-greek word philo means love; Sophia means -their theories are based on unobservable
wisdom entities mind and matter
-they explain observable in terms of the
-love of wisdom unobservable
-define as the science that by natural light of reason, Plato
studies that first causes of highest principles of all -nothing we experience in our physical
things world with our five senses is real
-is an organized body of knowledge (Science) -reality is unchanging
-he calls these realities as ideas of forms
-it is a systematic, for it follows a certain steps or
certain procedures 2. Ethics
Natural Light of Reason -explores nature of moral values virtue and
-uses a philosopher natural capacity to think or evaluates human action
human reason or the so called unaided reason -study of the nature of moral judgements
Socrates
Study of all Things -to be happy is to live a virtuous life
-makes philosophy distinct from other science 3. Epistemology
because it oi not one dimensional -deals with nature, sources, limitations, and
-philosopher does not limit himself to a particular validity of knowledge
object of inquiry Sources of Knowledge
Induction
-Philosophy is a multidimensional or holistic -forms general ideas through the
Meaning of Philosophy examination of partial facts
First Cause or Highest Principle -give importance to 5 senses
Empiricist
PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY -advocates the induction method
- whatever is, whatever is not, is not Empiricism
- everything is its own being and not being is -view that knowledge can be attained only
not being through sense experience
- essence Deduction
-gives importance to general law from w/c
PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION
particular facts are understood or judged
- it is impossible for a thing to be and not to -don’t believe in 5 senses
be at the same time Rationalist
- existence -advocates deduction method
PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE -real knowledge is based on the logic, the
laws and the method that reason develops
- a thing is either is or is not, between being Pragmatism
and not being there is no middle ground -meaning and truth of an idea are tested by
PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON the practical consequence
- nothing exists w/out sufficient reason for its 4. Logic
being and existence -study of reasoning
-greek word logike means treatise on matter
pertaining to the human thought
BRANCHES -does not provide knowledge
1. Metaphysics -it is not interested in what we know but in
the truth or validity of our arguments
- study of reality
regarding such subjects
- is an extension of a fundamental and
Aristotle
necessary drive in every human being to
-first to devise logical method
know what is right
-truth means the agreement of knowledge
- it explain that part of our experience w/c we
with reality
call unreal in terms of what we call real
Logical Reasoning
Thales
-makes us certain that conclusions are true
-claim that everything we experience is
water “reality” and everything else is
appearance
5. Aesthetics - Analytic Philosophy is the conviction that to
-study of the beautiful in its various some significant degree, puzzles or errors
manifestations including the sublime, comic, are rooted in language to be solve.
tragic, pathetic, and ugly
LOGICAL AND CRITICAL THINKING: Tools
Hans Georg Gadamer in Reasoning
-german philosopher
-who argues that our tastes and judgements - Logic is centered in the analysis and
regarding beauty work in connection with constructions of arguments.
one’s own personal experience and culture - Critical thinking is distinguishing facts and
opinions
PHILOSOPHIZING
- It also takes into consideration on cultural
-is to think/express oneself in a philosophical systems
manner
-discusses a matter from a philosophical standpoint
PHENOMENOLOGY: ON CONSCIOUSNESS
2 Basic types of Reasoning
-was founded by Edmund Husserl
1. Inductive Reasoning – based from
-method for finding and guaranteeing the truth that observations
focuses on careful inspection and description of 2. Deductive Reasoning – draws the
phenomenon conclusion from an inference
-scientific study of the essential structures of
consciousness
- Deductive argument is valid and sound if it
-greek word phainomenon means appearance is a product of legally constructed
- Validity comes from a logical conclusion
Methods of Philosophizing - Inductive argument is strong if it provides
probable support to the conclusion.
EXISTENTIALISM: On Freedom
- Strong argument with true premises is
Existentialism cogent
- Is not primarily a philosophical method nor FALLACIES
is it exactly a set of doctrines.
- Fallacy is a defect in an argument
= the human condition - are detected by examining the contents of
= the human response to that condition common fallacies
= being Appeal to pity (ARGUMENTUM AD
MISERICORDIAM)
= human freedom
- to win support for an argument by exploiting
= the significance of choice and decision
his/her opponents feelings of pity or guilt
= the concreteness and subjectivity of life
Appeal to ignorance (ARGUMENTUM AD
- Emphasizes the importance of free IGNORANTIAM)
individual choice
- has not been proven false must be true vise
- To be human, to be conscious is to be free to
versa
imagine
- Continuing criticisms of existentialism: the EQUIVOCATION
obscurity and the seeming of elusiveness - logical chain of reasoning a term/word
POSTMODERNISM: On Cultures several times but giving the particular word
a different meaning each time
Postmodernism is NOT philosophy
COMPOSITION
- Has come into vouge as the name or aims to
supersede “modernity” - something is true the whole from the fact
- Believe that humanity should come at truth that it is true of some part of the whole
beyond the rational to non-rational DIVISION
- Adhere to Holistic approach
- something true of a thing must be true of all
ANALYTIC TRADITION
AGAINST THE PERSON (ARGUMENTUM AD
- Language cannot objectively describe truth HOMINEM)
because it is socially conditioned.
- it links the validity of a premise to a
beliefs/characteristics of a person
HASTY GENERALIZATION
PROPESYON
Akawntant- debit, kredit, akawnting, balanse,
remitans, tseke
Doktor- operasyon, injiksyon, istetoskop,
termomiter, reseta
Lawyer/abogado-affidavit, kontrata, notary
publiko, krimen, kaso, batas
Titser/guro- tsok, tsokbord, pentel pen, klas record,
test, estudyante
Elektrisyan-kuryente, sirkwit, transformer, kawad,
kilowatt, ilaw
LARANGAN/SUBJEK
Music-nota, melody, bokalisasyon octava, tyempo,
kanta
ETECH/IT-mouse, CPU, keyboard, log in, start
software, MS Word
Filipino-anyo ng panitikan, tula, akda, makata,
tauhan, banghay, dula
Science/agham-atom, atmospera, buhay at di buhay
na bagay, enerhiya, tubig
Matematika-plas, multiplay, square root, numero,
maynus, hatiin, ikwal