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Keselamatan dan kesehatan industri

Manajemen
Edisi ketujuh

C. Ray Asfahl
David W. Rieske
University of
Arkansas

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

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Perpustakaan Kongres Cataloging-in-publikasi data

Nama: Asfahl, C. Ray, 1938-penulis. | Rieske, David W., penulis.

Judul: industri keselamatan dan kesehatan manajemen/C. Ray Asfahl, David W.
Rieske, Universitas Arkansas.
Keterangan: edisi ketujuh. | NY, NY: Pearson, [2019] |
Termasuk referensi bibliografis dan indeks.
Pengidentifikasi: LCCN 2017050947 | ISBN 9780134630564 (ALK. Paper) |
ISBN 0134630564 (ALK. Paper)
Bidang: LCSH: keamanan industri. | Kebersihan industri.
Klasifikasi: LCC T55. A83 2019 | Data DDC 658.4/08--dc23 LC tersedia di https://lccn.loc.gov/2017050947

1 18
ISBN: 9780134630564 ISBN: 0134630564

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Isi
Pendahuluan IX

Bab 1 manajer keselamatan dan kesehatan tujuan yang wajar 1

2
Keselamatan versus Kesehatan 4
Peranan dalam struktur korporasi 5
Sumber daya di tangan 6
Ringkasan 12
Latihan dan pertanyaan belajar 12
Latihan penelitian 13

Bab 2 pengembangan kompensasi pekerja fungsi keselamatan dan kesehatan 15

16
Pencatatan 21
Analisa penyebab kecelakaan 35
Organisasi Komite 36
Ekonomi keselamatan dan kesehatan 37
Pelatihan 41
Pengujian penempatan pekerjaan 43
Tempat kerja bebas asap 44
Patogen darah 45
Kekerasan di tempat kerja 47
Ringkasan 48
Latihan dan pertanyaan belajar 49
Latihan penelitian 53

Bab 3 konsep penghindaran bahaya pendekatan penegakan 54

55
Pendekatan psikologis 57
Pendekatan rekayasa 59
Pendekatan Analytical 67
Timbangan klasifikasi bahaya 78
Ringkasan 84
Latihan dan pertanyaan belajar 85
Latihan penelitian 88
Pertanyaan penelitian standar 89

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 iv Contents

CHAPTER 4 Impact of Federal Regulation 90

Standards 90
NIOSH 95
Enforcement 96
Public Uproar 102
Role of the States 104
Political Trends 106
Immigrant Workers 113
Summary 113
Exercises and Study Questions 114
Research Exercises 115
Standards Research Questions 116

CHAPTER 5 Information Systems 117

Hazard Communication 118
International Standards 125
Environmental Protection Agency 125
Department of Homeland Security 130
Computer Information Systems 131
Summary 133
Exercises and Study Questions 133
Research Exercises 134
Standards Research Questions 135

CHAPTER 6 Process Safety and Disaster Preparedness Process Information 136

137
Process Analysis 141
Operating Procedures 142
Training 143
Contractor Personnel 144
Acts of Terrorism 144
Workplace Security 147
Active Shooter Incidents 148
Summary 148
Exercises and Study Questions 149
Research Exercises 150
Standards Research Questions 150

CHAPTER 7 Buildings and Facilities 152

Walking and Working Surfaces 153
Exits 164
Illumination 166
Miscellaneous Facilities 168
Sanitation 171
Summary 172

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 Contents v

Exercises and Study Questions 172

Research Exercises 173
Standards Research Questions 174

CHAPTER 8 Ergonomics 175

Facets of Ergonomics 175
Workplace Musculoskeletal Disorders 179
Affected Industries 182
Ergonomics Standards 182
WMSD Management Programs 185
Ergonomic Risk Analysis 187
NIOSH Lifting Equation 188
Sources of Ergonomic Hazards 196
Summary 205
Exercises and Study Questions 206
Research Exercises 207
Standards Research Question 208

CHAPTER 9 Health and Toxic Substances 209

Baseline Examinations 209
Toxic Substances 210
Measures of Exposure 220
Standards Completion Project 224
Detecting Contaminants 226
Summary 234
Exercises and Study Questions 235
Research Exercises 239
Standards Research Questions 240

CHAPTER 10 Environmental Control and Noise 241

Ventilation 241
ASHRAE Standards
and
Indoor
Air
Quality
Industrial
Noise 251
251
Radiation 267
Summary 267
Exercises and Study Questions 268
Research Exercises 272
Standards Research Questions 272

CHAPTER 11 Flammable and Explosive Materials 273

Flammable Liquids 273
Sources of Ignition 278
Standards Compliance 280
Combustible Liquids 282
Spray Finishing 284

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 vi Contents

Dip Tanks 287

Explosives 287
Liquefied Petroleum Gas 288
Combustible Dust 290
Summary 291
Exercises and Study Questions 291
Research Exercises 293
Standards Research Questions 294

CHAPTER
12
Personal
Protection
and
First
Protection
Aid Need
Assessment 295
296
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Training 297
Hearing Protection 298
Determining the Noise Reduction Rating 299
Eye and Face Protection 300
Respiratory Protection 302
Confined Space Entry 315
Head Protection 318
Miscellaneous Personal Protective Equipment 319
First Aid 321
Summary 322
Exercises and Study Questions 323
Research Exercises 325
Standards Research Questions 326

CHAPTER 13 Fire Protection 327

Mechanics of Fire 328
Industrial Fires 328
Fire Prevention 329
Dust Explosions 329
Emergency Evacuation 330
Fire Brigades 332
Fire Extinguishers 333
Standpipe and Hose Systems 335
Automatic Sprinkler Systems 336
Fixed Extinguishing Systems 336
Summary 337
Exercises and Study Questions 338
Research Exercises 340
Standards Research Questions 340

CHAPTER 14 Materials Handling and Storage 341

Materials Storage 342
Industrial Trucks 343
Passengers 349
Cranes 350

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 Contents vii

Slings 364
Conveyors 368
Lifting 369
Summary 371
Exercises and Study Questions 371
Research Exercise 374

CHAPTER 15 Machine Guarding 375

General Machine Guarding 375
Safeguarding the Point of Operation 385
Power Presses 392
Heat Processes 412
Grinding Machines 412
Saws 414
Miscellaneous Machine Guarding 419
Miscellaneous Machines and Processes 422
Industrial Robots 423
Evolution in Robotics and Intelligent Machines 426
Summary 427
Exercises and Study Questions 428
Standards Research Questions 431

CHAPTER 16 Welding 432

Process Terminology 432
Gas Welding Hazards 436
Arc Welding Hazards 443
Resistance Welding Hazards 444
Fires and Explosions 445
Eye Protection 447
Protective Clothing 448
Gases and Fumes 449
Summary 452
Exercises and Study Questions 453
Research Exercises 455
Standards Research Questions 456

CHAPTER 17 Electrical Hazards 457

Electrocution Hazards 457
Fire Hazards 470
Arc Flash 475
Test Equipment 477
Exposure to High-Voltage Power Lines 479
Frequent Violations 479
Summary 480
Exercises and Study Questions 481

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 viii Contents

Research Exercises 484

Standards Research Questions 484

CHAPTER 18 Construction 485

General Facilities 486
Personal Protective Equipment 488
Fire Protection 492
Tools 492
Electrical 494
Ladders and Scaffolds 496
Floors and Stairways 499
Cranes and Hoists 499
Heavy Vehicles and Equipment 505
ROPS 505
Trenching and Excavations 508
Concrete Work 512
Steel Erection 514
Demolition 515
Explosive Blasting 516
Electric Utilities 517
Summary 518
Exercises and Study Questions 519
Research Exercises 522

APPENDICES

A OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits 523

B Medical Treatment 542

C First-Aid Treatment 543

D Classification of Medical Treatment 545

E Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives 547

F Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code 551

G States Having Federally Approved State Plans for

Occupational Safety and Health Standards and Enforcement 555

Bibliography 556

Glossary 567

Index 575

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 Preface

The seventh edition of Industrial Safety and Health Management remains true to
the purpose of engaging the reader in the common sense approaches to safety and
health from a concept, process, and compliance perspective. The book retains its
easy-to-read format while increasing the retention of the reader through additional
case studies and statistics, relevant topics, and additional explanation of difficult-to-
understand concepts.
Much of the safety change we see comes on the heels of major disasters or
social trends and changes. The past decade has seen many. The explosion of a major
sugar processing plant has driven a renewed focus on combustible dust, an outbreak
of Ebola brought focus on contagious diseases, the sinking of a major oil derrick
initiated a discussion on regulatory oversight and process health, and numerous acts
of violence bring our attention to security in the workplace. Social trends such as
the rise of “gig” or “on-demand” employment have brought about questions of the
definition of an “employee” and coverage for safety nets such as workers’
compensation. Regulatory changes have even precipitated the complete removal of
workers’ compensation in some states. In other areas, the effectiveness of workers’
compensation led to a robust dialog on whether or not a permanently injured em-
ployee truly receives compensation commensurate to his or her injury. Meanwhile
rises in the number of states legalizing marijuana have caused companies to ques-
tion current drug screening programs and medical treatment programs.
Regulation has changed as well. The adoption of the Globally Harmonized
System for Hazard Communication or GHS has completely changed the way we think
about hazard communication. The new system crosses language barriers and helps
workers who may not be able to read or may not be fluent in a given language with a
series of pictograms depicting the dangers of certain chemicals. Hazards are now
categorized in a standard way which drives increased consistency of approach. For the
first time in nearly 20 years, fines associated with citations have gone up considerably.
Meanwhile, record fines have been levied against corporations associated with major
disasters. The classification of companies has also been changed to the modernized
North America Industry Classification System (NAICS).
As the authors have used the text in their classrooms, a critical focus has been
on addressing the most common areas that students will be expected to apply in an
industrial setting. Additional explanation around the concepts of PELs has been
given to help students to understand the differences among PEL’s, Ceilings, and
other measures. Calculations around the Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) and how it
is practically used will help students address the prevalent danger of industrial noise
in their work environments. In addition, explained in more detail is sometimes the
confusing concept of applying workers’ compensation and practical aspects of pro-
tecting employees.

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 x Preface

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION?

For easy reference, the authors have summarized the new features of this edition as
follows:

• Overhaul of hazard communication standard and incorporation of the Globally

Harmonized System
• Increased discussion on workers’ compensation rates and calculations
• Trends in workers’ compensation privatization and states “opting-out”
• Layers of coverage for permanent injuries
• Coverage of the trends in the gig economy and the changing nature of
employees
• OSHA usage of reporting in “Big Data”
• Changes in SIC to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
• Discussion of bloodborne pathogens and protecting workers from diseases such
as HIV and Ebola
• Increased coverage of workplace security
• Discussion of preparation and response techniques for active shooter scenarios •
Impact of medical marijuana
• Changes in OSHA citation penalty levels
• Increased coverage of Target Industry programs
• Coverage of fatigue and worker safety
• Practical discussion of PELs, STELs, Ceiling Limits and how they interact
• Changes to flammable liquid classification
• Coverage of calculations and usage of Noise Reduction Rating (NRR)
• Coverage of long-term health impact to World Trade Center first responders
• OSHA’s work against the dangers of combustible dust
• Additional practical and pragmatic assessment of penalty levels
• Additional review of OSHA programs such as SHARP and VPP as OSHA is
increasing its collaborative approach in recent years
• Additional case studies to bring home to readers about the concepts of safety and
health

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 Preface xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Both authors wish to express their appreciation to companies and individuals who have
contributed ideas and support for the seventh edition. Special thanks to Richard
Wallace, Jimmy Baker, and the entire team at Pratt & Whitney for ideas, pictures, and
best practices from their world-class facility. Andrew Hilliard, President of Safety
Maker, Inc. and E.C. Daven, President of Safety Services, Inc. provided valuable insights
and visual examples. Erica Asfahl provided mechanical engineering advice. David Trigg
and David Bryan answered questions and provided data on OSHA developments. We
are grateful to Ken Kolosh and the team at the National Safety Council for their
statistics provided in many areas of the text. Tara Mercer and the National Council on
Compensation Insurance shared valuable insights into trends and developments such as
the gig economy and the impact of medical marijuana. We learned from Alejandra
Nolibos about developments in state workers’ compensation changes. Finally, we
dedicate this edition to our patient and supportive families who have endured the process of bringing forth

C. Ray Asfahl
David W. Rieske

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