Q) Gordon Moore Law.

From your opinion identify two reason, why this law didn’t hold
forever.

“The number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years”

this law didn’t hold forever:

i) It is extremely unlikely that transistors could be made smaller and smaller forever, and
eventually the limits of miniaturization at atomic levels would be reached. The heat generated
will be so intense that the chip will melt and begin to disintegrate

ii) a large amount of specially designed cooling systems and power transformers are required.

(Heat dissipation and power usage are the main obstacles for further advancement.)

Q) Write any two reasons for the need to have a protocol architecture.

4 needs/set of rules for communication

When computers, terminals, and/or other data processing devices exchange data, the
procedures involved can be quite complex. Consider, for example, the transfer of a file
between two computers. There must be a data path between the two computers, either
directly or via a communication network. But more is needed.

Typical tasks to be performed:

1. The source system must either activate the direct data communication path or inform the
communication network of the identity of the desired destination system.

2. The source system must ascertain that the destination system is prepared to receive data.

3. The file transfer application on the source system must ascertain that the file management
program on the destination system is prepared to accept and store the file for this particular
user.

4. If the file formats used on the two systems are different, one or the other system must
perform a format translation function.
Q) Case study (Networking)

What is peer to peer network. Would you choose P2P networking for the given case?

A peer-to-peer network is one in which two or more PCs share files and access to devices such
as printers without requiring a separate server computer or server software. Every computer
on a peer-to-peer network can function as both a server and a client.

Assume that you are going to recommend a server-based network for this. justify your
answer.

On a client/server network, every computer has a distinct role: that of either a client or
a server. A server is designed to share its resources among the client computers on the
network. Typically, servers are located in secured areas, such as locked closets or data
centres (server rooms),

A dedicated server computer often has faster processors, more memory, and more storage
space than a client because it might have to service dozens or even hundreds of users at the
same time. High-performance servers typically use from two to eight processors (and that’s
not counting multi-core CPUs), have many gigabytes of memory installed, and have one or
more server-optimized network interface cards (NICs), RAID (Redundant Array of
Independent Drives) storage consisting of multiple drives, and redundant power supplies.
Servers often run a special network OS—such as Windows Server, Linux, or UNIX—that is
designed solely to facilitate the sharing of its resources. These resources can reside on a single
server or on a group of servers. When more than one server is used, each server can
“specialize” in a particular task (file server, print server, fax server, email server, and so on) or
provide redundancy (duplicate servers) in case of server failure. For demanding computing
tasks, several servers can act as a single unit through the use of parallel processing.

Write 2 advantage and disadvantage of using star topology in above case.

Advantage: easy to install, fast speed, easy troubleshooting

Disadvantage: high cost, failure of hub/switch causes total network failure,

List the devices you might have to purchase to accomplish this task. Justify your answer.

 Hub: a networking device which is used to connect multiple network hosts. A network
hub is also used to do data transfer. A hub is not so secure and safe. Moreover, copying
the data packets on all the interfaces or ports makes it slower and more congested which
 led to the use of network switch. (An electronic device that connects many network
devices together so that devices can exchange data.). Speed 10 Mbps

 Switch: A network switch is a computer networking device that is used to connect many
devices together on a computer network. A switch is considered more advanced than a
hub because a switch will on send msg to device that needs or request it (While hub just
does the work of data forwarding, a switch does 'filter and forwarding' which is a more
intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.) Speed 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps.

 Repeater. A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies the signal it receives. In other
terms, you can think of repeater as a device which receives a signal and retransmits it at
a higher level or higher power so that the signal can cover longer distances.

For example, inside a college campus, the hostels might be far away from the main
college where the ISP line comes in. If the college authority wants to pull a wire in
between the hostels and main campus, they will have to use repeaters if the distance
is much because different types of cables have limitations in terms of the distances,
they can carry the data for.

 Bridge. If a router connects two different types of networks, then a bridge connects two
subnetworks as a part of the same network. You can think of two different labs or two
different floors connected by a bridge. (A bridge works at the data-link (physical network)
level of a network, copying a data frame from one network to the next network along the
communications path.)

 Router. A router is a network device which is responsible for routing traffic from one to
another network. These two networks could be a private company network to a public
network. You can think of a router as a traffic police who directs different network traffic
to different directions.
Q) TCP/IP layer and example protocols

Application
Provides ccess to the
TCP/IP environment for SMTP, FTP, SSH, HTTP
users and also provides
distributed information
services.

Transport
Transfer of data between
end points. May provide TCP, UDP
error control, flow control,
congestion control, reliable
delivery.

Internet ICMP,
OSPF,
Shield higher layers from
RSVP
details of physical network IPv4, IPv6 ARP
configuration. Provides
routing. May provide QoS,
congestion control.

Network Access/
Data Link
Logical interface to network Ethernet, WiFi, ATM, frame relay
hardware. May be stream or
packet oriented. May
provide reliable delivery.

Physical
Transmission of bit stream;
specifies medium, signal Twisted pair, optical fiber, satellite,
encoding technique, data terrestrial microwave
rate, bandwidth, and
physical connector.

Figure 2.3 The TCP/IP Layers and Example Protocols

Q) What is LAN or WAN. Give example.

Q) (very Important) Explain the term Normalisation and apply the rules of up to 3NF.

Identify anomalies (10-20 marks)

A process of organising the data in database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly,
update anomaly and deletion anomaly.

1NF rules:

 No repeating groups.
 Data values are atomic (single valued).
 Field names are unique
 The relation has a primary key.
 The order of rows doesn’t matter.
2NF rules

 The relation is in 1NF.

 All attributes are dependent on the full primary key.

3NF rules

 The relation is in 2NF.

 Each non-key attribute is dependent on the primary key and only on the primary key.
Non-key attributes are not derived and are not dependent on other non-key
attributes.

3 Types of anomaly

 Update anomaly
 Insert anomaly
 Delete anomaly

Q) SQL Queries

• Syntax enables to specify which rows to select:

SELECT columnlist

FROM tablelist

[WHERE conditionlist]; (* don’t forget ; sign)

- Display

Example 1:

SELECT Customer.CustomerNum, Customer.CustomerName, Customer.Street,

Customer.State, Customer.CreditLimit, Customer.RepNum

FROM Customer;

Example 2:

i. List the first and last name of patients whose primary doctor named ʻJohn
Smithʼ.
 SELECT Patient.FirstName, Patient.LastName
FROM Patient.Doctor
WHERE Patient.DoctorSSN=Doctor.DoctorSSN AND Doctor.FirstName=’John’
AND Doctor.LastName=’Smith’;

- Comparison Operator

SELECT P_DESCRIPT, P_QOH, P_MIN, P_PRICE

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE <= 10;

- Check how to join the table

SELECT Team.Team_Name, Match.Match_HID, Team.city, Match.stadium,

Match.Match_Date

FROM Team INNER JOIN Match ON (Team.Team_ID = Match.Match_GID) AND

(Team.Team_ID = Match.Match_HID)

WHERE (((Team.city)="knox") AND ((Match.stadium)="MCG") AND

((Match.Match_Date)=#1/5/2019#));
- Count or aggregate

Extra example:
Write the SQL command you would use to add a new record to a table “Prescription”

Insert into Prescription (Prescription ID, Date, Doctor_SSN, Patient_SSN)

Values (‘PR009’, ‘01/02/2018’, ‘DT0004’,’PT003’);

Q) ER Diagram Case Study (Similar to assignment)

Name the entity

Any 3 business rule