BAB II

SIFAT MEKANIK DAN FISIK

 PENGERTIAN SIFAT MEKANIK

SIFAT MEKANIK MERUPAKAN RESPONS BENDA TERHADAP ADANYA GAYA

DAN STRESS DARI LUAR. GAYA DAN STRESS AKAN MENIMBULKAN
DEFORMASI BAHAN. TIPE-TIPE DEFORMASI MERUPAKAN KARAKTERISTIK
BAHAN.

JENIS-JENIS GAYA DAN REGANGAN JENIS-JENIS DEFORMASI DAN

SIFAT YANG BERHUBUNGAN
 GAYA TARIK/TENSION
1. Elastic deformation
 GAYA TEKAN/COMPRESON
2. Plastic Deformation
 REGANGAN GESER/SHEAR  Yield Strength
 REGANGAN PUNTIR/TORSION  Tensile Strength
 Ductility
 Toughness
 Hardness
 Impact
 SIFAT MEKANIK
1. Strength (kekuatan)
 Ketahanan tehadap distorsi oleh stress or force
 Type: tensile, compressive, torsional, bending, shear
2. Toughness (ketangguhan)
 Kemampuan menyerap energi
 Ketahanan terhadap fraktur
3. Brittleness (kegetasan/rapuh)
4. Hardness (kekerasan)
 resistance to denting/lekuk or scratching
5. Elasticity (elastisitas)
 Kemampuan untuk kembali ke bentuk awal setelah stress atau gaya
diterapkan
6. Plasticity (plastisitas)
 mempertahankan bentuk baru setelah mengalami deformasi
7. Workability
 malleability  dapat diratakan
 ductility dapat di tarik (drawn) (dibentangkan), dilenturkan/bengkok,
or extruksi
ILUSTRASI SIFAT MEKANIK BAHAN
TABEL BEBERAPA SIFAT MEKANIK RELATIF BAHAN
 1. Gaya Tarik (Tension)
Uji tarik adalah metoda yang paling banyak digunakan untuk
mengetahui sifat-sifat mekanik bahan yaitu: strength,
ductility, toughness, elastic modulus, and strain-hardening
capability.
Untuk pengujian memerlukan sampel dengan ukuran
dimensi tertentu dan mengacu pada standar internasional
ASTM, JIS, dll.
Sampel biasanya berbentuk solid/round dan flate/pelat.
(a) Contoh Bentuk sampel, (b) hasil uji tarik
Typically, the specimen has an
-original gage length, lo, generally 50mm (2in.),
- across-sectional area, Ao, usually with a
diameter of 12.5mm (0.5in.).
Contoh standar ASTM untuk round
Contoh standar ASTM untuk plat
Kurva Stress-Strain
Engineering stress/tegangan

Engineering strain/regangan

Modulus young/modulus
elastis (E) , hukum hooke
 Kurva Stress-Strain
UTS (ultimate tensile strength)
Engineering stress maksimum
disebut juga tensile strength/kuat
tarik

Y (yield strength)/ kuat luluh

Engineering stress ketika material
mulai mengalami deformasi
plastis. Diukur offset 0.002 atau
0.2% dari strain .

0.002 atau 0.2%

 Ductility (keuletan)

Lf= panjang setelah fraktur

Lo=Panjang awal
Af= Luas setelah fraktur
Ao= Panjang awal
TABEL BEBERAPA SIFAT MEKANIK BAHAN
PADA TEMPERATUR RUANG
TABEL BEBERAPA SIFAT MEKANIK BAHAN
PADA TEMPERATUR RUANG
straight line = elastic region
curved line = plastic region

Ceramic or metal
glass

stress polymer

strain
Tougness (keuletan)
 2. Shear and Torsion
(regangan geser dan torsi)

Shear stress:  = F / Ao
F is applied parallel to upper and lower faces each having area A0.
Shear strain:  = tan ( 100 %)
 is strain angle

Shear Torsion
 3. Puntir (Torsion)

• Load: beban torsi, T

• Strain: sudut, .

Torsion
Shear
 4. Hardness (kekerasan)

• Hardness adalah sifat umum yang biasa

digunakan memberikan indikasi umum kekuatan
dari material dan ketahanan gores scratching.
Hardness biasanya didefinisikan sebagai
resistance to permanent indentation;
Baja lebih keras dibanding aluminum, and
aluminum lebih keras dari timah.
• Hardness bukan sifat yang sangat mendasar
karena ketahanan terhadap indentasi tergantung
dari bentuk indenter yang di pakai.
METODE UJI KEKERASAN BAHAN

1. Brinell Test.
Introduced by J. A. Brinell in 1900, this test involves pressing
a steelor tungsten-carbide ball 10 mm (0.4 in.) in diameter
against a surface, with a load of500, 1500, or 3000 kg

2. Rockwell Test.
Developed by S.P. Rockwell in 1922, this test measures the
depth of penetration instead of the diameter of the
indentation.

3. Vickers Test.
This test, developed in 1922 and formerly known as the
diamond pyramid hardness test, uses a pyramid-shaped
diamond indenter aload that ranges from 1 kg to 120 kg.

4. Knoop Test.
This test, developed by F. Knoop in 1939, uses a diamond
indenter in the shape of an elongated pyramid ,with applied
loads ranging generallyfrom 25 g to 5 kg
JENIS-JENIS IDENTER UNTUK UJI KEKERASAN
KEKERASAN RELATIF BAHAN
HUBUNGAN HARDNESS DENGAN TENSILE BAHAN

Untuk beban indenter

tertentu misal 3000 Kg

UTS=3.5 HB
(satuan Mpa)

UTS=500 HB
(satuan Psi)
 5. Fatigue
Gagalnya bahan karena stress berulang (cyclic stresses)

500 1045 steel

endurance limit

S (amplitude in MPa)
400

300

200

100 2014-T6 Al alloy

104 105 106 107 108 109 1010

Modes of fatigue testing
No of cycles, N

S-N curve for compressive loading

 6. Impact
Application: Drop forging

Charpy
Izod
Testing for Impact Strength

scale

pointer starting position

pendulum

sample placed here

 SIFAT FISIK
• Density
• Melting point
• Specific heat
• Thermal conductivity
• Thermal expansion
• Electrical properties
• Magnetic properties
• Resistance to oxidation
• Resistance to corrosion
 1. BERAT JENIS (DENSITY)

Also called specific gravity which

expresses a material’s density with
respect to water
TABEL RELATIF SIFAT FISIK BAHAN
HUBUNGAN DENSITAS TERHADAP YIELD
STRENGTH/TEGANGAN LULUH
2. TITIK LELEH (MELTING POINT)

• Plastics have lowest

useful range
• Graphite and refractory
metals have the highest
useful range
• Annealing
• Heat treating
• Hot-working
3. KONDUKTIFITAS PANAS (THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY)

• The rate at which heat flows

within and through a material
• Metallically bonded materials
(metals) generally have a
higher conductivity
• Ionically or covalently bonded
materials (ceramics, plastics)
have poor conductivity
• Cooling fins
• Cutting tools
• Die-cast molds to conduct heat
 4. PEMUAIAN (THERMAL EXPANSION

• Generally, the coefficient of thermal expansion is inversely proportional to

the melting point of the material
• Shrink fits utilize thermal expansion and contraction-heat a part often
installed on a shaft, install the part, let the part cool and contract
• Thermal stress
• Cracking
• Warping
• Loosening
• Thermal fatigue results from thermal cycling
• Thermal shock-cracks after just a single thermal cycle
• Low expansion alloys-iron-nickel alloys with low thermal-expansion
coefficients
5. KONDUKTIFITAS LISTRIK (ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY)

• ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
• MACHINERY
• MANFACTURING
PROCESSSES
• UNITS: MHO/M OR MHO/FT
WHERE MHO IS THE
REVERSE OF OHM, THE UNIT
OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
• ALLOYING OF METALS RAISES
THE CONDUCTIVITY
7. Conductors: • INSULATORS OR
materials with DIELECTRICS:
high electrical MATERIALS WITH HIGH
conductivity ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
• ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
IS THE INVERSE OF
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
 • SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IS THE
PHENOMENON OF NEAR-ZERO
SUPER ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY THAT
OCCURS IN SOME MATERIALS
CONDUCTORS OR ALLOYS BELOW A CRITICAL
TEMPERATURE (OFTEN
ABSOLUTE ZERO)
• HIGH-POWER MAGNETS
• MRI-MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING
6. KETAHANAN KOROSI (CORROSION
RESISTANCE)

• CORROSION REFERS TO THE DETERIORATION OF

METALS AND CERAMICS
• DEGRADATION REFERS TO THE DETERIORATION OF
PLASTICS
• FOOD
• CHEMICAL
• PETROLIUM INDUSTRY
• MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
PITTING: LOCALIZED CORROSION OF A
MATERIAL
• CORROSION RESISTANT
MATERIALS:
• NONFERROUS METALS
• STAINLESS STEEL
• NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
• STEEL & CAST IRON MUST
BE PROTECTED BY
COATINGS AND SURFACE
TREATMENTS

SALT…CORROSION?
GALVANIC CELL
• TWO ELECTRODES IN AN ELECTROLYTE
IN A CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT THAT
INCLUDES MOISTURE CAUSE GALVANIC
CORROSION
• STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING
• OXIDATION-REMOVAL OF MATERIAL BY
CHEMICAL REACTION