle moves along a curve other than a straight line, then the particle is said to be in
curvilinear motion.
Instantaneous velocity is given by,
V = dr/dt
Where, r is position vector.

Instantaneous accleleration is given by,

a = dv/dt

The particle starts from point A and leaves at point B.

Hence by applying the work energy principle
Energy at A = Energy at B
mgr = mg (cosθ) = ½ mV2
gr = grcosθ + ½ mV2

V2 = 2gr (1 – cosθ)
V = √2gr (1 – cosθ)
Hence V is the velocity at point B

At point B,
F = man = mV2/r = mg cosθ
2 – 2 cosθ = cosθ
2 = 3cosθ
Cosθ = 2/3
As the particle leaves the rim at point B, it follows particle of projectile motion and falls to the ground at
distance b.
The path followed is tangential.
S = ut + ½ at2
Y = (usinθ) t – ½ gt2
r (1 +cosθ) = (usinθ) t – ½ gt2
r (1 + 2/3) = √2gr (1 – cosθ) (sinθ) t – ½ gt2
5/3 r = √2𝗑 9.81𝗑r(1 – 2/3) (5/3)t – ½ 𝗑 9.81 𝗑 t2
t = 0.42 r
Distance, b = ( u cosθ) t + r sinθ
b = √2gr (1 – cosθ) 𝗑 cosθ (0.42 r) = 5/3 r
b = √2.55r 𝗑 2/3 (0.42) r + 5/3 r
b = 1.456 r
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter of the rim.
2. Place the ball/ marble on the circular path at the highest position A. Allow it to move along path AB.
The ball/ marble will follow and leave circular path at B and follow trajectory BC and hit the surface
at C.
3. Mark point B on the rim and point C on the platform by spreading powder on circular track and
ground.
4. Measure horizontal DC on the ground.
5. Find angle through which particle move in circular path.
6. Compare distance DC and angle with analytical values.
7. Compare results with analytical solution.

Figure:

Fig (a)

Fig (b)
Rim Apparatus for Demonstrating Curvilinear Motion

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. r (cm) θ (degree) Experimental Analytical
x (cm) y (cm) x (cm) y (cm)
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATIONS: