DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.

SOME USEFUL FORMULAE, MATRICES AND

FACTS FOR IGCSE EXAMINATION
(TWO DIMENSIONAL FIGURES)

Name of figure Perimeter Area

Rectangle 2 (l + b) lb
Square 4l l2
Parallelogram 2 (l + b) bh
Rhombus 4s bh
or
1
2
 d1 d2
Trapezium Sum of all sides 1
2
(a+b)h
Kite Sum of all sides 1
2
 d1 d2
Triangle Sum of all sides 1
2
(b h) (or)
a + b+ c
s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c)
Where s = (a+b+c) / 2
1
2
ab sinC
Circle 2  r (or)  d  r2

(THREE DIMENSIONAL FIGURES)

Name of figure Volume Surface Area

Cuboid lbh 2(lb + bh + hl )

Cube 13 6l2
Cylider  r2h 2  r(r + h) or
2  r2 + 2  rh (C.S.A)
Cone 1
 r2h  r(r + l) or
3  r2 +  rl (C.S.A)
Sphere 4
 r3 4  r2
3
Hemisphere 2
 r3 2  r2
3
Pyramid 1 Base area + area of
3
 base area  h
triangular faces.
Volume of any uniform Prism = Area of cross section  length.

1
 Percentage:

S .P  C.P C.P  S .P
Percentage profit = C.P
 100 % Percentage Loss :
C.P
 100 %

Where S.P  Selling price

C.P Cost Price

PRT
Simple Interest : I = Where P – Principal amount
100
R – Rate of interest
T – Length of time (year)

Trigonometry

Opposite Adjacent Opposite

Sin  = Hypotenuese Cos   Hypotenuese Tan   Adjacent

a b c
Sine Rule  
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine Rule to find a side a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA Opp Hyp

 b2  c2  a2 
 
-1  2bc  Adjacent
Cosine rule to find an angle A = cos

SIMILARITY

l h r
Linear measurement (L) = l  h  r
1 1 1

2 2 2

A1 l12 h2 r 2
Area (A) =  2  12  12
A2 l 2 h2 r2

V1 l13 h13 r13

Volume (V) =   
V2 l 23 h23 r23

POLYGONS

1.Sum of interior angles of any polygon is = (n – 2 ) 180o

2
2. Sum of exterior angle of any polygon = 360o
3.Sum of an exterior angle and an interior angle = 180o
360 o
4. One exterior angle of a n side polygon =
n

 n  2180 o
5. One interior angle of a n side polygon =
n
360 o
6. Number of sides of any regular polygon is = oneexteriorangle

VECTOR
Length of a vector = m = x2  y2

x  movements in x direction.
y  movements in y direction
Circle theorems.
Angle properties.
1. Angle at the centre is twice the angle in the circumference.
A
 B = 2  A
x

B 2. Angle at the circumference is half of the angle at the centre.

1
2x A= B
2

3. Angle in a semicircle is 90o. 4. Angles in the same segment are equal.

A B
 A = 90o A C

 A=  B =  C
5. In a cyclic quadrilateral the opposite angles add up to 180o
Ina cyclic quadrilateral, exterior angle equals the interior opposite angle.

3
 x y = v
y
 y +  w = 180o
w v
z  x +  z = 180o

Tangent Properties.
1. Angle between a radius and a tangent is 90o 2. The tangents drawn from a point out side a circle,

to a circle are equal in length.

90o 90o

CHORD PROPERTIES

3. Angle at the centre is twice the angle 4. The angle between a tangent and a chord
between a tangent and chord equals the angle opposite to the chord or angle
in the alternate segment.

A A

B
B
1
B= A or  A = 2  B A=  B
2

Pythagoras Theorem. :The square on hypotenuse is equal to the sum of square on other two sides

1.Triangle Rules.
1. The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180o
2. The exterior angle is equal to sum of two opposite interior angles.

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 a *  a +  b +  c = 180o

* d  a  c
d b c
2.Isosceles Triangle

a * In isosceles triangle, two sides are equal

* The angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.
i.e b  c
b c

3.Angles at a point
Angles around a point add up to 360o a
a  b  c  d  e =360o b c
d e

4. Angles between parallel Lines

e f * Between parallel lines the alternate angles are equal.
a b a  d , b  c
* Sum of two interior angles is equal to 180o
c d b  d  180o a  c  180o
* The corresponding angles are equal
c  e d  f

 Vertically opposite angles are equal.

 e  b a  f

Quadratic Formula
The general form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0
 b  b 2  4ac
The Quadratic Formula is x =
2a
Straight Line Graph
y 2  y1
The gradient of a straight line (m ) = x  x
2 1
2
The Length of line segment =  x1  x 2    y1  y 2 
2

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The equation of a straight line y = mx + c
m  Gradient of the straight line
c y – intercept

Arc Length =  2r
360


Area of a sector =  r 2
360

MATRICES FOR TRANSFORMATION

Reflection by Rotation with Origin as centre
1 0   0 1
x- axis OR y = 0   90o clock wise  
0 1   1 0 
 1 0  0  1
y – axis OR x = 0   90o Anti clock wise  
 0 1  1 0 
0 1  1 0 
y=x   1800 Rotation  
1 0   0  1
 0  1
y=-x  
 1 0 
Shearing with invariant line Stretch with invariant line
1 H   H 0
x- axis OR y = 0   y – axis OR x = 0  
0 1   0 1
 1 0 1 0 
y- axis OR x = 0   x- axis OR y = 0  
 K 1 0 K 
Where K and H are scale factors.

Scale Factor = Length of a side on the image

Length of the corresponding side on the object.

Shear Factor = Distance a point moves due to shear

Perpendicular distance of point from the invariant line.

Stretch Factor = Perpendicular distance of a point on image form invariant line

Perpendicular distance of corresponding point from the invariant line
Locus Four rules.
1.The locus of the points which are at a given distance from a given point is circle

2. The locus of the points which are at a given distance from a given straight line
are parallel lines on each side of the given straight line
3. The locus of the points which are equidistance from two given points X and Y is
Perpendicular bisector of the line X and Y.

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4. The locus of the points which are equidistance from two given intersecting straight lines
is the bisector of the angles between the lines.

Inverse Matrix
a b 1  d  b
If M =   M-1 =   where ad – bc is the determinant.
c d  ab  ac   c a 
In a matrix if the determinant is zero the matrix will have no inverse.

Measures.
BASIC RULES ON MEASURES
LENGTH AREA VOLUME MASS
2 2 2
1cm = 10mm 1cm =10 mm 1cm3=103mm3 1cg= 10mg
1m = 102cm 1m2= 104cm2 1m3= 106cm3 1g= 103mg
1m = 10mm 1m2=106mm2 1m3=109mm3 1kg = 106mg
1km = 10m 1km2=106m2 1km3=109m3 1kg= 103g
1km = 10 cm 1km2=1010cm2 1km3=1015cm3 1ton = 103 kg
1km2=1012mm2 1km3= 1018mm3
1lit = 103cm3
1m3= 103lit

Note: i) To convert larger unit into smaller unit Multiply

ii) To convert smaller unit into larger unit Divide

mm 10 cm 100 m 1000 km