PROTECTION OF GENERATORS
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
V.Vikrant Reddy P.SeshaNaveen
03881A0258 03C11A0243
2006-2007
CERTIFICATE
Mr.SURYANARAYANA, T.S.N.MURTHY,
A.E., D.E.,
(MRT) (EM& MRT)
KTPS V-Stage, Paloncha. KTPS V-Stage, Paloncha.
CERTIFICATE
Prof. K.V.R.Prasad
Head of the Department,
External Examiner EEE Dept.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The development of this project through it was an arduous task, has been
successfully completed. We are pleased to express our thanks to these people, whose
suggestions, comments and critics greatly encouraged us in the betterment of this
project.
We also thank our Head of the Department Prof. K.V.R.Prasad for giving us
permission to do this project work and also acted as our internal guide for giving us
valuable suggestions and proper guidance in the preparation of this work.
Finally we thank all the people who helped us complete this project
successfully.
Projectees:
V.Vikrant Reddy
P.SeshaNaveen
Pavan Manilal Savla
N.Satish Pavan Kumar
Content
Chapter No. Title Page No
1 Introduction 5
1.1 Need for electric power 6
1.2 Role of thermal plants 8
1.3 About APGENCO 12
1.4 About KTPS V stage 14
1.5 Plant overall Layout 17
5 Case Study 78
6 Conclusion 83
7 Bibliography 86
INTRODUCTION
transmission facilities to meet the increased demand. In U.S.A., till the early seventies,
the demand develops every ten years. In developing countries, like
India, the demand doubles every seven years which requires considerable
investment in electrical power sector.
overall increase in the demand for power and because of necessity of keeping down the
cost of power generation with increasing fuel prices are the developing trends in large
steam power plants.
USES:
The thermal power station can be used as
1. private industrial plant
2. central stations
The use of steam station for privative industrial plants is purely a question of economics.
There are some industries which require steam at lower pressure for process purpose.
Trends:
The next era in thermal power generation in India started with commissioning in
1952-53 of 50MW units at Bokaro. The overall thermal efficiency of this unit was 28%
the fact that thermal energy is the major source of power generation itself shows the
importance of thermal power generation in this country. Larger sizes of units due to
overall include in demand for power and because of the necessity of keeping down the
cost of power with increase in fuel process are the Diesel opening trends in large thermal
power station.
changed completely the concept of location the power plants near the load centers to
location near the fuel pithead. Super thermal power plants have come into existence. It
has been found more economical in general to generate electrical energy near the pithead
rather than near the load centers even though the energy has to be transported over the
transmission lines, which involves a large percentage of total capital cost and
transmission line losses. On the other hand by installing a plant near pithead saves the
cost of transporting the coal etc. a 400MW capacity plant requires about 5000 to
6000tons of coal every day.
Vision:
To be the best power utility in the country and one of the best in the world.
Mission:
• To generate adequate and reliable power most economically, efficiently and eco-
friendly.
• To spearhead accelerated power development by planning and implementing new
power projects.
• To implement Renovation and Modernization of all existing units and enhance
their performance.
Thermal 2962.5
Hydel 3586.40
Wind 2.00
KTPS V : 94.5%
RTPP : 91.2%
RTS : 90.6%
The Hon’ble President of India and Hon’ble Union Minister for Power have awarded
gold shields and certificates to RTPP, VTPS and KTPS-V.
DATE OF COMMISIONING:
KTPS-V Stage is the one, which is highly technical and have more advantages. Units
9&10 of KTPS-V stage were successfully completed and commissioned in a record of 31
& 28 months after commencement of work. Since when the station has started its
working it was running successfully with out any problem.
Objectives
One of the important objectives of K.T.P.S. is to generate thermal power
efficiently and economically. It is also fulfilling the role of social responsibility objective
by encouraging local small-scale industries, providing employment to the people of the
backward and tribal areas. It has crores of rupees controlling pollution by installing
Electrostatic Precipitators.
Locations:
The actual site of the station is near Paloncha town, which is about 12 KM from
collieries town Kothagudem. The site of power station is only about 3 Km from the main
Bhadrachalam road. The project authorities to connect the main road with the power
station have constructed feeder road.
Rail head:
K.T.P.S., is located about 12 KM from the near rail head at Bhadrachalam road
Railway station, which is the terminus for the broad gauge branch line taking off from
Dornakal on the south central railway.
Extent of Land:
In site of the power station and its apartment structures as well as the
administration buildings and residential colonies are located.
Ash Pond:
The site of the power station has a low laying area to the south of it, where Ash
Pond is formed. The crushed ash dust is hydraulically disposed off in the ash pond.
GENERATOR:
WATER SOURCE:
Water requirement for the KTPS complex are provided from Kinnersani
Project. Water is one of the basic raw materials in the production of power in a thermal
power station. It is essential that the supply of water should be available at all times with
complete reliability. The total water requirements for the station 1, 50,000 Tones per day.
The water supply for the power station is drawn from the reservoir built across
Kinnersani River at a distance of 10 KM from the power station is through open concrete
lined channel and the flow is by gravity. The carrying of channel is 110 cases (4 cubic
meters second). The Kinnersani is one of the principal tributaries at the mighty rivers
Godavari flowing on its right side of Warangal and Khammam Districts at A.P.
Kinnerasani Dam was constructed at a cost of RS.5.6 crores and maintained by Irrigation
department up to march 1998. Project was taken over by APSEB/APGENCO on
01.04.1998.Reservoir level is 407 ft.
AWARDS:
Year Shield
1998-99 Silver
1999-00 Gold
2000-01 Gold
2001-02 Gold
KTPS-V Stage Power Plant has been awarded the ISO 9001:2000 certificate
Principle:
The A.C. generator or alternator is based upon the principle of the Electromagnetic
Induction. The stator housed the armature windings. The rotor houses the field
windings; DC voltage is applied to the field windings. When the rotor is rotated, the
lines of the magnetic flux cut through the stator windings. The magnitude of EMF is
given by the following expression.
E=4.44 Ǿ f T volts
Classification of Alternators
The A.C generators are of two types,
1) Rotating armature type alternator
2) Revolving field type alternator
a) Salient pole type field structure
b) Smooth cylindrical or Non-salient Pole Type Field Structure
1. It is easier to insulate stationary armature winding for very high voltage e.g. as
high as 33,000 volts because insulation of stationary armature is not subjected to
mechanical stresses due to centrifugal action and more space is available on the
stator for providing more insulation as the stator is outside the rotor.
2. The load current can be connected directly with the fixed terminals of the stator
without passing through slip-rings and brushes.
3. The armature winding can be more easily braced in a rigid frame to prevent any
deformation which could be developed by the mechanical stresses set up due to
short-circuit currents and the high centrifugal forces brought into play.
4. The armature winding is cooled more readily because the stator core can be made
large enough with many air passages or cooling ducts for forced air circulation.
5. Only two slip rings are required for the supply of the direct current to the rotor
and since the exciting current is to be supplied at low voltage of 125 or 250v there
is no difficulty in insulating them.
6. Since the exciting current is relatively small, therefore, the slip rings and the
brush gear need to be only of light construction.
7. Due to simple, light and robust construction of the rotor higher speed of rotating
DC field is possible. This results in increased output.
common excitation bus scheme two or more exciters feed a bus bar to which field
systems of all alternators are connected.
The simplest excitation system consists of a shunt wound D.C machine as
exciter. For large alternator, the main exciter is a separately excited D.C machine
supplied by the pilot exciter. As the rating of the alternator continues to increase, it is
getting difficult to supply excitation for the large alternators by D.C exciters due to
commutating troubles and also a large number of brushes are required on the
commentator because of high excitation current at comparatively low voltages. These
difficulties have been overcome with the use of modern excitation schemes namely
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM and BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM which are finding
In D.C excitation system, there are various configurations of rotating exciters. For
example we may have:
a. Self excited exciter with direct acting rheostatic type voltage regulator.
b. Main and pilot exciters with indirect acting rheostatic type voltage regulator.
c. Man exciter, amplidynes and static voltage regulator.
d. Main exciter, magnetic amplifier and static voltage regulator.
The main drawbacks of D.C excitation system are large time constan6ts and
commutation difficulties. In view of this D.C excitation system have been superseded
by a.c excitation system and static systems.
An A.C excitation system consists of an a.c generator and thyristor rectifier bridge
directly connected to the alternator shaft. The advantage of this method of excitation is
that the moving contacts such as slip rings and brushes are completely eliminated thus
offering smooth and maintenance free operation. Such a system is known as brushless
excitation system.
A static excitation system draws the excitation power from the alternator
terminals through step down transformer and a rectifier system using mercury arc
rectifiers of silicon controlled rectifiers.
the (rotating) alternator-exciter. Direct voltages for the generator excitation is obtained
by
rectification through a three-phase full wave rectifier bridge ,which is mounted in the
hollow shaft of the generator .thus the permanent magnet field of permanent magnet
generator, the armature of the main exciter ,the rectifier bridge and the generator field
are rigidly connected on the generator shaft. These elements are labeled “rotating
elements”, in the diagram. Note, however, that since these components are all moving
with the rotor and no slip rings or thyristor type. Draw back of rotating Diode Bridge is
the presence of considerable exciter time constant which affects the rate of change of
voltage.
The voltage regulator measures the out-put or the terminal voltage, compares it a
set of reference and utilizes the error signal, if any, to control the gate pulses of the
thyristor Network .Thus the regulator controls excitation by supplying a buck-boost
control signals which ads algebraically to the base setting. The base excitation is
controlled by an input setting to the thyristor gating circuits. For base excitation, the
control signal is derived from the permanent magnet generator.
Operating Principle:
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts, called
electrodes. Under normal conditions, these contacts remain closed and will not open
automatically until and unless the system becomes faulty. When a fault occurs on any
part of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and the moving
contacts are pulled apart by some mechanisms thus opening the circuit.
When the contacts of a circuit
breaker are separated under fault conditions, an arc is struck between them. The current
is thus able to continue until the discharge ceases. The production of arc not only delays
the current interruption process but it also generates enormous heat which may cause
damage to the system or to the circuit breaker itself. Therefore, the main problem in a
circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that heat
generated by it may not reach a dangerous value.
Based upon the medium used for arc extinction, the circuit breakers are classified as:
1. Oil Circuit Breakers :
The Oil Circuit Breakers employs some insulating oil (e.g.
Transformer oil) for arc extinction. Based upon the quantity of oil used in the circuit
breaker these are classified as:
a. Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker which uses a large quantity of oil so as the oil
has to serve two purposes. Firstly it extinguishes the arc during opening
of contacts and secondly, it insulates the current conducting parts from
one another and from the earthed tank.
b. Low Oil Circuit Breaker which uses minimum amount of oil. In such
circuit breakers oil is used only for arc extinction, the current conducting
parts are insulated by air or porcelain or organic insulating material.
a. Axial-blast type in which the air-blast is directed along the arc path.
b. Cross-blast type in which the air-blast is directed at right angles to the arc path.
c. Radial-blast type in which the air-blast is directed radially.
vacuum offers the highest insulating strength; it has far superior arc quenching
properties than any other medium. When contacts of a breaker are opened in vacuum,
the interruption occurs at first current zero with dielectric strength between the
contacts building up at a rate thousands of times higher than that obtained with other
circuit breakers.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty
equipment from the system as quickly as possible we need relays.
3.2 Relays :
A relay is an automatic device which senses an abnormal condition in an electric
circuit and closes its contacts. These contacts in turn close the circuit breaker trip coil
circuit, thereby it opens the circuit breaker and the faulty part of the electric circuit is
disconnected from the rest of the healthy circuit.
isolate the faulty part of the system from the healthy one. Selectivity is achieved
in two ways: (i) Unit system of protection and (ii) non-unit system of protection.
3) Speed: A protective relay must operate at the required speed. It should neither
be too slow which may result in damage to the equipment, nor should it be too
fast which may result in undesired operation during transient faults.
to support ordinary meters, which are useful in measuring large currents and voltages.
Such special transformers are Instrument Transformers. The Instrument Transformers are
used in a.c systems for the measurement of current, voltage, power and energy.
Instrument Transformers are categorized as:
1. Current transformers or simply C.T
2. Potential transformers or voltage transformers or simply P.T
The current transformers steps down currents to the range of ordinary ammeter, while the
Potential transformer steps down voltages to the range of ordinary voltmeters .In other
words, the Instrument Transformers extend the range of ordinary meters.
current ratio is not constant, as it depends on the load current and its power factor and
hence a considerable error is introduced.
The ratio error is defined as:
Actual ratio
3.5 Isolators :
Isolator (disconnecting switch) operates under no load condition. It does not have
any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. Isolator is not even
used for breaking load currents.
Circuit breaker can make and break electric circuit under normal current or short
circuit conditions. Isolators are used in addition to circuit breakers and are provided on
each side of every circuit breaker to provide isolation and enable maintenance.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first, then isolate. While
closing a circuit, the isolator is closed first, then circuit breaker. Isolators are necessary
on supply side of circuit breakers in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from
live parts for the purpose of maintenance.
i. Lines have thicker cross section of wire and hence attenuation of signals is
not much.
ii. Leakage is negligible even under wet weather conditions as lines are
insulated with high voltage insulators.
iii. Lines are disrupted during foul weather conditions as conductors are strung
on very robust tower structures.
iv. As the phases are separated from each other quite appreciably, cross-talks
between lines is practically avoided.
v. The cost of providing extra lines for the purpose is avoided.
The power lines may have higher harmonics due to switching surges and corona
loss on overhead lines. These frequencies generally lie between 100 Hz to 50 Hz and,
therefore, if carrier frequencies are chosen in this region, noise introduced in carrier
signal would be very large and hence carrier frequency in the range 30 kHz to 500 kHz is
used. In order that these carrier signals do not interfere into the adjoining section of lines
and also that these carrier signals are not lost by being shorted by low impedance of
transformer or generator at the end of the line, line traps are used which offer very high
impedance to carrier frequency and low impedance to power frequency. Similarly the
coupling capacitors are so designed that they offer very high impedance to power
frequency but low to carrier frequencies.
PROTECTION OF ALTERNATOR
While selecting the scheme for generator protection, the protection of the
complete unit and stability of the system due to disturbance in generator in addition to
protection of generator it self.
¾ Stator faults:
The stator faults include
i. phase to earth faults
ii. phase to phase faults
iii. inter turn faults
Most faults occur in the stator windings, of which majority are earth faults. Phase
faults & inter faults are less common, these usually develop an earth fault. The effect
of earth in the stator is two fold:
1. Arcing to core which welds laminations together causing eddy current hot spots
on subsequent occurrence, repairs to this condition involve considerable
expenditure of time and money.
2. Severe heating in the conductors damaging them & the insulation, with possible
fire risks.
¾ Rotor faults:
Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth faults or between
turns. But as the rotor field circuit is operated ungrounded a single ground fault does
not affect the operation of generator or cause any damage. However, It increases the
stress to ground in the field when stator transients induce an extra voltage in the field
winding. Thus the probability of occurrence of the second fault is increased. If a
second ground fault occurs a part of the filed winding is by passed, thereby increasing
the current through the remaining portion of the field winding. This causes an
unbalance in the air gap fluxes, leading to severe vibration of the rotor.
a) Loss of excitation:
Failure of excitation system is one of the serious
abnormal operations of the alternator. It may occur due to the failure or mal
operation of a faulty field breaker. The alternator speeds up slightly & operates
as an induction generator. Round rotor generators don’t have damper windings
& hence they are not suitable for such an operation. The rotor is over heated
quickly due to heavy induced currents in the rotor iron. Stator also gets over
heated due to wattles current drawn by the machine as magnetizing current
drawn from the system but slower then rotor heating. A large machine like a
Turbo alternator may upset the system stability because it draws reactive power
from the system stability because it draws reactive power from the system when
working as n induction generator.
6. Loss of excitation
7. Vibrations
8. Excessive bearing temperature
9. Motoring of generator
The motors driven by the supply of 6.6 KV comes under category of HT motors.
The major auxiliary equipment of the station work on 6.6 kv voltage level. The
equipments include PA fans, FD fans, ID fans, Boiler feed pumps, Condensate
extraction pumps, coal mills and step down transformers like unit service transformer,
station service transformers, ESP transformers etc.
H.T. Motors are used for critical applications, & their failures results in stoppage of
system & subsequent loss to generation / production. Hence, failure these H.T. Motors
is a matter of great cancer everybody. Usually, it is noticed that motors are mostly
failing because of the mechanical problems & subsequently resulting in failure of the
H.T. motors are
1. Design lacunas.
2. Operation procedures.
3. Bearing failure.
4. Misalignment.
5. Excessive vibration.
6. Electrical problems.
7. Others.
REMEDIAL MEASURES:
4) No foreign material should be left inside during assembly. Use of bolts magnetic
material for tie rods, which may get loosened in course of time, should be avoided.
5) Timers should be used for those systems where frequent ON/OFF operations take
place. This will avoid over heating of motor.
6) Causes of excessive vibrations, noise, over heating should be immediately
eliminated.
7) Frequent checks of associated auxiliaries, environmental conditions etc., will
increase service life of motor.
8) IR values and delta of H.T. motors should be periodically monitored to take up re
varnishing etc.
9) Manufacturers / Rewinds should be asked not to use graded insulation for those
motors having internal neutral, if they are doing the same. If possible these motors
should be provided with earth fault trip circuit.
10) Care should be taken to check the proper contact between power cable lugs and
motor terminal studs. Otherwise, tapered washers should be provided.
Type : VM 12
The motors driven by the supply of 415 V comes under category of LT motors.
The 415 V systems comprises of 9 Nos. 6.6 KV/415V power transformers fed from
respective 6.6 KV buses and 32 Air Circuit Breakers. The station service transformers
termed as SST-IV A & SST-IV B fed from station transformer bus contain important
loads such as DM plant, control and service air MCC.
The lighting for the entire station is fed from this transformer. Further an
Emergency bus is formed which is fed from SST-IV A or SST-IV B which contain LT
loads which are to be in service even if the entire grid fails. Hence a 250 KVA Diesel
Generator set is also connected to the EMS Bus to meet the emergency.
The protection for these motors are provided in the form of modules .A
module consists of fuses, power contactor ,switch fuse unit ,relays ,circuit breakers
which helps in protecting the motor to a greater extent .
The simple construction of protective system employed for a LT motor in is
described as stated below,
E L F SL 4 1
Generation
Outdoor design
Breaker construction
Code BIL rated voltage, 4=245/460/1050KV
Number of chambers
CONSTRUCTION:
The high voltage circuit breaker type ELF SL 4-1 comprises of three
breaker poles, a common control cubicle and a pneumatic unit (compressed air plant)
A breaker pole consists of:
1.Support (frame)
2.Pole column
3.Pneumatic actuator
The actuator operated with compressed air. A pneumatic unit, an air receiver
and a unit compressor is installed to supply the compressed air. The compressed air
stored in the air receiver is distributed to the three actuators via pipelines. The common
control cubicle which is installed separately contains all control devices and most of the
monitoring instrumentation. (With the exception of the density monitor mounted on the
middle breaker pole). The pressure switches are installed in the control cubicle. All
three pole columns are filled with insulating gas and are interconnected by means of
pipelines. The gas is monitored by a density monitor (temperature compensated
pressure monitor).
Class – A protection:
1. Turbine and Generator tripped simultaneously due to sevearity of the fault.
2. It covers all types of major electrical faults in the Generator, GT and UATs.
3. It causes over speed of the TG set.
4. Over speed is tolerated in view of the severity of the fault.
5. It is known as simultaneous trip
Turbine
Trip
Class-A
Protection
Generator
Trip
Class – B protection:
1. No immediate danger or damage
2. Turbine trips instantaneously
3. Then the generator trips on low forward power relay interlock
4. Back up is the reverse power relay
5. Faults in UAT & GT which are not severe covered by this protection.
6. No over speed in the TG set.
7. It is also known as sequential trip.
Low Forward
Power Relay
Class-B
Protection Turbine
Trip 2 sec
Reverse 2 sec
Power Relay Generator
Trip
Reverse
Power Relay 20 sec
Class – C protection:
1. Faults in the grid.
2. Only 220 KV circuit breaker will be opened.
3. TG set maintains house load operation
4. Unit can be reconnected to the grid after isolating the fault.
Alarm 50ºC
Trip 75ºC
Above three faults initiate class – B protection as there is no immediate danger to the
Generator.
The relays used for Generator protection is of static type of make ABB in KTPS
– V stage. Latest trend in the protection of Generator is to use Numerical or Micro
processor based relays.
Nomenclature of relays:
R- Relay
A- Assembly (single parts are assembled)
X- Single piece of device
D- Differential relay
I- Current
F- Frequency
E- Voltage
Product overview:
Relay details
Operating voltage: 100-400V
System Details
Sub transient reactance of the generator Xd" = 0.117 p.u
(To be checked at site and any changes has to be incorporated).
Voltage Rating = 16.5 KV
MVA Rating = 294 MVA
CT Ratio =12500/5A
Ret =3 ohms
Rl (loop resistance) = 0.8 ohms (assumed)
Calculations
Full load current = (294 MVA) / (>/3 *16.5KV) = 10287.33.4
Fault Current If =Full Load Current / Xd11 = 58120.52A
Secondary Fault Current Ik = 58120.52*(5/12500) = 23.25
Max Voltage developed across the relay = Ik* (Ret +R1) = 88.35V.
Normally a setting of 110% of this voltage will provide full stability
against external faults.
Relay setting > 1.1 * Max voltage = 100V
Recommended Setting:
RADHA set-to 100V.
Relay details
95% Element RXIG 28: 5-15V
95-100% Element RXIG 21: 0.15-0.45V
Supervision unit RXEG: 40-120V
Time delay: 20msec - 99sec
System Details
Neutral Grounding Transformer 16.5KV / 240V
3OKVA continuous, 80KVA for 5 minutes.
Neutral Grounding Resistor 0.52ohms, 46.8KW, 330A, 1100V.
64 GA
Trip
High Current
Calculations
95%Element RXIG 28
For phase to ground fault Vph-n =l 6.5KV / √3 = 9.52KV
Voltage across relay = 240 / Vs = 138.56V
To cover 0 to 95%, setting should be 5%of the above value
=0.05* 138.56 = 6.92V
Lime delay =3sec. 95-100% Element RXIG 21
Excitation---ÆMVAR
Steam Input-ÆMW C.T P.T
MVAR
Generator Grid
MW
40G
Generator Grid
MVAR
MW
Immediately after the operation of loss of excitation realy, ensure The 220 KV
breaker was tripped otherwise trip the breaker manually.
Relay details
Directional unit: 1-4A
Under voltage RXEG2: 40- 120V
Over current RXIG2: 2.5-7.5A
Lime setting: l-10sec.
Calculations
Under voltage element RXEG
Setting recommended will be 85% of nominal voltage = 0.85 * 110=93.5V
Recommend settings
Directional unit RXPE = 1.4A
Effects:
1. Negative Phase sequence currents are induced in the stator body.
2. Negative sequence flux rotates in opposite direction to that of the rotor
flux.
3. Relative speed will be equal f – (-f) = 2f.
4. Double frequency (i.e. 100 Hz) currents and voltages are induced in the
rotor.
5. High frequency causes increased iron losses and hence heating of the rotor
With negative phase sequence fault in one phase, the frequency becomes
f - (-f) =2=100 Hz
With such high frequency, the magnetic losses i.e. the hysterisis losses increases and
the rotor overheats.
46 A realy: It only trips the 220 KV breaker thus isolating from the grid (i.e. class –
C protection).
46 B relay: even then also if the fault exits, then this relay operates and initiates
class – A protection.
System details
This relay gets input from C.T. core 3 (12500/5A) situated in the generator
neutral side of 16.5KV bus duct.
Settings:
Alarm : 8% of the rated current.
Time delay : 6 sec
Effects:
1. Generator will draw reverse from the network.
2. Also draws heavy current from the grid.
3. So a reverse power relay in conjunction with over current relay is used
to detect pole slip condition.
System details
This relay gets inputs from
a. C.T. core 3 (12500/5) situated in the generator neutral side of 16.5KV bus
duct.
b. P.Tcore4 (16.5KV/V3)/( HO/ V3 / (110/73) Situated in the Phase
side of the generator bus duct.
Relay details
d= 1, 1.5,2,3,5,6.
Q = 20, 21 ...29.
Is = rated current = 5A
I
37
Turbine Trip
To find whether P.T fuse is healthy, a relay 60 G1 is used. In this process, VT1
and VT4 are compared. If these values are not same, then P.T fuse failure has
occurred.
VT1
60 G1 VT1=VT4
VT4 PT fuse failure
PT fuse failure
System details
This relay gets inputs from
a C.T. core 2 (12500/5) situated in the generator neutral side of 16.5 KV
bus duct.
b. P.T.core4 (16.5KV /3) / (110 /3 ) / (110 /V3 ) situated in the phase
side of the generator bus duct.
Relay details
RXPE40 setting: 30 - 120mA
Time setting: 20msec - 99hrs.
Recommended settings
Setting of RXPE40 = 30mA
Time setting for trip = 2sec.
I V
32 2sec
This is like a back up protection to the low forward power relay. Incase if
the generator is not tripped by low forward power relay, the machine draw power
from the grid and will acts as a motor. This reverse power is sensed using this
relay. The level of power drawn from the power system depends upon type of
prime mover. The realy used for reverse power detection is as same as that of the
low forward power – difference is only the connections. If the relay doesn’t
operate at proper time, the alternator will run as a synchronous motor and over
currents will flow.
System details
This relay gets inputs from
a. C.T core 2 (12500/5) situated in the generator side of 16.5KV Bus duct.
b. P.T. core 4 (16.5KV / V3) / (110 / √3) / (110 / √3) situated in the
Phase side of the generator bus duct.
Relay details
RXPEi setting: 30- 120mA
Time setting: 20msec - 90hrs.
Calculations
Minimum setting of 30mA corresponds to primary current of 75A with 12500 / 5
A C.T ratio. This is 0.77% of full load.
Recommended setting
RXPI< setting = 30mA
With turbine trip = 3 sec.
1. Operated for the prolonged uncleared faults out side the yard.
2. Phase faults in the unit & switch yard
3. Phase faults in adjacent transmission lines
4. When main protection fails
5. Distance type of relay is used.
6. Distance type of relays will operate when the impedance seen by the relay is
less the set value.
System details
This relay gets inputs from
a. C.T core 3 (12500 / 5) situated in the Generator neutral side of 16.5KV bus
duct,
b. P.T. core4 (16.5KV/ V3)/(110/√3)/(110/ 73) situated in the phase side of the
generator bus duct.
Relay details
RAKZB: 5A, 1 10V, characteristic angel = 75deg.
Time setting: l-10sec.
Calculations
Impedance as seen from the Generator terminal is given by
(16.5 * 16.5) / 294 = 0.926ohms.
Usually backup impedance is set to 70% of the terminal impedance
= 0.7 * 0.926 = 0.648ohms.
Secondary value – Zf = 0.648 * (CTR / PTR) = 231 ohms.
Recommended settings
Time delay = 3sec,
Time setting = 2sec,
A = 20, B = 7.35, D= 1.
Relay details:
Setting range: 80 - 240 V
Time setting: 20msec - 99sec.
Calculations
Over voltage protection is set to 110%of the rated voltage
Setting of RXEG= 1.1 * 110 = 121V
Time delay
Stage 1 = 2sec
Setting of RBEG = 1.15 * 110= 127V
Stage2 = 0.2sec
Calculations
The voltage balance scheme is generally set to 70% of the rated voltage
Rated voltage = 110V (on secondary)
Setting of RXEG = 0.72 * 110 = 80V
Recommended setting
RXEG: (2*40)
System details
Transformer impedance 14.5%
Calculations
Max through fault current = 1/0.145 = 6.896 pu.
Through fault current in amps on secondary
((290*10A6/(sqrt3*220*10A3))*(6.896*l/1000) = 5.2
Voltage across relay = If(Rct+2RI)
= 5.248(3+2*0.5) = 20.992V
Therefore the setting is 40 volts
Relay setting
Stage I (alarm):
99 GT
V/F: - 1.5 -3.5 sec
Stage II (trip):
V/F setting: - 1.5-3.0 V/HZ
Time multiplier K = 1-63 sec.
Recommended settings
PT ratio 16500/110 V
V/F (alarm) 2.5 V/Hz
Time setting 3.5 sec.
V/F trip 2.5 V/Hz
Time setting 1 sec
Relay setting
In- 1A, M=l,Ig = 0.2A,Is>=0.2A
K - 0.8
Is»= blocked
Inverse time characteristics Switch "Normal"position.
17. Generator Transformer E/F Relay on HV side RACID 5
Make Type: ABB RACID
CT ratio = 1000/1A
Relay setting
In 1A, M= 1, Ig = 0.2A, Is >= 0.2A '
K - 0.8
Is»— blocked
Inverse time characteristics. Switch "Normal" position
Calculation
The LBB unit is always set as sensitive as the most sensitive
protection for the unit, in this case it is the reverse power protection.
Hence the RXIB24 current unit in RAICA can be ser to 0.02pu
Full load current = 10287.33
Full load current on current transformer secondary side =10287.33/1000= 10.20A
RAICA to be set to 0.02pu. i.e., 0.02 * 10.20 = 0.205 A
Set time +0.2A
Time delay
The time delay should include
Rotor windings are damaged by earth faults. A single ground fault connection
does not cause flow of current since the rotor circuit is ungrounded. When the second
ground fault occurs, part of the rotor winding is by passed and the currents in the
remaining portion may increase.
The rotor earth fault relay is used to detect high and low ohmic earth faults in the
excitation circuits of synchronous machines. Any further earth fault in the excitation
circuit results in a double earth fault, which, on the one hand, mechanically endangers the
rotor due to magnetic unbalance, and, on the other hand, thermally endangers the rotor
due to the high fault current. For this reason the single earth fault should be either
alarmed or initiate tripping.
The protection has two stages; gradual deterioration of the insulation initiates an
alarm, a solid earth fault initiates a trip.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
The incipient faults in transformer tank below oil level actuate Buchholz relay
so as to give an alarm. The arc due to fault causes decomposition of transformer oil. The
product of decomposition contain more than 70% of hydrogen gas, which being light,
rises upwards and tries to go in to the conservator. The Buchholz relay is fitted in the pipe
leading to the conservator. The gas gets collected in the upper portion of the Buchholz
relay, there by the coil level in the Buchholz relay drops down. The float, floating in the
oil in the Buchholz relay tilts down with the lowering oil level. While doing so the
mercury switch attached to the float is closed and the mercury switch closes the alarm
circuit. Thereby the operators know that there is some incipient fault in the transformer.
The transformer is disconnected as early as possible and the gas sample is tested.
The testing of gas gives clue regarding the type of insulation failure. Buchholz relay
gives an alarm so that the transformer can be disconnected before the incipient fault goes
in to a serious one.
CASE STUDY
Case Study:
Generator 10 was tripped in the month of October 2006 with 95% earth fault (64
GA) and standby earth fault (64 GC) relay operated. The same kind of fault occurred
thrice in the total year (twice in 9th plant and once in 10th plant). To know the
healthiness of insulation anywhere in power system, IR values of stator windings is to
be measured.
Finding the IR values here means that we have to calculate the value of resistance. This
is also called Megger test. In this test, a DC voltage is connected to each phase and it is
grounded in one side and the other side is connected to each phase. When the phase is
healthy, only a small current called capacitive current flows through the circuit and
resistance is very high and when an earth fault occurs, a very high current flows
through the circuit so current if very low or approximately zero.
IR values are measured at 5KV with insulation meter and the results are as follows:
R-E : 45 M ohm
Y-E : 50 M ohm
B-E : 0 M ohm
So from the above results it is known that the earth fault is in the B-Phase but it is very
difficult to find out the exact location where the earth fault occurred because of the
large volume of the stator core and winding. Even then the entire stator core and
winding inspected physically for locating the earth fault. But it was not visible. So in
order to find out the exact location of the earth fault, smoke test is to be conducted and
it is as follows:
At around 32V from the 1-phase variac and a current of about 8 amps,
smoke was observed at 27th slot top bar (double layered winding) nearer to end
winding. Immediately voltage switched off. The area where the smoke was observed is
fully cleaned with contact cleaners. It is observed that, the core stamping (laminated
stamping) came outside from the core and it was pierced into 27th topbar which created
earth fault. So the earth fault is at the 27th topbar. Hence 27th topbar is debrazed from
the winding and high voltage test is conducted for rest of the winding and the results
are as follows:
HV test:
Voltage applied leakage current
R-> E with Y+B-> E 22.6 KV 2.91 A
Y-> E with R+B-> E 22.9 KV 2.92 A
B-> E with Y+R-> E 23.1 KV 2.87 A
So from the results it can be seen that all the three phases are healthy.
From the above results, it is found that the remaining winding is healthy.
New top bar placed at site, tested for high voltage and IR values are also measured.
HV Test Current
31 KV (for 1 minute) 90 mA
IR values at 5 KV
15 Sec 30 sec 60sec
5 KV 1, 00,000 M ohm 2, 00,000 M ohm 40, 00,000 M ohm
Top bar is placed in the 27th slot and brazing was done on both turbine and exciter end
sides. Insulating tapes were wound on the brazed winding. Insulating liquids are also
applied on the brazed positions.
Stator overhang position was kept for heating for 24 hours. Again the test was
conducted and IR values are also measured.
Voltage applied leakage currents
R-> E with Y+B-> E 23.0 KV 2.92 A
Y-> E with R+B-> E 22.7 KV 2.88 A
B-> E with Y+R-> E 23.0 KV 2.93 A
IR values at 5 KV
15 sec 60 sec
R-E 550 2500
Y-E 450 1850
B-E 450 2000
R-Y 1050 3000
Y-B 1300 4000
B-R 1500 3900
It can be observed from the above results that the entire stator winding is healthy.
There was also some special tests were conducted both on stator and rotor.
• ELCID Test (Electromagnetic core imperfection detector test)
It is to find out the healthiness of laminations of stator core. The maximum shootout
current should be less than 100 mA for better operation.
• Wedge deflection test
It is to find out the stiffness of the wedges fixed on the stator winding with hydraulic
jerks. A dial gauge will be placed on the wedge and a pressure of about 100kg/cm sq.
will be applied with the hydraulic jark.The maximum deflection of the dial gauge will
be measured and is found to be normal for the total stator wedges.
CONCLUSION
Adaptive protection is as "an online activity that modifies the preferred protective
response to a change in system conditions or requirements. It is usually automatic, but
can include timely human intervention". An adaptive relay is "a relay that can have its
settings, characteristics or logic functions changed online in a timely manner by means
of externally generated signals or control action". In other words, adaptive protection
systems are systems which allow changing relay characteristics/settings due to the
actual system state. For example, the primary zone pickup value of a distance relay can
be changed online according to power in feed from a T-connected generator
There are several adaptive techniques proposed which use online information of the
system to optimise the protection system function. Some examples are:
A relay coordination software model as shown in figure is introduced which makes real
time changes of relay configurations possible.
BIBILOGRAPHY