Lecture 1:

- Introduction
- Basic Concepts & Static Performance Characteristics

Engineering Measurement
(Teknik Pengukuran)

Mechanical Engineering Dept., UNDIP

 Syllabus
 Course objective
 To familiarize student with engineering
measurement technique, practice & technology
related to Mechanical Engineering problems
 Able to use Matlab to process measured data and
to present them according to a common academic
publication standard

 Content
 Instrument/sensor characteristics, DAQ, Motion &
Vibration, Pressure & Sound, Flow,
Force/Torque/Strain, Temperature

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 Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation
 What is measurement ?
 Activity to compare quantitatively between predefined
standard unit and something that is being observed.
 Measurements are very common/important
 Monitoring of processes
 Control of process
 Experimental Engineering Analysis

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 Classification of Transducer

 Passive vs. Active

 Passive: ie. Pressure gage
 Active  need auxiliary power source
 ie. Digital Revolution Counter

Note: Transducer ~ sensor

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 Classification of Transducer
 Analog vs. Digital
 Analog  signal is continuous ; most transducers
 Digital  signal is 1 or 0 (on or off); ie. Dig. Rev. Counter
 Null and Deflection methods
 Deflection method affect opposing part
of the instrument
 ie. Pressure gage
 Null method try to maintain deflection
at zero.
 Ie. Deadweight pressure gage

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 Signal Disturbance

 Signal Disturbance/interference/noise, spurious signal

can be constant (DC), Periodic or Random
 Signal to Noise ratio (S/N) measured in decibel (dB)
dB= 20 log (Output/Input)
 Periodic  single frequency or multiple frequency contents
 60 Hz AC line in USA, 50 Hz AC line in Indonesia, AC Motor
 Random  rich of frequency contents
 Office vibration, Earthquake

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 Methods of Correction
 High Gain Feedback
 KAM large such that the effect of iM4 small
 Requirements:
 High bandwidth system
 Large operating range limit for transient/overshoot

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 Methods of Correction
 Method of opposing input
 Examples:
 Use - and + temperature resistance coefficient resistors
 Use - and + temperature expansion coefficient of materials
 Filtering
 Attenuate or amplify signal at some frequency range
 Result: ed/em small at eo
 Caution: The true signal phase may not be in phase with
output signal
ed
em ei eo=ei*Kf
Sensor Filter
Kf (s)

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 Methods of Correction

 Filtering (cont’d)
 Ie. Low Pass Filter (LPF)

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 Methods of Correction

 Filtering (cont’d)
 Types of Filter
 Low Pass Filter
 High Pass Filter
 Band Pass Filter
 Notch Filter

 Filter can be 1st order, 2nd order and higher

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 Static Vs. Dynamic Characteristics

Static
 Value does not change appreciably over the time

Dynamic
 Value is time and frequency dependent
 Transient and steady state

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 Static Characteristics
 Basic definitions
 Sources of errors
 Accuracy, Precision, Bias error
 Statistical Methods
 System accuracy calculation
 Linearity and Trend line
 Nonlinear static characteristics
 Impedance matching and Loading effect

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 Basic Definitions
 True Value: the actual value of the measured variable

 Indicated or measured value: the value determined from the

experiment

 Error: difference between true value to measured value

 Mean: the sum of measurement values divided by the number

of measurement

 Deviation: difference a single result and the mean of many

results

 Span: The range of variable that an instrument is designed to

measure

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 Sources of Errors

 Bias error: errors with the same magnitude and sign every
time the experiment is repeated

 Precision error: error due to inability to exactly repeat a

measurement

 Resolution: the smallest increment of change that can be

determined from the transducer/instrument read out

 Sensitivity: the change in the transducer/instrument output

per unit change in the measure quantity

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 Sensitivity

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 Drift

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 Mean ?
Accuracy, Precision, Bias Error Deviation ?
Precision Repeatability?
Reproduceability?
Bias Error

High Precision High Precision

Poor Accuracy High Accuracy

Accuracy

Poor Accuracy Good Average Accuracy

Poor Precision Poor Precision

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 Statistical Methods, Ch. 13

 Mean
1 n
  x   xi
n i 1
 Deviation
d i  xi  x
 Standard Deviation
n

(x  x)i
 s i 1
n 1 smaller s  better precision
measures of dispersion

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 Statistical Distribution Function
Distribution: describe strength of determination
 z2 
 

1
f ( z)  e  2 

2

x
z


Gaussian Distribution Weibull Distribution

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 System Accuracy Calculation
 Significant Figures
 Non-zero digits (ie. 1-9) are always significant
 Zero is significant when it is between two non-zero digits
 Only the final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion of
a number are significant
Example
3.0800  five significant figures
0.00418  three significant figures
7.09 x 10-5  three significant figure

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 System Accuracy Calculation
 Significant digits
 Addition or subtraction
 The answer will have the same precision as the least precise
number
 6.234+8.2+4.95=19.384  19.4

 Multiplication of Division
 Product of quotient shall contain no more significant digits
than are contained in the number with the fewes significant
digits
 6.234 x 8.2 / 4.9585 = 10.309327  10

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 Propagation of Error
 Used to determine uncertainty of a quantity that
requires masurement of several independent
variables
 Volume of a cylinder V=f(D,L)
 Volume of a block V=f(L,W,H)
 Density of a gas rho=f(P,T)

All variables must have the same confidence interval

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 Propagation of Error, 13.9
 Example x  x  x
R  f ( x, y )
y  y  y

2
 R   R 
2

R   .x    .y 
 x   y 

R  R  R

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 Linearity and Trend Line
 Linear regression y  mx  b

m  x  y  n x y
i i i i
b
 y i  m  xi
( x )  n xi
2 2
i n

 Other trend line fitting methods

 Polynomial, Power, Exponential and etc

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 Nonlinear Static Characteristics

 Hysteresis curve
 Treshold

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 Impedance Matching and Loading Effect
Electrical

Voltmeter Ammeter

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 Impedance Matching and Loading Effect
Mechanical

Displacement gage

Force gage
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 Sample questions from Previous Year Exam
Accuracy, Precision, Bias error, Drift, Threshold, Resolution,
Hysteresis, MEMS, Dead Space, Potentiometer, LVDT, high-
pass filter, Span, Deviation, Error, Mean, Resolution,
Sensitivity, Precision error

1. Error due to inability to exactly repeat a measurement: ___

2. The change in the instrument output per unit change in the measure
quantity :____
3. Difference between true value to measured value :___
4. Difference between a single result and the mean of many results =
____
5. Minimum value below which no output change can be detected = ____
6. The noncoincidence of loading and unloading curve = ____
7. The smallest increment of change that can be determined from
transducer read-out: ___
8. Slow change of value or sensitivity in instrument signal/read-out: __
9. In the US, actuation, sensing and electronics in miniature scale: ___
10. Transducer that has translational or angular displacement which is
proportional to resistance: ___

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 Homework 1

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 Homework 1

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 Homework 1

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