n
n! e−as
• L(t ) = • L(floor(t/a)) =
s1+n s(1 − e−as)
1
• L(eat) = 1
s−a • L(sqw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
s s
• L(cos bt) = 1
s2 + b2 • L(a trw(t/a)) = tanh(as/2)
b s2
• L(sin bt) =
s2 + b2 Γ(1 + α)
• L(tα) =
e−as s1+α
• L(H(t − a)) =
π
r
s
−as • L(t−1/2) =
• L(δ(t − a)) = e s
Proof of L(tn ) = n!/s1+n
Slide 1 of 3
The first step is to evaluate L(f (t)) for f (t) = t0 [n = 0 case]. The function t0 is
written as 1, but Laplace theory conventions require f (t) = 0 for t < 0, therefore f (t)
is technically the unit step function.
R∞
L(1) = 0 (1)e−stdt Laplace integral of f (t) = 1.
t=∞
= −(1/s)e−st|t=0 Evaluate the integral.
= 1/s Assumed s > 0 to evaluate limt→∞ e−st .
Proof of L(tn ) = n!/s1+n
Slide 2 of 3
The value of L(f (t)) for f (t) = t can be obtained by s-differentiation of the relation
L(1) = 1/s, as follows. Technically, f (t) = 0 for t < 0, then f (t) is called the
ramp function.
d d
R∞ −st
ds
L(1) = ds 0 (1)e dt Laplace integral for f (t) = 1.
R∞ d −st d
Rb R b dF
= 0 ds (e ) dt Used ds a F dt = a ds dt.
R∞ −st
= 0 (−t)e dt Calculus rule (eu )0 = u0 eu .
= −L(t) Definition of L(t).
Then
d
L(t) = − ds L(1) Rewrite last display.
d
= − ds (1/s) Use L(1) = 1/s.
= 1/s2 Differentiate.
Proof of L(tn ) = n!/s1+n
Slide 3 of 3
This idea can be repeated to give
d
L(t2) = − L(t)
ds
= L(t2)
2
= 3.
s
d
The pattern is L(tn ) = − ds L(tn−1), which implies the formula
n!
L(tn) = .
s1+n
R∞
L(H(t − a)) = 0 H(t − a)e−stdt Direct Laplace transform. As-
sume a ≥ 0.
R∞
= a (1)e−stdt Because H(t − a) = 0 for
0 ≤ t < a.
R∞
= 0 (1)e−s(x+a)dx Change variables t = x + a.
R∞
= e−as 0 (1)e−sxdx Constant e−as moves outside
integral.
= e−as(1/s) Apply L(1) = 1/s.
Proof of L(δ(t − a)) = e−as
Slide 1 of 3
The definition of the delta function is a formal one, in which every occurrence of symbol
δ(t − a)dt under an integrand is replaced by dH(t − a). The differential symbol
dH(t − a) is taken in the sense of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral. This integral is defined
in Rudin’s Real analysis for monotonic integrators α(x) as the limit
Z b N
X
f (x)dα(x) = lim f (xn)(α(xn) − α(xn−1))
a N →∞
n=1
−1/2
Γ(1 + (−1/2))
L(t )= Apply the previous formula.
√ s1−1/2
π √
= √ Use Γ(1/2) = π.
s