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Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2010): Gravity as a Crossroad in Physics IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 314 (2011) 012095 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/314/1/012095

Conformal Yano-Killing Tensors

in General Relativity
Jacek Jezierski
Department of Mathematical Methods in Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw,
ul. Hoża 74, 00-682 Warsaw, Poland
E-mail: Jacek.Jezierski@fuw.edu.pl

Abstract. How CYK tensors appear in General Relativity?

•Geometric definition of the asymptotic flat spacetime: strong asymptotic flatness, which
guarantees well defined total angular momentum [2, 3, 4]
•Conserved quantities – asymptotic charges (I , i0 ) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9]
•Quasi-local mass and “rotational energy” for Kerr black hole [5]
•Constants of motion along geodesics and symmetric Killing tensors [5, 6]
Spacetimes possessing CYK tensor [10]:
•Minkowski (quadratic polynomials) [5]
•(Anti-)deSitter (natural construction) [7, 8, 9]
•Kerr (type D spacetime) [5]
•Taub-NUT (new symmetric conformal Killing tensors) [6]
Other applications:
•Symmetries of Dirac operator
•Symmetries of Maxwell equations

The Conformal Yano-Killing tensor Q (as a 2-form), in n-dimensional spacetime with metric
gµν , is a solution to the following equation:
2
gσλ Qν κ;ν + gκ(λ Qσ) µ ;µ .


Qλκ;σ + Qσκ;λ = (1)
n−1
This is a natural generalization of conformal Killing covector field for higher rank differential
p−forms. For any p, CYK tensor is the element of the kernel of the twistor operator Q → Twist Q
defined as follows:
1 1
∀X Twist Q(X) := ∇X Q − XydQ + g(X) ∧ d∗ Q . (2)
p+1 n−p+1
The CYK tensor has several nice properties like: covariance with respect to the conformal
rescaling of the metric tensor (Th. 2 in [5]), its divergence is a Killing vector (Th. 4 in [5]), and
its Hodge dual is a CYK tensor (Th. 5 in [5]).
On the other hand, for the 4-dimensional closed Riemannian manifold the integrability
conditions of CYK equation imply that overdetermined equation (1) is equivalent to harmonic-
like equation (Th. 9 in [5])
∇µ ∇µ Qλκ = Rσ κλµ Qσ µ + Rσ[λ Qκ] σ . (3)

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1

Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2010): Gravity as a Crossroad in Physics IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 314 (2011) 012095 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/314/1/012095

In gravity we shall concentrate on the case p = 2. For n = 4 the contraction of the 2-form
Q with spin-2 field (Weyl tensor) gives another 2-form which fulfills Maxwell equations. This
observation enables one to propose a geometric definition of the asymptotically flat spacetime
(Def. 3 and 4 in [4]): strong asymptotic flatness, which guarantees well defined total angular
momentum [2, 3, 4]. The global conserved quantities – asymptotic charges – are well defined
at spatial infinity if the corresponding asymptotic CYK tensor exists. For Schwarzschildean
spacetimes there exists a full set of ACYK tensors at spatial infinity [3]. Moreover, ACYK tensor
gives some insight in the behaviour of gravitational charges at null infinity [4]. In particular,
the obstruction for the existence of angular momentum at I one can describe in terms of
the corresponding ACYK tensor. Recall (see Sec. 5.6 in [1]) that in Bondi-Sachs coordinates
(u, x, xA ) the space-time metric takes the form:

g = −xV e2β du2 + 2e2β x−2 dudx + x−2 hAB dxA − U A du dxB − U B du .



(4)

The extra condition for finiteness of angular momentum at I + is related with the term (Sec.
3.2 in [4]):  −2 uxAx
−1 µλαβ x W̃ v,A + O(1) for boost
x W̃ Q̃αβ = , (5)
x−2 W̃ uxAx εA B v̂,B + O(1) for rotation
m
where v = Xrk , v̂ = εklm Xr are dipole functions on a sphere S 2 , which is parameterized
by coordinates xA , r2 = 2
P
k (Xk ) . Moreover, W̃ and Q̃ are conformally rescaled tensors,
Weyl and CYK respectively, by appropriate power of theconformal  factor x. The component
uxAx
1
(5) becomes finite if we assume that dipole part dip W̃ = O(x2 ). It also means
Z
that the charges W µλ αβ Qαβ dSµλ , built from asymptotically constant CYK tensors Q, are
S
obstructions f or the existence of angular momentum at I + (ofam-charges). The asymptotic
conditions which  guaranteefiniteness of the four-momentum at future
 null infinity
 are as follows:
energy — mon x W̃ −1 uxux 2
= O(1) , linear momentum — dip x W̃ −1 uxux = O(1) and they
are fulfilled for any asymptotically flat spacetime satisfying the usual asymptotic conditions:
W̃ µ
λαβ = O(x),Q̃
αβλ = O(1) = Q̃αβ . However, for angular momentum the asymptotic condition

dip x−2 W̃ uxAx = O(1) is an extra assumption which is fulfilled for standard asymptotics of
Bondi metrics (4) but it is not obvious.
The construction of global charges in General Relativity has a long history. In the case of
asymptotically flat spacetime (asymptotically Minkowskian) the concept of asymptotic CYK
tensor led to the strong asymptotic flatness condition at spatial infinity and to the construction
of charges in terms of the Weyl tensor which are free from supertranslation ambiguity contrary
to the “superpotentials” based on asymptotic Killing vector fields.
There are several interesting examples for the existence of the exact (and not only asymptotic)
solutions of equation (1) in the physically important spacetimes like Minkowski, Kerr, Taub-
NUT, deSitter or anti-deSitter. It is rather surprising that from geometrical point of view it is
easier to find in (anti-)deSitter than in Minkowski spacetime the maximal set of 20 CYK 2-forms
[8, 9]. More precisely, the assumption of Theorem 1 in [7] that the traceless part of extrinsic
curvature of M ⊂ N vanishes and the trace is constant on M is easily fulfilled for AdS spacetime
M embedded in ambient flat 5-dimensional spacetime N . Hence, a pullback of constant CYK
1
The dipole part of a vector field on S 2 is its orthogonal projection onto the six-dimensional space of conformal
vector fields which is simultaneously a “first” eigenspace (with unit eigenvalue) for Laplace–Beltrami operator ∆
2
By mon we denote monopole part of a scalar field on S 2 i.e. its orthogonal projection onto the one-dimensional
kernel of Laplace–Beltrami operator ∆

2
Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2010): Gravity as a Crossroad in Physics IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 314 (2011) 012095 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/314/1/012095

tensors in N to a submanifold M gives all solutions of a CYK equation in AdS spacetime [8].
We can write the general form of a solution of equation (1) in Minkowski spacetime:
Qµν = q µν + 2x[µ uν] + εµν κλ v κ xλ + 4x[µ k ν]λ xλ + k µν xλ xλ , (6)
where q µν
and k µν
are any constant skew-symmetric tensors, and and uµ vµ
are any constant
vectors. Moreover, in Kerr spacetime the existing pair of CYK tensors:
QKerr = r sin θdθ ∧ r2 + a2 dφ − adt + a cos θdr ∧ dt − a sin2 θdφ



(7)
∗QKerr = a cos θ sin θdθ ∧ r + a2 dφ − adt + rdr ∧ a sin2 θdφ − dt
 2


(8)
defines quasi-local mass and the dual mass in a geometric way. Obviously, the dual mass (as a
topological charge) vanishes.
The property, that the symmetrized product Kµν := Qλ(µ Pν) λ of CYK tensors Qµν and Pµν
is a conformal (symmetric) Killing tensor (Th. 3 in [5]), enables one to construct symmetric
conformal Killing tensors. Some of them seems to be not known [5, 6]. Those objects are useful
in the construction of constants of motion along geodesics. More precisely, the geodesic equation
g µν pµ ∇ν p = 0 implies that for a null covector p and for any conformal Killing tensor K we have
g µν pµ ∇ν (K µν pµ pν ) = 0, i.e. K µν pµ pν is a constant of motion along null geodesics.
Let Wµσαβ be a spin-2 field (Weyl tensor) and by “∗” we denote its dual
∗
W µναβ := 12 Wµνρσ ερσ αβ . A super-tensor
2Tµναβγδ := Wµσαβ Wν σ γδ + Wµσγδ Wν σ αβ + W ∗ µσαβ W ∗ ν σ γδ + W ∗ µσγδ W ∗ ν σ αβ ,
described in [4] and firstly proposed by Öktem [11], is an example of the object which is
“above” the Bel–Robinson tensor, i.e. its trace g βδ Tµναβγδ gives the original Bel–Robinson
tensor. Theorem 8 in [4] enables one to define (with the help of CYK 2-form) “quadratic
charge” as a 3-volume integral. Quite unusual application of this idea is given in [5], where the
spinning energy of the rotating black hole is given in terms of the corresponding CYK tensor.
We summarize some relationships by the following diagram:
conformal
CYK
Killing
tensor
 vector

 Q K
 
energy-
spin-2 _ _ _W _ _/ Maxwell F / momentum T / conserved
field field current
tensor
∗F F

closed closed
two-form three-form

two-surface three-surface
integral integral

 
electric & magnetic energy & momentum
charge on initial surface

Linear Bilinear

3
Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2010): Gravity as a Crossroad in Physics IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 314 (2011) 012095 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/314/1/012095

The left column corresponds to the expressions which are linear with respect CYK 2-form Q
and the right one is bilinear in terms of CYK tensor.
Finally, in [7] the asymptotic AdS spacetime and its ACYK tensors are analyzed. The
construction of (linear) asymptotic charges leads to well defined global charges. In particular,
the exact CYK tensor ∗Q̃NUT-AdS := ldr ∧ [dt + 2l(cos θ − 1)dφ] + r(r2 + l2 ) sin θdθ ∧ dφ produces
dual mass charge in NUT-AdS spacetime [9]. The 2-form F̃ (∗Q̃) is closed, defines dual mass
unambiguously, and its value gives the interpretation of the NUT parameter l.
We would like to stress that for the usual asymptotically flat spacetimes the existence of
ACYK tensor gives a restriction on the asymptotics and leads to the notion of strong asymptotic
flatness. On the other hand, in the standard asymptotic AdS spacetime [7, 9]
l2  
g̃ = g̃µν dz µ ⊗ dz ν = dz ⊗ dz + h ab dz a
⊗ dz b
(9)
z2
(0) (2)
the 3-metric h obeys an asymptotic condition: h = hab dz a ⊗ dz b =qh + z 2 h + z 3 χ + O(z 4 ).
 
(0) (0) (0)
The metric h ab and canonically conjugated momenta π ab := 3l2 − det h χc c h ab − χab
(in A.D.M. densitized form) isr
a canonical data on a conformal
 boundary with respect to the
Z  
(0) (0) (0)
symplectic structure 3l2 δ  − det h χc c h ab − χab  ∧ δ h ab . Moreover, the boundary
I
values at scri for any ACYK tensor Q in terms of the corresponding asymptotic Killing vector
(0) (0) (0)
field L are given by [AB] Q = h (LAB ) ∧ dz, ∗[AB] Q = LAB cvol( h ), where vol( h ) is a canonical
volume 3-form on I . They enable one to construct global charges which are unambiguously
defined. Standard asymptotic AdS spacetime always admits maximal set of ACYK tensors
in contradistinction to the asymptotically Minkowskian spacetime. In other words, there is no
difference between standard asymptotic AdS spacetime and strongly asymptotic AdS spacetime.
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