Optimalisasi Perkembangan

Sel dan Fungsi Otak

Leonardo Lubis
 Segala sesuatu yang kita lakukan,
rasakan, dan katakan sejak awal hingga
akhir kehidupan, mencerminkan fungsi
otak kita
Bagaimana Fungsi Otak Berkembang?
 Pada mulanya adalah periode
zygote
Kira-kira 3 minggu setelah konsepsi
sekumpulan sel membentuk struktur datar
bernama... neural plate
Selanjutnya neural plate merubah diri
menjadi struktur tuba yang kelak
menjadi brain dan spinal cord

Usia zygot
3 minggu
Awal mula perkembangan Otak
 Tumbuh Kembang Otak
• Ada peningkatan lima kali lipat jumlah dendrit korteks
hingga usia 2 tahun, sebagai hasilnya sekitar 15.000
koneksi baru dapat dibuat per neuron

• Proses ini disebut “Transient exuberance”

• Koneksi baru diperlukan karena berpikir dan belajar

memerlukan koneksi yang kompleks antar tiap bagian
korteks.

• Pengalaman adalah unsur vital untuk tumbuh kembang

otak.
 Jika sel-sel neuron tidak digunakan maka akan
mengalami atrofi dan atau dapat dialihguna untuk
hal lain. Neuron yang kurang guna, akan
dinonaktifkan oleh proses pruning.
 Komposisi Otak
• Otak terdiri dari empat area:
• stem (batang otak)
• diencephalon
• limbic system
• cortex (cerebri)

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Neuron
• Aksi Potensial
• Neurotransmiter Presynaptic Neuron
• Sinaps

Postsynaptic Neuron
Simpulan Fisiologis Perkembangan awal Otak
• Semua perkembangan perilaku terkait dengan perkembangan otak
• Perkembangan otak tergantung genetik dan pengalaman
• Otak sangat bersifat plastik (plasticity) dan dapat memulihkan diri
(neurogenesis) seiring waktu.

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Fisiologi Otak (Localization)
• Area Boadmann (korteks cerebri) menunjukkan fungsi yang berbeda
tiap area otak
• Area proyeksi - contralateral organization:
• Hemisfer kiri menerima informasi dari sisi kanan(sensori), atau mengontrol sisi kanan tubuh
(motor)
• Hemisfer kanan menerima informasi dari sisi kiri(sensori), atau mengontrol sisi kiri tubuh
(motor)
Cerebral Cortex
• Most projection areas have contralateral organization:
• Left hemisphere receives information from right side of body (sensory), or
controls right side of body (motor)
• Right hemisphere receives information from left side of body (sensory), or
controls left side of body (motor)
Stimulasi Dini(Pengalaman) sangat Krusial

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Nature vs. Nurture
• Selama 10 tahun pertama kehidupan, otak anak dua kali lebih aktif
dari otak orang dewasa
• 60% nutrisi digunakan oleh otak selama tahun pertama kehidupan,
dan menurun hingga 30% pada usia 3 tahun
• Faktor genetik dan lingkungan(stimulasi pengalaman) memiliki
interaksi kualitatif yang lebih dinamis.

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 Nature vs. Nurture
5 Days 2
Months

1 Year 28 Years
Human
Brain 6 Years 14 Years
at Birth Old Old
Stimulasi Dini(Pengalaman)

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Stimulasi Dini(Pengalaman)

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 In order for a man to succeed in life,
God provided him with two means,
education and physical activity. Not
separately, one for the soul and the
other for the body, but for the two
together. With these two means, man
can attain perfection.
Exercise and the Brain
 Increased oxygen and blood flow to wake up the brain
 Helped develop cross neural pathways by crossing the
midline and connecting the left & right brain
 Reduced fight or flight hormones/chemicals
 Released serotonin to relieve stress

“Physical activity and learning

are inextricably interwoven.”
John Ratey MD
“Exercise is like Miracle-Grow for the brain, it puts the brain
of the learners in the optimal position for them to learn.”
John Ratey, MD Harvard Medical School
 The Prefrontal Cortex
Major Role in Executive Function

• EXERCISE particularly affects our

Executive Function
• Planning
• Organization
• Initiate or delay a
response
• Consequence evaluation
• Learning from mistakes
• Maintain the focus
• Working Memory

• Dysfunction in these areas leads to

disruption in the organization and
control of behavior
 DASAR TEORI
Biological effect of physical
activity on the brain:
§Increased cerebral capillary
growth
§Increased blood flow
§Increased oxygenation
§Enhanced production of
neurotrophins
§Neurogenesis
§Enhanced neurotransmitter
levels
Associated physiological
changes:
§Improved attention
§Improved information
processing, storage, and
retrieval
§Enhanced coping and positive
affect
§Reduced sensations of
craving & pain
§Improved Mood Motivation
and Resilience
1. Olahraga meningkatkan Koneksi Neural
 Fitness, Hippocampus Size, and Memory

• Kids who were fit and who

had better memory, also
had larger hippocampii
Fit
•Fitness increases neurons, Not
connectivity- 28 fit 21 non Fit
Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Kim JS, Voss MW, Vanpatter M, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Konkel A, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF. A
neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume and memory performance in preadolescent children.
Brain Res. 2010 Aug 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Growth in the Brain (particularly the Hippocampus)
Growing Your Brain Cells
2. Olahraga mengaktivasi dan menyeimbangkan Neurotransmitter
 Neurotransmiter
• Serotonin – influences mood,
impulsivity, anger and
aggressiveness
• Norepinephrine – mood, attention,
perception, motivation and arousal
• Dopamine – known as the learning,
reward, attention and movement
neurotransmitter, it “calms” the mind
• Exercise elevates the levels of all of
these neurotransmitters
Olahraga, NT dan Neuroplastisitas
• Neurotransmiter masuk ke dalam reseptor - kunci dan kunci
• Neuroplastisitas - otak berubah karena lingkungannya.
• Otak yang lebih muda lebih plastik, namun otak yang lebih tua masih mungkin
mengalami perubahan sepanjang hidup

• Olah raga menyeimbangkan kinerja Neurotransmiter (mirip dengan

kinerja obat-obatan)
 3. Olah Raga meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Sel Neuron

EXERCISE HAS AN EFFECT TO

INCREASE LIFE FORCES IN MANY
WAYS:
1. SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
2. NEUROGENESIS
3. COLLATERAL CIRCULATION,
4. Also IMPROVES HBP, DIABETES,
OBESITY, OTHER RISK FACTORS

Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA.Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation.
Trends Neurosci. 2007 Sep;30(9):464-72.
 Exercise & Learning
• BDNF – Brain Derived Neurotropic
Factor
• Protein yang terbentuk sebagai hasil dari
latihan aerobik kronis
• Merangsang Neurogenesis - Miracle
Grow untuk otak
• Hippocampus - bertanggung jawab untuk
learning dan memory

• Exercise improves learning on three levels

• Prepares and encourages nerve cells to bind to one another, which is the cellular basis for
learning.
• Optimizes the mindset to improve alertness, attention and motivation
• It stimulates the development of new nerve cells from stem cells in the hippocampus.

Lubis L. BDNF from upstream to downstream. International Journal of Integrated Health and Sciencesi. 2016 Sep;30(9):464-72.
4. Exercise increases the electrical activity of the brain
 Exercise promotes hippocampus
blood flow in humans
Age 21-45, below average fitness
12 weeks: 4X/wk aerobic training; VO2-max

Rey auditory verbal learning test

Pereira et al.,
PNAS 2007
Play evolved – to promote survival. Play makes the brain
smarter - more adaptable - higher animals.
Play is the basis of social contact and group interaction -
fostering empathy – The core of creativity and innovation.
Play gives us the ability to become smarter and more creative,
to learn more about the world than the genes could ever teach,
to adapt to a changing world.
In a world of continuously presenting unique challenges and
ambiguities.. Play Prepares the Player to cope with the
evolving planet.
The more recess… the better behaved and attentive the
student or worker.
The species with the biggest brain size play
the most. Humans should never stop!

Play: How it Shapes the Brain, Opens Imagination, and Invigorates the
Soul (2009)

Play prepares the player, to cope with the unique challenges and
ambiguities of a world that is continuously changing. Play is necessary
to keep our major brain systems synchronized.

The period when maximum play occurs - Ages 3-7 yrs

is also the period of the most rapid growth of the cerebellum.
The Prefrontal Cortex
Major Role in Executive Function

Planning
Organization
Initiate or delay a response

Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts,

determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences
of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes,
expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that,
if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes.

The prefrontal cortex is the brain center most strongly implicated in qualities like
sentience, human general intelligence, and personality.
Dysfunction in these areas leads to disruption
in the organization and control of behavior.
 Texas Cooper Study 2,600,000

Significant correlations were found between physical fitness and

various indicators of academic achievement. The study shows that:

ØHigher levels of fitness are associated with better academic performance. Higher
performance independent of any demographics: ethnicity, race, income, school.

ØHigher levels of fitness were associated with better school attendance.

ØHigher levels of fitness at a school were also associated with fewer disciplinary
incidents. The research looked at the number of incidents involving drugs, alcohol,
violence and truancy.
 PRIMARY PREDICTOR: FITNESS TESTS
Fitness tests administered in Spring 2005 by trained PE teachers. Standards based on
Cooper Institute and Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)

5 Domains of Fitness

ØEndurance cardiovascular Test

ØAbdominal strength Test
ØFlexibility Test
ØUpper body strength Test
ØAgility Test
 Results
An increase in the number of fitness tests passed, resulted in:

•MATH MCAS increasing by 38% (1.234 – 1.541) (p<.001)

•ENGLISH MCAS increasing by 24% (1.003 – 1.522) (p<.05)

Conclusion
üCross-sectional positive relationship between fitness and academic achievement

üPromoting fitness may support academic achievement

üMore research is required to demonstrate causality

 The Association between School-Based
Physical Activity, including Physical Education,
& Academic Performance
A CDC Report, April 2010

?
 Physical Academic
Activity Performance

§Physical
§Cognitive Skills
Education
§Attitudes
§Recess
§Academic
§Classroom
Behaviors
Activity
§Academic
§Extracurricular
Achievement
Activities
 2004 Scores in Math by Number of Fitness
Standards
Grade 5 – 371,198 Students
Grade 7 – 366,278 Students
Grade 9 – 63,028 Students**

*California Standards Test

** Grade 9 Students who took CST geometry
Source: California Physical Fitness Test, 2004 Results, Calif. Dept. of Ed., April 2005
2004 CST* Scores in English-Language Arts by Number of Fitness
Standards
Grade 5 – 371,198 Students
Grade 7 – 366,278 Students
Grade 9 – 298,910 Students

*California Standards Test

Phenomenon
 Woodland Elementary School
2005 Fall
PE one day per week / 50 minutes.
2006 Jan - June
PE4life Program
Five days a week / 45 minutes.

-Inner city school with

80% of kids on free lunch program

 PE4LIFE added
Cardiac monitored watches,
Dance Dance Revolution,
A few exercise bicycles/fitness machines.

AND A NEW ATTITUDE

 Public Magnet School Grades 4-8 Approximately 120 children
All on school breakfast and lunch programs.
Program: Added 40 minutes of exercise in the morning
Exercise was performed in gym in station format.

Activities included:
Basketball Dance Dance Revolution
Double Dutch" jump roping Pogo stick jumping

1st Semester 2006 - 2007 Outcomes: Disciplinary Referrals

Year 2006 2007
Referrals: 661 353
Suspensions: 71 24
Teachers reported :
Students are more focused. Students are more focused during the MAP (Measure of Academic Progress)
testing as well.
Teachers observed:
Students testing immediately after morning activities did better — meeting or exceeding individual
growth targets — than middle scholars taking the test late morning or in the afternoon.
 Sweden, The Proof
Brothers, identical twins showed
the same association-those that
improved their physical fitness
improved their brain power. Its not
just about the genes.
Love to measure and keep records
1.2 million boys born 1950-76; finished H.S. 15 and
entered military 18. 270,000 brothers, 1300 identical
twins
Tested cardio (ergonometric) muscle (knee, elbow, hand)
and cognitive appraisal-both at 15 and 18.
Those that improved cardio fitness improved IQ and
smarts. Not as much with muscle strength. Also those
that improved went on to be better education, more
satisfaction with life, and higher socio-economic standing.
"We believe the present results provide scientific support for educational policies to
maintain or increase physical education in school curricula as a means to stem the
growing trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, which is accompanied by an increased risk
for diseases and perhaps intellectual and academic underachievement," write
researchers Maria Aberg and colleagues of the University of Gothenburg in
Gothenburg, Sweden in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009
Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]
 Johannes Skolen Copenhagen, Denmark
School PE Start – one time a week Change- 5 times a week.
250 students participated, and the intervention scheduled for three months.

• Prior physical activity had consisted of ball play only.

• Physical education department added:
Running, hip hop dance, aerobics, spinning, indoor rowing, and military boot camp training.
After school activities were offered every day.
• Food served at school was changed to offer only healthy “super foods.”
• All junk food was removed.
• Absenteeism - Decreased by 38%.
• Concentration ability was measured - Improved 33%.
• Exercise had a major impact on GRADES - An average of 1.5 grade improvement across the
board.
•Teachers reported,
“The increase in exercise had great effects on CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR.”
The Institute for Human Physiology, Copenhagen University, Chris MacDonald, and Danmarks Radio (TV DR 1) partnered in this project.
 Einstein’s quotes

"Life is like riding a

bicycle. To keep your
balance you must keep
moving."

"I thought of that

while riding my
bicycle."
(on the theory of
relativity)
Pre-conclucion Exercise Effects
• Stress - Cortisol
• Anxiety Lowered
• Depression - Dopa, Nore, Sero
Stabilized
• ADHD - as treatment

• Aging - Slower
Tell Me, I Forget
Show Me, I Remember
Involve Me…
I Understand!
SIMPULAN
KEUNTUNGAN STIMULASI OLAH RAGA :

• Repetisi gross motor - penguatan cabang

cabang denritik.

• Konsolidasi network aktif dari proses

learning 48 jam terakhir.

• Neurogenesis - Hipokampus

• BDNF (brain derived neurotropic factor) -

Efisiensi komunikasi sinaps.

• Oksigen dan Glukosa sampai lh cepat ke

otak.