(For B.EJB.Tech.

, AMIE, UPSC
5th Revised Edition
,

 El
ower
(For B.E./B.Tech., AMIE, IETE, GATE, UPSC Engineering Services)
5th Revised Edition

Ashfaq Husain
1-r.rn�.a,1" Reader in Electrical c--;-,--
Polytechnic, Muslim
(India}

CB
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ISBN: 81-239-1448-2

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Fourth Edition: 1994
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Copyright© Ashfaq Husain

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 P R E FA ..CE

Preface to
the Fifth Edition

This book is intended to serve as a textbook for the course 'Electrical Power Systems' for B.Tech./
B.E. degree students of Electrical Engineering. It will also serve as a text reference for students of
Diploma in Electrical Engineering. The common topics included in the syllabi of almost all Engi­
neering Institutions in India are covered in this book.
This text is also useful for candidates appearing in AMIE, GATE, UPSC Engineering services
and other competitive examinations. The practising engineers would also find this book valuable a1
a concise reference fo r basic principles and applications in 'Electrical Power Systems'.
This book brings many widely varied topics together. It lays emphasis on the basic concepts ana
at the same time introduces modem methods of solution of power system problems.
The book is divided into twenty eight chapters. Each chapter is self-contained and is dealt with
comprehensively. The subject matter in each chapter has been developed systematically from basic
principles using the SI system of units. Generalized approach has been given in treatments.
The fifth edition has been thoroughly revised, further enlarged and updated.
In response to the suggestions from the teachers and students, the following new chapters are
incorporated in this revised edition
• Voltage stability
• Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
Chapters on Line Insulators and Supports, Per Unit Representation, :...ong Transmission Lines,
Economic Operation of Power Systems, Unsymmetrical Faults, Power System Stability, Overvoltage
Protection, HYDC Transmission have: been rewritten to include the recent trends in the subject.
The numerous ii lustrative examples enhance the utility of the text and make it easy fOi the
beginner to thoroughly grasp the presentation of the theory. The worked-out exampl�s are very
carefully selected in the text to illustrate the practical applications. Most simplified methods of
solving the problems are given. Step-by-step procedures of solving problems are provided. At the
end of each chapter a large number of problems of wide variety have been included for practice.
v
vi Preface to the Fifth Edition

With all these modifications the book has become well organised, up-to-date, lucid an d very
easy to follow for self study .
The author hopes that the new fifth edition will continue to help and will enhance the under­
standing of Electrical Power Systems in the same way that previous editions have done in the past.
It is hoped that the book will be useful to students and teachers alike.
The author would be grateful to readers for their suggesticns for further improvement of the
book.

Ashfaq Husain

Acknowledgements
I appreciate the patience, understanding and support of my wife Dr. Nigar Minhaj, Reader in Elec­
tronics, Women's Polytechnic , Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Her valuable suggestions and
comments have made it possible for me to complete this book .
I also appreciate the patience and concern of my sons Ahmad Ashfaq, M.Tech. (Environmental
Engineering), Lecturer in Civil Engineering, University Polytechnic , Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh; and Haroon Ashfaq, M.Tech. (Electrical Engineering), Lecturer in Electrical Engineering,
lamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, who has helped me a lot in the revision of this book. Haroon
Ashfaq has given valuable suggestions and made a lot of contribution to this book.

Ashfaq Husain
 PREFACE

Preface to
the First Edition

This book has been designed as a textbook for engineering degree, diploma, AMIE or equivalent
examinations in Electrical Power Systems in India and abroad. It will als.:> be useful to students
preparing for various competitive examinations. It is equally helpful to pra tising engineers to un­
derstand the theoretical aspects of their profession.
The book includes the recent rapid developments that are taking place i:J the field of Electrica;
Power Systems which are not at present readily available in a single textbock because of the diver­
sity of the topics. The present book brings many widely varied topics toget er to cater to the needs
of revised syllabi of engineering and competitive examinations. Besides, th.is book bridges the gap
between old and new concepts in Electrical Power Systems. The text lays; emphasis on the basic
concepts and at the same time introduces modern methods of solution of p wer system problems.
The book is divided into twenty-three chapters. Each chapter is self-con..ained and is dealt with
comprehensively. The subject matter in each chapter has been developed sy tematically from basic
principles using the S.I. system of units. Generalized approach has been given in treatments. Matrix
analysis is used wherever necessary. The technical information available on .he topics is up-to-date.
The chapters on Conductors, Insulators and Power Cables are written svecially with a view to
put before the reader recent developments in this important field which - as not attracted much
attention by previous authors. Clear diagrams and photographs are given fcr tetter understanding.
The concepts of GMD and GMR which are necessary for handling calculati ns for lines having any
conductor configuration are clearly discussed. Performance of short, me ium and long lines is
adequately explained. The chapter on General Network Constants gives the performance calcula­
tions of transmission lines by general methods. It emphasizes a unified ap roach to the problems
instead of various partial solutions. The subject matter on Power Circle Dia�rams covers analytical
as well as graphical methods to demonstrate clearly the actual performance of lines.
In view of the importance of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) trarsmission in the present
Juncture of technological development in the subject, a chapter on Power �ransmission by Direct
Current is included in the text.
vii
viii Preface to the First Edition

The mechanical performance of overhead lines under various operating conditions is fully dis­
cussed. The chapters on Load Flow Studies and Economic Operation of Power Systems are meant
to introduce the basIc aspects of the problems involved in this area.
Throughout the text, the importance of extra high voltage transmission of energy is discussed in
detail. Recent developments regarding the choice of next higher voltages, standardization of trans­
mission voltages are presented. One full chapter is devoted to the comprehensive treatment of Co­
rona. Emphasis has been laid on generalized treatment of fault analysis instead of partial solution.
The chapters on Travelling Waves, and Power System Stability have been discussed exhaus­
tively.
The numerous illustrative examples enhance the utility of the text and make it easy for the
beginner to thoroughly grasp the presentation of the theory. The worked-out examples are very
carefully selected in the text to illustrate the practical applications . Most 3implified methods of
solving the problems are given. In most cases, the worked-out examples illustrate the technique of
solving problems. At the end of each chapter a large number of representative numerical examples
of wide variety have been included for practice. Many of them have been selected from the past
examination papers of standard institutions. The problems are of practical nature.
While utmost care has been exercised to eliminate misprints and errors, the author would feel
obliged to have mistakes brought to his notice. He would welcome any comments and suggestions
for the improvement of book.

Ashfaq Husain
 CONTENTS

Contents

Preface to the Fifth Edition . V

Preface to the First Edition . VII

1 Load Characteristics . I-IS

1.1 Introduction J
I .2 Advantages of eJectricr.i energy
1.3 Load J
I .4 Connected load 2

J.5 Demand 2

1.6 Demand interval 2

1.7 Maximum demand (MD) or peak load 2

1.8 Demand factor (DF) 2

1.9 Average load or average de mand 3

I . 10 Load factor 3

1.11 Diversity factor FD 3

1.1 2 Load diversity 4

1.13 Utilization factor F tl 4

1. 14 Plant factor or capacity factor 4

1.15 Loss factor hs 5

1. 16 Load curve 5

1. 17 Informations obtained from load curves j

1. 18 Utility of load curves 6

1. 19 Load-durati on curve 6

1.20 Procedure for plotting the load-duration curve 6

1.21 Informations avai labl e from load durati on c urve 0

ix
x Contents

:2 Supply Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. 16 - 35

2. I Introduction 16

2.2 Basic structure of an AC power system 16

2.3 Distribution voltage level 16

2.4 Subtransmiss ion level 17

2.5 Transmi ssion level 17

2.6 Layout of a power supply network 17

2.7 System interconnection 18

2.8 System voltage and transmission efficIency 19

2.9 Working voltage 20

2.10 Choice of the next high voltage 20

2. I I Standardi zation of transmission voltages 21

2 .12 Classification of li nes 21

2.13 Comparison of conductor costs in various systems 22

2. 13. I Criterion of equal maxi mum voltage to earth 23

2.13.2 Criterion of equal maximum voltage between line

conductors 27

3 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 - 54

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Types of conductors 37

3.2.1 Hard-drawn copper conductors 37

3.2.2 Cadmium copper conductor 37

3.2.3 Steel-cored copper conductor (SCC) 38

3.2.4 Copperweld conductor 38

3.2.5 Hard-drawn aluminium conductor or all -aluminium

conductor (AAC) 38

3.2.6 Aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) 38

3.2.7 Smooth: t¥>dy ACSR conductor 39

3.2.8 Expandeq ACSR conductor 40

3.2.Y All-alumi nium allay conductor (AAAC) 40

3.2.10 ACAR conductor 40

3.2.1 I Alumoweld conductor 41

3.2.12 Phosphor-bronze conductor 41

3.2. 13 Galvanized stee l conductt)r 4 1

3.3 Resistance 41

3.4 Skin effect 42

3.5 Equivalent coppe r section 43

3.6 Kelvin's economy law 43

3.7 Modified Kelvin's law 44

3.8 Graphical representation 45

3.9 Economic current density 46

3.10 Determination of losses 49

3.11 Limitations of Kelvin ' s law 52

 Contents xi

4 Power Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-92

~

4.1 Introduction 55

4.2 Cable construction 56

4.3 Conductors 56

4.4 Insulation 57

4.5 Sheath 58

4.6 Protective covering 58

4.7 Belted cable 59

4.8 Screened cable 59

4.9 Cable impregnation 60

4.10 Non-drained cables 60

4. II Dielectric stress 60

4. 12 Grading of cables 64

4.13 Cable capacitance 70

4.14 Charging current or capacitive current 70

4.15 Capacitances in a three-core belted cable 70

4 .16 Measurement of Cc and Cs 72

4. 17 Insulation resistance 74

4 .18 Dielectric loss 75

4.18.1 Conductivity of insulation 75

4.18 .2 Dielectric hysteresis or dielectric absorption 75

4.18.3 Corona or gaseous ionization in cables 76

4.18.4 Dielectric power loss 76

4.19 Stress distribution in a HYDC cable 78

4.20 Skin effect 79

4.21 Proximity effect 79

4. 22 Current rating of cables 79

4.22.1 Normal or safe current carrying capacity 79

4.22 .2 Over current rating 8/

4.22.3 Short-circuit rating 82

4 .23 Thermal breakdown 82

4.24 Soil thermal resistivity 82

4.25 Extra high voltage cables 82

4 .26 Oil-filled cables 83

4.26.1 Advantages of self-contained oil-filled cables 85

4.26.2 Advantages of oil-filled cables 85

4.26.3 Oil for cables 85

4.27 Gas-pressure cables 86

4.27 .1 External gas-pressure cables 86

4.27.2 Internal gas-pressure cables 86

4.28 Compressed gas insulated cables (GIC) 87

4.29 Advantages of GIC over oil-filled cables 88

4.30 Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables 89

4 .3\ Power cable installation 89

xii Co tents

5 Line Insulators and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93 - 122

5. Introduction 93

5.:: Types of insulator 95

5.2.1 Pin type insulator 95

5.2.2 Suspension insulators 96

5.2.3 Strain or tension insulators 97

5.: V-strings 98

5."" Insulator materials 98

5.4.1 Polymer insulator 99

5. ~ Voltage distribution and string efficiency 99

5.5.1 Alternative method 101

5. t: Improving voltage distribution 103

5.: Selection of insulation 112

5. t Line supports 113

5. ~ Wood poles 114

5. m Concrete poles 114

5. I I Steel poles 115

5. 1l2 Supporting towers 115

5.12.1 Self-supporting towers 115

5 .12.2 Guyed or stayed towers 115

5. 0 Vibration of conductors 117

5.13. I Resonant vibration 117

5.13 .2 Galloping 1J8

5.13.3 Dancing and steel-jump 118

5. 1:+ Effects of vibration on the transmission line 1 J8

5.15 Prevention of vibration 119

5.15.1 Armour rods 119

5.15.2 Stockbridge damper 119

5.1 5 Spacing of conductors 120

6 Sa: and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 - 150

6.1 Introduction 123

6.2 Sag and tension 123

6.3 Parabolic method 124

6.4 Catenary method 125

6.5 Accuracy of results 1)8

6.6 Loading on conductors 128

6.7 Conductor cleara nce from ground 1J I

6.8 Erection sag and tension 132

6.8.1 Factors affecting the sag 133

6.9 Spans of uneq ual length 13 7

6.1 Sag and tension charts 138

6.1 : Supports at unequal leve!s 139

6.1 : The sag template 144

6.1 = Preparation of the sag template 145

6.1 c. Method of using the template 146

6. 1: Economic span length 147

 Contents xiii

7 Line Parameters . . . . . . . . 151- 212

7. J Introduction 151

7.7. Line inductance 151

7 .3 Inductance of a conductor 152

7.3.1 Internal inductance 152

7.3.2 External inductance 154

7.4 Flux linkages in a group of conductors 155

7.5 Inductance of a two-wire line 157

7.6 Inductance of symmetrical three-phase line 159

7.7 Inductance of unsymmetrical three-phase line 160

7.8 Method of geometric mean distances 163

7.9 Two-wire line 165

7. 10 Symmetrical three-phase line 165

7. 11 Inductance of unsymmetrical three-phase line 166

7. 12 Inductance of double-circuit single-phase line 169

7. 13 Inductance of double-circuit three-phase lines 170

7.14 Special cases of double-circuit lines 172

7. 15 Inductance of bundled conductor lines 174

7. 16 Line capacitance 178

7 .17 Electric field of a long straight conductor 178

7.18 System of conductors 179

7.19 Capacitance of two-wire line 180

7.20 Capacitance of the symmetrical three-phase line 182

7.21 Capacitance of an unsymmetrical three-phase transposed line 183

7.22 Capacitance of a three-phase single-circuit untransposed line 186

7.23 Charging current 187

7.24 Capacitance by GMD method 188

7.25 Capacitance of double-circuit three-phase line 189

7.26 Effect of earth on the line capacitance 190

7.27 Effect of earth on capacitance of single-circuit three-phase line

with transposition 193

7.28 Capacitance of bundled conductor lines 195

7 .29 Shunt conductance 198

7.30 Interference between power and communication lines 198

7. 31 Electromagnetic effect 198

7.32 Electrostatic effect 199

8 Per Unit Representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 - 237

8. 1 Introduction 213

8.2 Change of base 2 J 6

8.3 Per unit impedance of a transformer 216

8.4 Per unit quantities in three-phase systems 219

8.5 Selection of base values 221

8.6 Base quantities in terms of kV and MVA 221

8.7 Per unit load impedance 222

 Electrical Power System

Publisher : CBS Publications ISBN : 9788123914480 Author : Ashfaq Hussain

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