MENGENAL TANAH

LONGSOR DAN
MITIGASINYA

Dr. Ir. H. Erizal, MAgr.

Dr. Ir. H. Erizal, MAgr.
 APA ITU TANAH LONGSOR?

Tanah longsor boleh disebut juga dengan

gerakan tanah. Didefinisikan sebagai masa
t h atau
tanah t material
t i l campuran llempung,
kerikil,, ppasir,, dan kerakal serta bongkah
g dan
lumpur yang bergerak sepanjang lereng atau
keluar lereng karena faktor gravitasi bumi.
bumi
PR S S TERJADINYA
PROSES RJAD NYA LONGSOR
N S R

air yang
g meresap
p ke dalam tanah akan
menambah bobot tanah. Jika air
tersebut menembus sampai tanah
kedap air yang berperan sebagai bidang
gelincir maka tanah menjadi licin dan
gelincir,
tanah pelapukan di atasnya akan
bergerak mengikuti lereng dan keluar
lereng.
 TIPE LONGSORAN

• longsoran rotasi (rotational  slip)
• longsoran translasi (translational slip)
• pergerakan blok
• runtuhan batu 
• rayapan tanah
rayapan tanah
• aliran bahan rombakan
longsoran rotasi
longsoran translasi
pergerakan blok
pergerakan blok
runtuhan batu
rayapan tanah
aliran bahan rombakan
 TIPOLOGI LERENG RENTAN
LONGSOR

• Lereng timbunan tanah residual yang dialasi oleh 
batuan kompak
• Lereng batuan yang berlapis searah lereng topografi
• Lereng yang tersusun oleh blok‐blok batuan.
PENYEBAB TANAH LONGSOR

• Faktor alam

• Faktor manusia
 MITIGASI

• Tahap awal (preventif)

• Tahap
p bencana
• Tahap pasca bencana
Bagan alir sistem manajemen bencana longsor (Karnawati, 2002)
SLOPE STABILITY

Dr Ir
Dr. Ir. H
H. Erizal
Erizal, MAgr
MAgr.
Types
yp of landslide
• Rock failure
– failure
f il plane
l pre-determined
d t i d
• Soil failure
– failure plane along line of max stress
 Types of landslide
• Rock failure
– failure along
gppre-determined p
planes of
weakness
• Soil failure
– failure along lines of max. stress
• frictional, cohesive = rotational
• frictional, incohesive = planar
Rotational landslip analysis
• For undrained frictionless failure
– total stress analysis
y
• For cohesive and frictional failure
– method
th d off slices
li
– Bishop’s conventional method (can take into
account pore water pressure)
Rotational slip
• total stress analysis
or φu = 0
• strength parameters
are those of
undrained soil
where
F = restraining moment
disturbing moment
Cr θ 2
F= C = cohesive strength (Pa)
r = slip circle radius (m)
We θ= slip sector in radians
W = weight of sliding sector (N)
e = eccentricity of sliding sector (m)
Method of slices

• Swedish circle
method
• For use with cohesive
and frictional soils

Crθ + ∑1 N n tan φ
n

F=
∑T
n
1 n
Effect of a tension crack
• Reduces the angle of
the sliding sector

Height of tension crack:

F frictionless
For f i ti l soilil

2C
hc =
ρ
Cohesive and frictional soil
C = cohesive strength (Pa)
ρ= unit weight of soil (N m-3)
2C⎛ φ⎞ φ = friction angle
hc = tan⎜ 45 + ⎟
ρ ⎝ 2⎠
Location of slip circle centre

• No simple way – trial

and error
• F more sensitive to
horizontal movements
than vertical
movements
Effective stress analysis

GWL r

Pf = h x ρw
h

Crθ + ∑1 ( N n − Pf Ln ) tan φ
n

F=
∑T
n
1 n
Other methods of analysis
• Taylor’s stability analysis
– used for frictional and cohesive soils
– uses a dimensionless number to iterate
towards a solution
• Bishop’s method
– effect of forces on each side of slice
considered
– iterative method
I Review
I. R i
Method of slices
Fellenius Method
Simplified
p Bishop
p
Method
II Spencer / Morganstern-Price
II. Morganstern Price Methods
Spencer and Morganstern-Price Methods
III Janbu
III. J b Method
M th d
Janbu Method
Correction Factor
Example Problem – Janbu Method
IV. Sliding Block Analysis
V. Stabilization Techniques
Monitoring Techniques
 Stabilization Methods

Selection Criteria:

• Subsurface conditions & potential modes of failure

• The present & required topography
• Physical constraints – property lines or buildings
• Consequences of failure
• Availability of materials, equipment, & expertise
• Local performance history
• Aesthetics
• Time required for construction
• Cost
Slopes Flattened or Benched
 Berm Provided at Toe
Weight Increases the Resistance to Sliding
Protection Against Erosion Provided at Toe
Lowering of GWT to Reduce the Pore Pressures
 Drainage
g of Slopes
p

Drains are added to stabilize slopes

Use of Driven or Cast-in-Place Piles
Retaining Wall OR Sheetpiling OR Cylinder Piles
Provided to Increase Resistance to Sliding
Plan for Building Design to aid Slope Stability
Landslip monitoring
Flowslides
• Soil, clay, rock debris may behave like
q ; water content is > liquid
liquid; q limit
– flowslide

• Flowslides are extremely mobile

– e.g. Yungay, Peru, 1970
Mt. Huascaran, Peru, 1970

• earthquake triggered
flowslide
• hit towns of Yungay
and Ranrahirca, 18
km away, at around
150 km/hr
• Yungay completely
buried, 66,000 dead
Flowslide Slumgullion
Flowslide, Slumgullion, Colorado
• National natural
landslide laboratory
• Major slip ~3500
yyears ago,
g present
slip ~1000 years ago
The Mam Tor head scar – looking west
Mam Tor landslide
• O
Occurred dd
due tto glacially
l i ll oversteepened
t d
slopes
• Age ~3600 years, from radiocarbon dating
of tree remains recovered from boreholes
• ~300 m wide and ~1000 m long
• Upper part
– multiple rotation landslide
• Lower part
– debris flow
Cross-section through the Mam Tor landslip
Geological map and movements at each station
- 1996 tto 2002
Correlation
of
movements
with rainfall
An analogue
for
sedimentation
i h
in half-graben.
lf b

Derbyshire
County Council
is the
transportation
agent!
Mam Tor references
• Skempton, A.W. et al., 1989, The Mam
Tor landslide,, North Derbyshire,
y , Phil.
Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. 329, 503-547

• Rutter, E.H. et al., 2003, Strain

displacements in the Mam Tor landslip,
Derbyshire, England, J. Geol. Soc. Lond.
160, 735-744.