PAVEMENT DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL REPORT

MODULE J-05
BITUMEN SOLUBILITY IN CARBON TETRA CHLORIDE

GROUP K2

Ridha Amalia Idhar 1506789190

Yeni Amalia 1606864651

Dian Ratri Cahyani 1606896981

Rizky Rahardi Pramono 1606897063

Date of Experiment : May 5, 2019

Experimental Assistant : Mesadara
Date of Approval :
Report Score :
Assistant’s Signature :

LABORATORY OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2019
I. INTRODUCTION

A. References
PA – 0305 – 76

AASHTO T – 44 – 81

ASTM D – 2042 – 97

B. Objectives
Bitumen solubility in carbon tetra chloride is intended to determine the level of
solubility of bitumen.

C. Equipment and Materials

1. Equipment
• Erlenmeyer glass
• Funnel
• Filter paper
• Analytical balance with capacity of 200 + 0.001 grams
• Carbon tetra chloride liquid
• Stirring rod
• Measuring cup
• Glycerin

2. Materials
• Bitumen with the weight of 2 grams

D. Additional Theory
Bitumen is a black or dark cementitious substance that can be obtained in
nature or as a result of production. Bitumen mainly contains hydrocarbon
compounds such as asphalt, tar or pitch.
 Asphalt is an aggregate binder whose quality and quantity greatly determine
the success of a paved mixture which is a road material. Asphalt is composed
mainly of a large portion of bitumen which are all present in the form of solid
or half solid from nature or from the results of refining petroleum,
PCE or commonly referred to as Tetrachloromethane is a chemical in the
form of a liquid which is colorless with a density greater than water, non-
flammable, and is often used as a solvent for fats and oils.
The solution of CCl4 or PCE can dissolve bitumen due to the nature of the
highly reactive PCE compound. So that one of the asphalts formed from carbon
bonds can be broken down by PCE compounds. To more quickly dissolve the
bitumen in the PCE compound while wobbling.
The solubility standard used is based on the SNI for Manual Pemeriksaan Bahan
Jalan No. 01/MN/BM/1976, Directorate General of Highways, 1983 provides
information for hard asphalt or liquid asphalt bitumen solubility in CCl4
solution is a minimum of 99% dissolved. Furthermore, if bitumen solubility is
less than 99%, then the bitumen can be said to have been contaminated by other
ingredients.
Table 1. Bina Marga Specification for Liquid Asphalt
Pen 40/50 Pen 60/70 Pen 80/100
Jenis Pemeriksaan Satuan
Min Max Min Max Min Max

Penetrasi 25⁰C,100 gr, 5

40 59 60 79 80 99 0.1 mm
detik

Titik Lembek 5⁰C (Ring and

51 63 48 58 46 54 °C
Ball)

Titik Nyala (Cleveland

232 - 232 - 232 - °C
Open Cup)

Kehilangan Berat
- 0.4 - 0.4 - 0.4 % berat
(Thick Film Oven Test)

Kelarutan dalam CCl4 99 - 99 - 99 - % berat

Daktilitas 100 - 100 - 100 - cm

Penetrasi setelah kehilangan
75 - 75 - 75 - % semula
berat

Berat jenis 25⁰C 1 - 1 - 1 - gr/cc

II. GENERAL PROCEDURES

a. Weigh the Erlenmeyer glass
b. The specimen is put into the Erlenmeyer, then weighed
c. Weigh the filter paper
d. Add the carbon tetra chloride to the Erlenmeyer to 1/3 height and stir
slowly until the specimen is dissolved completely
e. Once the bitumen is dissolved, pour it into the measuring cup through
filter paper
f. After pouring, dry the filter paper and then weigh it.

III. COMPUTATIONS

a. Data Result
Table 1. The Experiment Result

Description Code Weight

Weight of Erlenmeyer (g) A 113,126

Weight of specimen + Erlenmeyer (g) B 115,626

Weight of filter paper (g) C 4,330

Weight of filter paper + sediment (g) D 4,396

 b. Data Calculation
(𝐵 − 𝐴) − (𝐷 − 𝐶)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100%
(𝐵 − 𝐴)
(115,626 − 113,126) − (4,396 − 4,330)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100%
(115,626 − 113,126)
= 97,36 %

IV. ANALYSIS

a. Experimental Analysis
The process of determining the solubility of bitumen in carbon tetra
chloride or commonly referred to as CCl4 is carried out in module 5 in the
practicum of pavement structure design. This experiment aims to determine the
levels of bitumen dissolved in a solution of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4). The
tools and materials used in this experiment are Erlenmeyer which is used as a
mixing container between bitumen with CCl4 solution, filter paper which is
used as a filter media from a mixture of solutions, a funnel that serves as a tool
to help mix the incoming solution into a measuring cup and as placemat of filter
paper, measuring cup serves as a shelter from a mixture of solutions, analytical
balance as the scales of the tools needed by weight, and materials in the form
of liquid tetrachloride and bitumen to be mixed.

The experimental steps are as follows. First, the experimental material

in the form of bitumen has been prepared by the laboratory. The bitumen
material to be used has been dried under the evaporation temperature of the
water weighed as much as 2 grams. In taking bitumen to the hands of the
practitioner must be smeared with a glycerin, this is done so that the bitumen
does not stick to the hand. After that, the practitioner weighs the Erlenmeyer on
the analytical balance given the notation A. Filter paper with the same balance
as the notation C. The lab worker poured liquid CCl4 into the Erlenmeyer as
much as 1/3 of the height of pumpkin Erlenmeyer or approximately 200ml.
Then, the practitioner put 2 grams of bitumen into an Erlenmeyer and tried to
keep the bitumen from sticking to the tube wall. The Erlenmeyer and test
specimens were obtained from the weight of the pumpkin coupler coupled with
the 2 gram bitumen which is indicated by notation B.

Next, the practitioner tries to make all the bitumen dissolve with the
liquid by gently rocking the tube. The reason bitumen must dissolve is so that
no solid bitumen is still inside the CCL4 liquid. The stirring process is carried
out until all the bitumen is dissolved, to ensure that all the bitumen is dissolved
by means that no bitumen is still floating and to make sure the practitioner uses
a light aid in the form of a flashlight. The next step is to filter the carbon
tetrachloride and bitumen mixture into the measuring cup using filter paper
which is placed covering the funnel. The method of filtering from a mixture of
carbon tetrachloride and bitumen into a measuring cup by pouring slowly the
liquid by circling around the filter paper but not to pass the limit of the tip of
the measuring cup, this is so that the liquid coming out of the pumpkin is evenly
distributed. The filter paper is then dried in order to CCl4 and other foreign
component such as water evaporate, therefore, the only thing left is the bitumen.
Then weighed again to obtain the weight value of filter paper after there are
deposits of bitumen and carbon tetrachloride as a notation D.

b. Result Analysis
The formula to determine the solubility is as follows:

(𝐵 − 𝐴) − (𝐷 − 𝐶)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100%
(𝐵 − 𝐴)

Where, the the weight of the Erlenmeyer (A) is 113,126 grams, the
weight of the Erlenmeyer + bitumen (B) is 115,626 grams, the weight of filter
paper (C) is 4,330 grams, and the weight of filter paper + sediment (D) is 4,396
grams. Based on Manual Pemeriksaan Bahan Jalan No. 01/MN/BM/1976, if the
solubility of bitumen is > 1%, therefore it is insoluble, which indicates that: 1)
asphalt has been overheated between production and the use, and 2) asphalt has
been contaminated with other materials.
 According to the Manual Pemeriksaan Bahan Jalan No.
01/MN/BM/1976, bitumen solubility in carbon tetrachloride must be ≥ 99%.
Furthermore, if bitumen solubility is less than 99%, then the bitumen can be
said to have been contaminated by other ingredients.

After processing the data, the practitioner obtained data on bitumen

solubility in carbon tetrachloride by 97,36%. This shows that there were 1,64%
insoluble bitumen in this experiment. Based on the literature, the participants
found that the bitumen in this experiment was very little contaminated with
other materials. Other materials that are included in the asphalt mixture might
temper with the strength of the pavement. This dirtiness of material comes from
clay or mud. The dust produced by the mud is very bad influence on the bond
between asphalt and aggregate. Dust is attached to the aggregate material and
is only released when washing. The presence of impurities affects the binding
capacity of bitumen material because there is a material that blocks the bitumen
material from bonding to other substances. Bitumen also experiences a warming
that is not too excessive.

Table 2. Bina Marga Specification for Liquid Asphalt

Pen 40/50 Pen 60/70 Pen 80/100

Jenis Pemeriksaan Satuan
Min Max Min Max Min Max

Penetrasi 25⁰C,100 gr, 5

40 59 60 79 80 99 0.1 mm
detik

Titik Lembek 5⁰C (Ring and

51 63 48 58 46 54 °C
Ball)

Titik Nyala (Cleveland

232 - 232 - 232 - °C
Open Cup)

Kehilangan Berat
- 0.4 - 0.4 - 0.4 % berat
(Thick Film Oven Test)

Kelarutan dalam CCl4 99 - 99 - 99 - % berat

 Daktilitas 100 - 100 - 100 - cm

Penetrasi setelah kehilangan

75 - 75 - 75 - % semula
berat

Berat jenis 25⁰C 1 - 1 - 1 - gr/cc

From the above table, it can be said that bitumen material is slightly
below good because based on the results it is found that the solubility of bitumen
in CCl4 is 97,36%, this does not exceed the set limit of 99%. However, it is
understood that the results above are not entirely correct because many factors
affect the results of 97,36%

c. Error Analysis
The result does not exceed the minimum standard for solubility, it may be
because:

• Calibration that is not right when weighing filter paper at the beginning
of the experiment
• Error reading the scales when weighing the test object, filter paper, and
Erlenmeyer
• Imperfect bitumen dissolved in CCl4 because there are still remaining
bitumen contained in filter paper
• There may be dust, water or other particles in the Erlenmeyer so that it
can affect the results of the lab
• Error in pouring the liquid mixture so that it reduces the weight of the
filter paper + sediment

V. APPLICATION
The experiment of bitumen solubility in CCl4 solution can be used in
mixing Marshall Test and the results of this test can be used to control the
quality of asphalt material used on pavement. The purity of bitumen affects
 the strength of pavement. For instance, the more other material is found in
the mixture of asphalt, the strength of the asphalt decreases.

VI. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that:
• Bitumen solubility in CCl4 from the experiment is 97,36%.
• Bitumen insoluble in CCl4 from the experiment is 1,64%.
• According to the literature, a good bitumen is when ≥ 99% of bitumen
dissolved in CCl4, therefore, in this experiment, the bitumen is might
have been contaminated with other materials, such as dust, clay / mud,
or even water.

VII. REFERENCES
• Laboratorium Struktur dan Material. Pedoman Praktikum Teknik Jalan
Raya. Departemen Teknik Sipil. Universitas Indonesia. Depok. 2019.
• Sukirman. 1999. Perkerasan Lentur Jalan Raya. Nova; Bandung.
Manual Pemeriksaan Bahan Jalan No. 01/MN/BM/1976, DitJen Bina
Marga, 1983

VIII. APPENDIX
 Figure 1. The Process of Dissolving Bitumen in CCl4
Source: Writer’s data, 2019

Figure 2. The Process of Pouring the Solvent into Filter Paper

Source: Writer’s data, 2019

Figure 3. The Filter Paper and its Sediment

Source: Writer’s data, 2019