MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY

Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines

Influence of Parental and Peer Relationship and Self-regulation on adolescent

Delinquent Behavior

Lim, Queenie D.M

Minas, Jireh Joshua P.

Ombao, Patrick Gabriel C.

Villanueva, Annlyn G.

Mondriaan Aura College, SBFZ

“AURA Psychology: The Heartbeat of Society.”

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
CHAPTER I

Problem

“I think it’s important for us as a society to remember that the adolescents within

juvenile justice systems are, most of the time, who

simply have not had the right mentors and supporters around them – because of

circumstances beyond their control.”

- Q’orianka Kilcher

Background of the Study

One of the most controversial issues in the Philippines is the growing cases of

children in conflict with the law. That is the reason why The House of Representatives

approved the House Bill 8858 which implements lowering the age of criminal liability of

adolescents from 15 to 12 years old. The bill was originally proposed as low as 9 years

old but the legislators decided to set it to 12 after being attack by the public (Pauline

Macaraeg, 2019).

Under the House Bill 8858, adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old who commit

serious crimes like murder, parricide, kidnapping and infanticide will be sent to the

nearest Support Center and Intensive Juvenile Intervention (Pauline Macaraeg, 2019).

With Congress pushing for a reduced minimum age of criminal liability, all eyes

are now on them. But while they may be depicted as growing numbers of juveniles, they

are just like any other adolescents, learning about their life, dreams and hopes.

The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) opposes this amendment

and takes view that the minimum age of criminal liability should not be reduce because

there is no scientific evidence that a lower age of criminal liability will result in fewer

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
offenses. They call for the strengthening of the scheme of adolescent justice which is

the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act or Republic Act 9344 by strictly implementing this

current legislation to prosecute adults who force adolescents to participate in criminal

conduct and rehabilitate children in conflict with the law through restorative means

(Psychological Association of the Philippines, 2019).

Children in conflict with the law refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or

adjudged as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws. (Jeza Sanchez,

2018).

Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act or Republic Act 9344 defines as a system

dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law, which provides child-

appropriate proceedings, including programmes and services for prevention, diversion,

rehabilitation, re-integration and aftercare to ensure their normal growth and

development (Jeza Sanchez, 2018).

Approximately 53 percent belonging in the age group of 16 to 17 years old were

recorded by the Philippine National Police (PNP) followed by 32 percent from the age

group of 12 to 15 years old (Pauline Macaraeg, 2019).

Comparatively, 60% of adolescent offenses fall under crimes against property.

These include theft, robbery, malicious mischief and estafa. On the other hand, crimes

against persons, including rape, attempted rape, acts of lasciviousness, physical

injuries, murder, attempted murder, seduction, grave threats and homicide constitute

36%of the offenses committed by adolescents. Furthermore, 4% of the juvenile offenses

involved engaged infringements against laws, such as the Republic Act (RA) 9165

(prohibited drugs), Presidential Decree 1866 (illegal possession of firearms) and

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
Presidential decree 1602 (illegal gambling) (Joel San Juan and Jonathan Mayuga,

2016).

It has been described that adolescence is the time of development, a period of

transition from childhood to adulthood to which the regular age extent is from 12 to 18

years old. In this stage, it is expected that they will develop physical, emotional and

cognitive changes. As the adolescents are changing in physical aspects, their minds

are altering as well. This is the time where they begin to improve reasoning and

develops morality. It is the beginning of a more complex thinking. This is a crucial

turning point because this is the period where a person is forming his identity. Youths

are besieged to categorize diverse areas in their life such as religious preferences,

sexuality, future careers, and hobbies. Many youngsters feel pressure because they feel

the need to be belonged. They could be easily swayed by other people around them

and be prone to be taken advantage of. This is the age when confusion arises and

delinquent behavior is often apparent.

Delinquency or delinquent behavior is disorderly, antisocial, or illegal actions

engaged in by a youth. Delinquent behaviors demonstrated by adolescents have been

reported regularly by the media. These activities include such things as substance

abuse, drug distribution, prostitution, car thefts, gang activity, and murder. Philippine

National Police (PNP) data base report shows that the number of crimes committed by

minors reaches thousands in number. Although it decreased last year compared to

previous years, it is still bothersome that adolescents commit crimes at a young age.

There are many factors influencing to juvenile delinquency. There are physical

factors, mental factors, home condition, and environmental factors. Recent meta-

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
analysis proves that a significant relationship exists between parenting and delinquency.

Several indicators of parental monitoring, including parental knowledge, child

disclosure, and active monitoring by parents, had similar links to delinquency.

Two of the main factors influencing adolescent delinquency are the parental

relationship and peer relationship. A child's predisposition toward impulsive, aggressive,

and antisocial behavior can trigger a family process that eventually leads to

delinquency. Children who are rejected by their parents are inadequately monitored and

grow up in homes with considerable conflict are at the greatest risk of becoming

delinquent. Peer influence is choosing something that you would not do otherwise,

because you want to feel accepted and valued by your friends. It is not just about doing

something against your will. Peer influence can be positive or negative.

According to Laurence Steinberg, there are two main characteristics that seem

to distinguish adolescents from adults in their decision making. First, adolescents are

drawn to the immediate rewards of a possible choice during early adolescence and are

less attentive to possible risks. Second, adolescents are still learning to control their

impulses, to think ahead, and to resist pressure from others. These skills are gradually

developing as the ability of an adolescent to control his or her behavior is improving

throughout adolescence.

Self-Regulation is conceptually defined as the effortful control of thoughts,

emotions, and behaviors in the service of a goal; it includes such capacities as planning

and the ability to delay gratification but it separates from and only modestly related to

behavioral impulsivity (Hoffman, Friese, & Strack, 2009). Researchers also found

evidence of higher behavioral problems for children and lower emotional regulation,

“AURA Psychology: The Heartbeat of Society.”

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
attentiveness, and impulse control as associated with increased delinquency (Holtmann

et al.,2011; King, Fleming, Monahan, & Catalano, 2011; Steiner et al., 2011).

Significance of the Study

With the growing numbers of Children in Conflict with the Law, knowing the

influences of the factors parental relationship, peer relationship and self-regulation will

help people address problems concerning adolescent delinquent behavior. The findings

will help in planning the intervention and prevention strategies concentrating on

delinquency. The Importance of this study is for researchers to know the effects of the

factors which lead to delinquency.

Delinquency is one of the prominent issues nowadays in society because it is a

critical turning point to adulthood. It is for researchers to know how we come up the

things or to pay attention to young people especially for those who don't have the

capacity to send their children to school, low income, which suffers from poverty, peer

pressure that leads to delinquency.

This study will change the perception of the students how important family is,

friends, their environment and even spiritual life.

It also helps inform the readers of this research to know that children must have the

family or guardian to be at their side, to push them into the things that will help them to

develop their skills, to have friends who will accept what and who they are and who has

a good influence in their lives.

Theoretical / Conceptual Framework

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to

another across time and space (Bowlby, 1969). The way a child grows depends on its

connection between its primary caregiver. A child is able to better cope with their world

when they think they have a parent or caregiver who is protective and nurturing.

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

This theory explains that by observing, imitating and modeling, individuals learn

from each other. It provides a structure for understanding how individuals actively shape

their environment and are influenced by it. It has often been called a bridge between

theories of behavior and cognitive learning because it includes attention, memory, and

motivation.

Observational learning. An important component of this theory, which is the

process of leaning desirable and undesirable behaviors by observing others, then

reproducing learned behaviors to maximize rewards.

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic theory states that events in our childhood, shaping our

personality, have a major influence on our adult lives. Childhood events can remain

unconscious and cause problems as adults. Personality is shaped as the drives in

childhood (during psychosexual development) are modified by various conflicts at

different times. Personality is made up of three distinct parts: id, ego and superego.

Id. The primitive and instinctual component of the mind that includes concealed

memories and sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle

(Frued, 1920), which is the idea that every desired impulse should be immediately

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
satisfied, regardless of the consequences. When the id fulfills its demands, we

experience pleasure when it is denied that we experience tension.

Ego. To mediate between the unrealistic id and the real outside world, the ego

evolves. It is the personality component of decision-making. It operates on the reality

principle, working out realistic ways to meet the demands of the id, often compromising

or postponing satisfaction to prevent adverse social implications. The ego considers

social realities and standards, etiquette and rules when choosing how to act.

Superego. Incorporates societal values and morals learned from one's parents

and others. The superego's primary action is to completely suppress any id urges that

are considered wrong or socially unacceptable. It also attempts to force the ego, not

realistically, to behave morally. Lastly, the superego strives for moral perfections without

considering the reality.

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial development emphasizes the impact of social experience over the

whole lifespan. There are eight stages in this theory, each stage experience conflict that

cause a turning point in development. These conflicts focus on either developing or

failing to develop psychological quality. And the potentiality of personal growth is high

but the tendency for failure is also high (Kendra Cherry, 2019).

Identity vs. Confusion. Erikson believes that this stage has a very important

role in developing a sense of personal identity which will continue to affect the behavior

and development of a person’s life. Children explore their independence and develop a

sense of self during adolescence. Those individual who are encouraged and

“AURA Psychology: The Heartbeat of Society.”

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
strengthened by self-exploration will arise from this phase with a powerful sense of self

and feeling of autonomy and control. (Kendra Cherry, 2019)

Identity Crisis. It is a moment of intensive evaluation and exploration of distinct

ways to look at oneself. Erikson coined this term as one of the most important conflicts

an individual face in development. He thinks that one of the most significant

components of a person’s life was the formation of identity. While developing a feeling

of identity is a significant component of adolescent year, Erikson did not think that

adolescence was limited to the creation and development of identity. Instead, identity is

something that changes and develops as individuals confront new challenges and face

distinct experiences throughout their lives.

Albert Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism

This theory examines the role that the behavior plays in the environment.

According to Bandura, it is a model consists of three factors that influence behaviour:

the environment, the individual and the behavior itself. This indicates that while

individuals are definitely influenced by the things they encounter in their environment,

they also have the authority to alter their circumstances and situations through their own

decisions and demeanor. (Kendra Cherry, 2018)

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Parenting styles refers to how parents raise children. This can refer to the levels

of expectations of the parents, performance demands, attention to rules as well as the

discipline style used by the parent to enforce their expectations. Parents basically mold

and shape their children into adults through their world of influence (Baumrind, 1971).

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles are these: authoritarian, permissive,

authoritative and neglectful

Authoritative. A combination of high demandingness and high responsiveness.

They make logical demands, set limits and insist on the compliance of children,

whereas at the same time they are warm, accept the views of children and encourage

the participation of children in decision-making and often seek the views of their children

in family considerations and decisions (Berg, 2011; Weiss & Schwarz, 1996; Zupancic,

Podlesek, & Kavcic, 2004).

Authoritarian. A combination high demandingness and low responsiveness.

Authoritarian parents tend to set high standards and rules, and it requires obedience.

Authoritarian parents relate love to achievement and do not nurture as much as the

other two parenting styles (Berg, 2011).

Permissive. A combination of low demandingness and high responsiveness.

The permissive parent tries to act towards the impulses, wishes, and behavior of the

child in a non-punitive, accepting, and affirmative way. They have little or no

expectations for their children and often view their children as friends and have few

limits imposed (Berg, 2011).

Neglectful. A combination of low demandingness and low responsiveness.

Neglectful parents place very few restrictions on their children, and the activities of their

children are little monitored. They demonstrate little warmth or affection, and are

typically uninvolved in their children’s lives (Santrock, 1995).

“AURA Psychology: The Heartbeat of Society.”

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
Baumeister’s Self-Regulation Theory

Self-regulation theory merely describes the process and components engaged

when deciding what to believe, feel, say and do. It is particularly notable in the context

of making a healthy choice when having a strong desire to do the opposite. According to

Baumeister, there are four components involved in this theory: standards of desirable

behavior; motivation to meet standards; monitoring of situations and thoughts that

precede breaking standards; and willpower allowing one’s internal strength to control

urges. These four factors interact at any specified time to determine self-regulatory

activity.

Statement of the Problem

1. How does parental relationship influence adolescent delinquent behavior?

2. How does peer relationship influence adolescent delinquent behavior?

3. How does self-regulation affect the influence of parental relationship and peer

relationship on adolescent delinquent behavior?

Research Paradigm

For further understanding, the study focuses on a qualitative research wherein a

structured interview and Self-Regulation Questionnaire will be used by the researchers

to gather data from the participants.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

The data gathered through Interview of the participants An insight on the Influences

the use of structured and their house parent or of Parental and Peer

social worker in PREDA. Relationship and Self-

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
interview and the Self- Regulation on Adolescent

Regulation Questionnaire. Delinquent Behavior.

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“AURA Psychology: The Heartbeat of Society.”

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 MONDRIAAN AURA COLLEGE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
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