Inquisition and Martyrdom

I N Q U I S I T I O N A N D M A R T Y R D O M (1002 to 1572)
Being a Historical Study of Evangelism and Its Repression
& A Critical Edition Chronological Chart of European Christianity

& Divided Regionally with a Multi-Color Guide
& Gathered from Credible Protestant Martyrologies
Thomas P. Johnston, Ph.D.
Liberty, Missouri: Evangelism Unlimited, Inc.
(March 2008)
Copyright © 2008
by Thomas P. Johnston
All rights reserved
Cover engraving:
Caption: “[Anabaptist] Geleijn Cornelus cruelly tortured and finally burned, in Breda [North Brabant, the Netherlands], 1572” (taken from Thieleman J. van Bracht,
The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror of the Defenseless Christians Who Baptized Only Upon Confession of Faith, and Who Suffered and Died for the Testimony of
Jesus, Their Savior, From the Time of Christ to the Year A.D. 1660. Translated from Dutch to English by Joseph F. Sohm in 1886 [Scottdale, PN: Herald, 1938], 930).
Van Bracht’s account of the torture and death of Geleyn Cornelus is as follows:
But Geleyn the, shoemaker, was tortured most cruelly of all. They stripped him naked, and suspended him by his right thumb, with a weight attached to his left foot, and
while thus suspended he was burned under his arms with candles and fire, and scourged until the two commissaries of the Duke of Alva, who were present, themselves
became tired, and went away and sat down to play cards, the executioner looking on, for about an hour, or an hour and a half. Meanwhile Geleyn was left suspended, who,
during all the time that they played, experienced no pain, but was as though he had been in sweet slumber, or in a swoon; yea, he subsequently himself testified that he never
in his life rested on a bed with less pain, than while he was suspended there. When they had finished playing, they said to the executioner: “seize him again; he must tell us
something; a drowned calf is a small risk.” Coming to him, the executioner exclaimed: “the man is dead” (so deep was his sleep or swoon). Then one of the commissaries
darted up, and shook him roughly by one arm as to sprain it, which was not yet healed from the burning. When he began to revive again, he was let down; but he implicated no
one, nor did he deny his faith, so that he was finally sentenced to the fire with Jan Pieterss and the young apprentice to be burned alive. When they were standing at the stakes,
and were being burned, the flames were wafted away so much from Geleyn, that the executioner had to hold him into the fire with a fork on the other side of the stake. Thus
these, valiantly adhering to the truth, laid down their lives for it. (ibid., 931).
Introduction
It is an amazing thing that the interrogators of Michel Robillard in 1564 accused the soon-to-be-martyr of effecting his own burning. At that point, he was guilty until proven
innocent. His only hope was to recant his faith so that he would be strangled first before being burned alive. If he made amend honorable [honorable fine], such as giving over the
names of other heretics, as well as participating in the Mass, kissing a consecrated onject, or genuflecting before a statue [idol] of Mary or a saint, then he may have been able to
save his life. Although he would be branded a potential heretic for life. In that setting, the French New Testament Christian had no option, but to humbly refrain from idolatry, to
persist in not being a traitor to members of the Huguenot Church, and to accept being burned alive as the perfect will of God.
Neither has the Roman church ever repented of its many flames and its bloodstained hands. In fact, Thomas Aquinas in his Summa defined excommunication from the
Church as extirpation from the world by death (see in chart below). Therefore, Rome and its envoys were within their divine right to burn alive, bury alive, drown, or inter within walls
all impertinent schismatics. As anyone who is baptized as a Christian is part of the Roman Catholic church, whether they know it or not, and is therefore subject to its church
discipline.
Recently, in his encyclical Tertio Millennio Adviente: On the Coming of the Third Millennium (Rome: Vatican, 14 Nov 1994), John Paul II made veiled remarks about the
bloodthirsty 2nd millennium, placing the blame on the disunity of the schismatics as the problem:
“34. Among the sins which require a greater commitment to repentance and conversion should certainly be counted those which have been detrimental to the unity willed
by God for his people. In the course of the 1,000 years now drawing to a close, even more than in the first millennium, ecclesial communion has been painfully wounded, a fact
‘for which, at times, men of both sides were to blame’” (op. cit, sec. 34).
Further affirming that “both sides were to blame,” he added:
“The witness to Christ borne even to the shedding of blood has become a common inheritance of Catholics, Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, as Pope Paul VI pointed out
in his homily for the canonization of the Ugandan martyrs” (ibid., sec 37).
Perhaps it was with this common “blame” that he called for a common repentance of “her children” (i.e. all Christians, in his mind), with a veiled acknowlegdement of errors and
weaknesses, for which anyone who is baptized may be to blame (Protestant as well as Catholic):
“She cannot cross the threshold of the new millennium without encouraging her children to purify themselves, through repentance, of past errors and instances of infidelity,
inconsistency and slowness to act. Acknowledging the weaknesses of the past is an act of honesty and courage which helps us to strengthen our faith, which alerts us to face
today's temptations and challenges, and prepares us to meet them” (ibid., sec 33).
Then in light of all martyrs, John Paul II acknowledged the fact of the constantly updated Catholic martyrlogies. Which martyrologies do not acknowledge the schismatic (Albigensian
or Protestant) martyrs herein recorded as true martyrs, as Augustine wrote Martyrem non facit poena, sed causa (“Punishment does not make the martyr, but the cause”):
“The church of the first centuries, although facing considerable organizational difficulties, took care to write down in special martyrologies the witness of the martyrs. These
martyrologies have been constantly updated through the centuries, and the register of the saints and the blessed bears the names not only of those who have shed their blood
for Christ but also of teachers of the faith, missionaries, confessors, bishops, priests, virgins, married couples, widows and children” (ibid, sec. 37).
Hence throughout this encyclical, there was no repentance for the fires and bloodshed mentioned in this book. Rather there was a call to repentance and conversion for a lack of
unity with Rome. Disunity with Rome has been the main issue the Catholic church had against the Albigenses and Waldenses, as well as has against all Protestants, and especially
against those who are negative to Rome and its teachings.
Likewise, on a separate occasion, John Paul II made it clear that the Second Vatican Council did not change the church. It is still the same old church:
“The Second Vatican Council wished to be, above all, a council on the Church. Take in your hands the documents of the Council, especially ‘Lumen Gentium’, study them with
loving attention, with the spirit of prayer, to discover what the Spirit wished to say about the Church. In this way you will be able to realize that there is not—as some people
claim—a ‘new church’, different or opposed to the ‘old church’, but that the Council wished to reveal more clearly the one Church of Jesus Christ, with new aspects, but still the
same in its essence” (Osservatore Romano, 5 Feb 1979).
In the context of the Medieval martyrs and Protestant Martyrologies, it is sad to read that John Paul II communicated that the Church of Rome is “still the same in its essence”.
Page 2
The fires of the martyrs not only extirpated their lives, but were also meant to extirpate their memories. This extirpation included the burning of all their writings, the histories
and thoughts of their churches, and anything that could be construed as positive or sympathetic of their belief system. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the Dark Ages through a
glass dimly. Reconstucting the truth from fragments and from the writings of the inquisitors. And even those inquisition records that remain in the Vatican Archives have been kept
hidden from even the most ardent Roman Catholic scholars. Hence complained Léon-E. Halkin in his Initiation à la critique historique, Cahiers des Annales 6 (Paris: Armand Colin,
1963).
Therefore, welcome to the hidden world of evangelism and persecution. The events, inquisitions, and martyrs here recorded provide a true picture of historical events. They
are cited with notations as to the sources from which the information was found, and are roughly organized by region. During the Medieval period, much of the focus of inquisition
was on Southern France. Later following the Reformation, the focus of martyrs and martyrdom jumped from one country to another, depending on the religious persuasions of the
ruler. The reasons for compiling this chart are numerous: (1) to provide an understanding for why the Reformation was needed; (2) to portray the realities of inquisition and
martyrdom; (3) to provide a backdrop to understanding theology and practice; (4) to open up the history of evangelism and its repression; and (5) to provide an early history of the
Protestant Bible and the struggles involved in bringing this book to current usage.
The inquisitions are often overlooked as unimportant. For example, in Martin Marty’s 500 Years of Religion in America (Penguin, 1984), there was one adjectival phrase
given to the martyrdom of 300 souls (a minimalist figure) under the five-year bloody reign of Mary I of England: “In 1558 Queen Elizabeth succeeded Mary, who by then had exiled
eight hundred people and put nearly three hundred others to death. Elizabeth was for Protestantism, but first she was for England” (46). Marty never explained the 100,000
Huguenots massacred in Paris on St. Bartholomew Day in 1572, nor the centuries of inquisition and martyrdom prior to that time. How can 500 years of religious freedom in the
United States be understood without the proper historical backdrop?
Another unfortunate omission as it concerns inquisition and martyrdom, is that of the later Medieval Councils from Philip Schaff’s ever-popular Creeds of Christendom
(1876, 1878, 1880, 1884, 1931). While the scope of his study may have been the Reformation and post-Reformation church, as compared to the early church, Schaff ended his
early study with the “Three Symbols of the Church,” including a brief summary of the first seven “Ecumenical Councils,” ending with the Second Nicean Council of 787. The period
between the Creed of Athanasius (~900 AD) and the Council of Trent (1563) was treated as if it had no place in contemporary theology. In so doing, Schaff omitted the councils that
led to the Medieval inquisitions and the main martyrs of the Reformation period (especially the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215), and the reason for the Reformation in the first place.
That these omitted Medieval Councils are important is evident from the first Ten Amendments of the U. S. Constitution. These amendments prohibited the unlawful seizure of
property without just compensation, double-jeopardy, and cruel and unusual punishment, as well as requiring probable cause prior to arrest, innocence until proven guilty, freedom
from self-incrimination, trial by a jury of impartial peers, and a speedy and public trial. The U. S. Constitution also prohibited the establishment of religion and protects freedom of
speech. All of these rights were taken from the so-called “heretics” by the Fourth Lateran Council.
The very existence of the U.S. Constitution, and its influence upon the Western World was predicated upon a clear understanding of the lack of religious freedom during
the late Medieval and Reformation ages. How can one understand 500 years of religion in America and omit a discussion of European inquisition and martyrdom? Moreover, a
study of the inquisitions and martyrs provides a backdrop for a study of the propagation of the Gospel, evangelism. It was those who propagated the Gospel in the Medieval and
Reformation periods that became suspect of heresy, only to become fuel for the fires of inquisition. That there were Christians who believed in New Testament evangelism is
evidenced by the many martyrs of the Medieval Inquisition (although this should not be construed as an endorsement of all the Medieval martyrs).
It is only fair, that if one is to bring up the fact that “Calvin had his Servetus” (see 1553), to show the dozens of martyrs burned alive each year prior to and following this
tragic event.
The subtitle of these charts uses the word “critical” to reference the notations provided by the names of each martyr listed, to avoid duplication, and to denote the work from
which the martyr or event was taken. There are two reasons for a reliance on French resources: (1) many of the later Medieval inquisitions took place on French soil, upon which the
French have written, (2) Crespin is a very reliable resource for Reformation martyrs, and (3) a desire to avoid the 20th Century bias and misinformation of many English and
American authors against the veracity of the Medieval inquisitions and Reformation martyrs. In this way, these records emerge predominantly from a French historiography.
May these charts provide an opening to the hidden world of evangelism and persecution during the later Medieval and early Reformation eras.
Thomas P. Johnston, Ph.D.
Liberty, Missouri, U.S.A.
February 2008
INQUISITION AND MARTYRDOM
Thomas P. Johnston, Ph.D. Inquisition and Martyrdom: From Orléans to the St. Bartholomew (1002-1572) Page 4
Date Germany-Austria [Scandinavia] Switzerland France [Alsace area] Scotland-England [Commonwealth] Rome [Italy, Spain, Low Lands]
“First executions of Cathars in France, at
Orléans and Toulouse. Ten canons of the
1002 Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross sent to
the stake.”o
1012- Cathars begin to appear in the area of
1020 Limoges (Limousin)
Fourteen Persons, the chief of whom was
1022 called the “arch-heretic” Stephen, were
burned alive in Orleans in 1022b
Synod of Charroux condemned
1028
heretics
Council of Rheims discussed the
1049
appearance of new heresy in Franceo
Heretics hanged in
1052 Goslar,
Germanyob
Synod of Toulouse condemned
1059
heretics, such as
Henryb beheaded in Sweden, and
1067
Alfuardb slain in Norway
Cathar heretic condemned and burned
1077
alive in Cambraio
1079 Condemned heretic Bruno,b bishop of Synod of Versailles condemned
Angiers, disappeared from history heretics
Chartreux monastic order [English:
1084 Cartusian] founded by [St] Bruno near
Grenoble
Death of Pope Gregory VII (1073-
1085 1085), who canonized
transubstantiation
Urban II became Pope (1088-1099);
1088 Berengariusb, deacon of Bruno, martyred he was known for organizing
on the day of Epiphany preaching missions for the crusades,
[falsely] called “preaching the Cross”
Hildebert became
1095
Bishop of Le Mans
Benedictine monastery founded in
1098
Citeaux (Burgundy) by Robert Molêsme
Peter the Lombard, future Archibishop of
1100 Paris, and author of the Four Books of
Sentences born
Henry of Lausanne Pope sent Raoul Ardent to Agenais
1101 (of Cluny Benedictine and Toulousain areas to deal with
monastery) asked to heretics
Four persons, rejecting infant baptism Peter de Bruys preach in Le Mans;
1105 and transubstantiation banished from the (Bruys, France), crowds appreciated
Bishopric of Trevesb former monk, began his preaching
COLOR YELLOW=Roman Catholic areas; TAN=Bad years for Anabaptists; GOLD=Important events for Catholicism; ORANGE=Catholics “martyred”; RED=Evangelicals martyred; GRAY=Other martyred; Disclaimer: some dates may vary
GUIDE PINK=Marriage issues; PURPLE= Crusades or massacres; TURQUOISE=Martyrology information; BLUE=Part Protestant areas; LT GREEN=Disputed regions; LIME=Bible issues; GREEN=Major dates. (8 April 2008)
Disciples of Berengarius expelled from preaching in SE
the Bishopric of Treves, they went on to France (Dauphiné);
1106 the Lowlands, Liege and Antwerp, his followers were
evangelizing as they wentb known as
Petrobusians [St] Bernard took his
1113
vows at Citeaux
“Several heretics
snatched from prison Pope sent Robert de Arbrissel to
1114 by a mob in Soissons Southern France do deal with
(northeast of Paris) heretics
and burnt”o
Henry of Lausanne,
1116 (a former monk)
began preaching the
Peter de Bruys Gospel throughout
“sent to the stake,”o Southern France,
or burned by “an establishing what
angry mob” in St. were later called
1126
Gilles, Languedoc, “Albigensian”
France; [van Braght churches; disputed
dated his martyrdom with the French
in 1145] b bishop Hildebert
whose diocese had
1133 been infected with
Henricians
Peter the Venerable (of Cluny) wrote a treatise against the teaching
of the disciples of Henry of Lausanne, with their five heretical
Henry of Lausanne arrested and brought before
propositions:
1134 Pope Innocent II at Council of Pisa, forced to abjure
1. Refusal to baptize infants, under the pretext that it is faith that
his position and imprisoned
saves and that a young infant could not have sufficient conscience
to believe.
Several persons [who presumably
maintained the doctrine of Berengarius] 2. Rejection of holy places; the Church of God does not consist of an
1135 were burned alive for heresy by Emperor assemblage of stones but of a spiritual reality, the communion of
the faithful.
Lotharius in Treves and Utrecht b
3. The cross is not an object of adoration; it is on the contrary a
detestable object, as the instrument of the torture and suffering of
Christ.
1135 4. Priests and bishops dispense a lying teaching as to the matter of
the Eucharist. The body of Christ was consumed only one time
and only by the disciples, during the communion that preceded the
Passion. All other later consumption is only vain fiction.
5. The funeral liturgy in its whole (offerings, prayers, Masses, and
1135 alms) is useless; the dead can hope in nothing more than what
they received when they were alive.
Second Lateran Council, called by Innocent II, affirmed Peter the
1139,
Venerable and condemned Henricians as heretics and turned over
Heresy
to the secular powers, as was written in Section 23:
Defined
“23. Those who, simulating a kind of religiosity, condemn
1. The sacrament of the Lord’s body and blood;
2. The baptism of children;
3. The priesthood and other ecclesiastical orders; and
1139 4. Legitimate marriages,
“we expel from the church of God and condemn as heretics, and
prescribe that they be constrained by the secular powers. We also
bind up their defenders in the fetter of the same condemnation.”
Arnald, a lector at Brescia (Italy), trained under Abelard (in France)
Arnald fled to Germany and Switzerland taught against transub-stantiation and infant baptism, was
1139
where he continued to teachb È commanded to be silent by Pope Innocent II; fled to Germany and
Switzerlandb Å
Papal Legate and Cardinal, Bishop of Ostia Albéric
called on [St] Bernard of Clairveaux (of Citeaux) [St] Bernard wrote of the “heretics” in Southern France, “The
Followers of Arnald severely persecuted (founder of the Cistercians and preacher for the 2nd sacraments are abused, and the Feasts of the Church are no longer
1143- celebrated. Men are dying with their sins still upon them. By refusing
1145 by Popes Lucius II and Eugenius IIIb crusade) and Geoffrey, Bishop of Chartres, to
È preach stamp out Henricians from Southern France; children the Grace of Baptism these people are depriving them of all
he cursed their cities, assigning them the title of life in Christ.”o
“heretic”
Arnald, lector at Peter Abelard was
Peter the Lombard Brescia (Italy), was confined to a dungeon Joachim
Others die in Paris for
Arnald fled to Emperor Barbarossa, who became a “magister” at burned alive in Rome in Rome for his views of Floris
1145 “true evangelical
turned him over to the Popeb Æ the Cathedral school of (by Pope Eugenius III) against transubstan- [Italy] was
Notre Dame doctrine”b for his opposition to tiation and infant born
infant baptismb baptismb È
1146 Peter Abelard died in dungeon wherein he was confinedb
1147 Others die in Paris for “true evangelical doctrine”b
Henry of Lausanne died in prison; [van Bracht said Pope Eugenuis III called the Council of Rheims, among
1148 that his fate was unknown, but that he was presumed other things, against Gilbert de la Porrée, at which Peter
to have died in 1147] b the Lombard was a theological expert
Certain peasants, called Apostolics, against whom
1155 [St] Bernard railed, calling them Manicheans; they
put to death near Toulouseb
Peter the Lombard became a priest, deacon,
1159
archdeacon (by 1156), and finally Bishop of Paris
1160 Bruno, Bishop of Angiers, and his
Walden- deacon, Berengarius, denounced infant Peter Waldo preached against the sins of popery in
sians b Lyons, France
appear baptism and transubstantiation
Death of Peter the Lombard, At Oxford, Gerard, with about 30 Peter the Lombard’s Sentences, quoting
archbishop of Paris, authored persons, called publicans, were accused Augustine and other ancient “Fathers”,
“The Four Books of Sentences”, of propagating their beliefs (“they promoted philosophical theology and
1161 aspersed baptism and thankoffering”);
the most commented on book sacramental practices; they countered the
aside from the Bible from 13th- were branded and scourged out of the “Evangelical” tendencies of the so-called
16th Century city, where they died from the coldb heretical Henricians and Petrobusians
Some from Flanders, Arnold, Marsilius,
and Theodoric, with 5 men, and 2 Council of Tours denounced the “new heresy” (i.e.
1163 women, found to be heretics; burned Catharism)b2o
alive in Cologne and Bonnb
“The Council of Lombez pronounces against the boni
1165
homines (bons hommes)”o [varia 1175]
Bulgarian Bishop Nicétas arrived from Constantinople
to the chateau Saint-Félix-de-Caramano to ordain six
bishops in four bishoprics for the independent church
of Toulouse (Southern France). Information is
1167 preserved in the Charter of Niquinta (circa
1232)o2z2; these churches were later called
“Albigensian”, and considered Manichean
Ecclesiastical conference held a Vézelayx condemns
seven Cathars to the stakeo
Peter Valdo [Waldo] saw his need for salvation at the
1160
death of a guest at a great feast that he had givenb2
1172 “ Cleric accused of heresy burned in Arraso
Peter Valdo turned from Lyon Archbishop
his riches and began to Guichard de Pontigny
evangelize on the streets used Valdo and his
1173
in Lyon, France, founding followers in his struggle
the Waldenses as a against the Cathedral
group of lay evangelists chapter in Lyonz
Disciples of Peter Valdo were said to Raymond V of Toulouse reported
1177 have preached in Frankfurt and to the Chapter-General of Citeaux È
Nuremberg on the “alarming development” of
Due to the Council of Nuremberg, the Catharist heresyo
1177 È
disciples of Valdo fled to Bohemia
1178 Synod of Toulouse condemned the Albigensess2
Third Lateran Council (art. 27) named “the loathsome heresy of

When Jean de Bellesmains became new Archbishop those whom some call the Cathars, others the Patarenes, others the
of Lyon, he excommunicated from Lyon Valdo and his Publicani” dwelling in Southern France: Gascony, Albi, Toulouse, and
in other places” [presumably did not judge the Waldenses]; called for
followers; the movement was then deemed heretical!z opposing this scourge, confiscing their goods, and subjecting them to
slavery
1179
Yet Pope Alexander III prohibited the preaching of the Waldenses,
who quoted Bible portions in the vulgar tongues
Pope Alexander III launched another preaching crusade against the

loathsome “heretics” in Southern France
Pope sent Papal Legate Peter Valdo
Henry, Cardinal-Bishop gave himself
1180 of Albano to preach completely to
against Albigensian itinerant
hereticso preachingb2
Seige and capture of Lavaur, one of the Chronicler Geoffroy de Vigeoisb2
main centers of heresy in Languedoc, by Papal Legate Henry Abbott of Clairveaux deposed the Archbishop
1181 Papal Legate Henry Abbott of of Narbonne (Languedoc), and gathers Catholic knights to lay siege
Clairveaux and his Catholic Knightso on Lavauro
King Philip of
Count Philip of
France rounded up King Henry II of England commanded
Alsace condemned
1182 those he called that the very many “Publicani” should
heretics in his
“Publicani” and everywhere be burned aliveb
realmb
burned them aliveb
Philip, Count of Flanders and papal legate, William, Archbishop
1183 of Rheims burned alive “over seven thousand Cottarelli” in the
province of Bourgesb
Pope Lucius III’s “Ad Adolendam” excommunicated heretics (incl.
[U.S. constitutional Catharists, Patarini—Humiliati or Poor Men of Lyons, Passaginians,
Waldenses condemned as heretics by Josephists, Arnoldists; also Concolati, Credentes, Perfecti), who
laws against
1184 Pope Lucius III; were given the name “have assumed the authority to preach… all these we lay under an
“unlawful search
“Poor Men of Lyons”
and seizure”] everlasting curse,”b organized searches for them, and charged
bishops to make journeys of investigationo
During the Council in Verona, Lucius III, sustained by Roman
Emperor Frederick I, condemned “heretics” who loved the Bible and
1184 who persisted in thinking or teaching something other than Catholic
dogma would be excommunicated and handed over to the secular
powers for punishment (normally to be burned alive)s
Alphonsus, King of Aragon, decreed (applying the 3rd Lateran
Council to the evangelism of the “heretics”): “If from this day on, any
one shall receive said Wladenses and Insabbathi, or other heretics of
whatever confession, into his house, or hear their pernicious
Raymond VI succeeded his father as
preaching in any place, or give them food, or dare to show them any
Count of Toulouse; he sought to keep
1194 favor, be it known to the same, that he has incurred the disfavor of
peace between the two rival religions in
God and us, that he is punishable for the crime of leze-majesty, and
Languedoco that his goods shall be confiscated without appeal.” He then
commanded that this decree be read every Sunday, perpetually,
throughout his dominion. If the heretics did not leave his lands they
were to be plundered, robbed, and beat with sticks [!]b
Disputation between Bernard, archbishop [History seems to have left no records of the results of the
1195
of Narboone and Waldensess2 1194 decree of Alphonsus of Aragon]
1198 Though not a priest, the 38 year old Lothario Conti was
Inqui- elected Pope on the day of Celestius III’s death; he took the
Cistercians Reynier [Reinerius] and Gui
sition name Innocent III; he established the Roman Church’s
estab- [Guido] sent to act against the hereticso “absolute supremacy” over kings and emperors, including
lished the capture of Constantinople by his French crusaderso
Innocent III’s “Vergentes in Senium” established episcopal
or Legate’s inquisition; it was one of three letters sent that
year that estabished Reinerius and Guido as inquisitors of
the heretics b
Innocent III condemned the French translation of the
Psalms, the Gospels, and the epistles of Paul, and prohibited
the meetings taking place in the diocese of Metz, Lorraine,
France, being guilty of studying the Scriptures; Cistercian
monks were sent to burn all vulgare (language of the people)
translations they founds
Five men and three women burned in Troyes (Champagne) Certain Waldenses were expelled from Metz, and their
1200
on the charge of heresyob Bibles burned
An Albanian leader visited
A knight burned at the stake in
1201 southern France, leading to
Neverso
further revivalb2
“Perfects” began to travel, Joachim of Flores, head of Cistercian monastery in
preaching the Gospel door- Persecution of Catharist colony Corazzo, founded the “Joachimite sect” (parallel strict
1201
to-door and leading many to at Charité-sur-Loireo Franciscans), died in 1202; he was a neo-Montanist reformer
Christ from within Catholicism, preaching against its
1202 “secularization”, as especially noted in its taking up of arms
in the crusades; condemned in 1215 (on the Trinity) and by
1203 Peter de Castelnau became Papal Legateo
Alexander IV in 1255 (on apocalyptic elements)j
Raymond de Perella rebuilt Peter II of Aragon instigated
1204 Montségur, at the request of debate between Catholics and
Cathars in the areao Cathars in Carcassonneo
Esclarmonde, Bishop Diego and Inquisitors “Rules of Caution” for the prosecution of the
Dominic stopped in Dominic establishes
sister of the Count
a foundation for Waldenses publishedm
of Foix, received Toulouse and led an
1206 “converted” Cathar
Cathar Albigensian The Pope began to excercize great cruelty against the
innkeeper to the womeno
o
consolamentum Catholic faith followers of Peter the Bruys and Henry of Toulouseb
[U.S. constitution guarantees: “no At Arles, Pope Innocent III sought to persuade Raymond VI
establishment of religion,” “right to bear Pope confirmed Peter of Castelnau’s excommunication of Toulouse to expulse all heretics from his landsb
1207 arms,” “self-rule” (for the people, by the
people), “freedom of speech,” and against the Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse (29 May)o Finally the Pope excommunicated Raymond, deeding his
“freedom of conscience”] land to any who could take itb
Peter of Castenau Peter of Castelnau Francis of Assisi
1208 murdered (15 canonized (10 devoted his life to
Jan)o Mar)o “apostolic work”o
Crusade led by [St]
Simon de Monfort
Raymond VI Jacques de Vitry
and [St] Dominic
submitted to Roman preached for a
marched on
church, was publicly crusade against the
1209 Languedoc
scourged at St. Cathars, in which he
(Albigenses area)
likely coined the term
in Southern Gilles (June 18)o “Albigenses”
France; took:
Béziers (22 July),
Carcassonne (15 Because the town would not turn over the
Aug), Castres, 222 known Albigenses or Cathars in their
Caussade, midst, on 22 July 1209, the entire
Fanjeaux, population of the city of Béziers (capital
Gontaud, Mirepoix, of 4 departments) was massacred as part
Puy-la-Roque, of the extirpation required by the Pope; the
1209 Saverdun, crusade was led by Simon de Monfort;
Tonneins, etc.o when asked about Catholics in the
Cathedral prior to setting it on fire, Papal
Legate Arnaud-Amaury, Abbot of Citeaux,
famously replied, “Kill them all, God will
know His own” [Neca eos omnes. Deus
suos agnoscet]
A Council held at Avignon proscribes 21
Simon de canonical decrees against heretics and
1209
Montfort is named
Viscount of Jewso
Carcassonne and Death of Raymond-Roger Trencavel,
1209 Viscount of Carcassonne and Béziers (10
Béziers (Aug)o
Nov)o
24 burned in Paris Francis of Assisi’s Franciscan
Waldense man
1210 At the capture of Raymond VI for Waldensian Order [OFM—Ordo Fratrum
b burned in Londonb Minorum) officially recognized by
Minerve (22 July), excommunicated a heresy
140 Catharso [or second time in St. 40 burned in Innocent III to assist in combating
180]b Cathars Gilleso Narbonne for heresy in Southern Franceo
walk into fire rather heresy [130 put to
1210 than recant in La death who
Minerve [3 women reproved the
apostacized to abuses and idolatry
avoid the flames]b of the Pope]b
Philip II burns
Crusaders capture Alayrac (massacre
disciples of
1210 garrison), Bram (mutilate garrison),
Amaury de Bène
Pennautier, etc.o
in Paris for heresyo
Fall of
Castelnaudary: 50
First seige of Toulouse (May); siege of Catharsb burned; By order of Pope Innocent III,
Castelnaudary (Sept); took Cahuzac, all of Lavaur: 400 Bishop of Metz [Lorraine, France],
Coustaussa, Gaillac, La Garde, La Grave
(garrison massacred), La Guépie, Catharso [400 Bertram, organized crusade against
1211 readers of the Bible in the vulgare
Montaigu, Moncuq, Monteferrand, Induti]b burned (3
tongue and all Bibles found were to
Montgey (complete destruction), Puy- May); fall of
Cassès: 94 be burneds
Celsi, Rabastens, etc.o
Catharso [~100]b
burned
39 heretics (from Metz) burned alive at Pierre de Vaux de Cernay went to Nearly 80 heretics
1212 È put on trial in 18 heretics burned in Metzb
Bingenb Albigensian districto Strasbourg,
the majority sent to
Simon de Montfort summoned
[St] Simon de Monfort led crusade (with help from [St] Dominic)
assembly at Pamiers to settle legal the stakeo; van
1212
Bracht stated ~100
status of conquered (1 Dec)o
personsb
Crusaders took: Ananclet (massacre), Auterive (burnt),
Biron, Castelsarrasin, Cauzac, Hautpoul (siege and
massacre), L’Isle, Moissac (siege and massacre of
1212 mercenaries), Montaut, Muret, Penne d’Agenais (siege),
Penne d’Albigeois (siege), Saint-Antonin (sack of outer
borough), Saint-Gaudens, Saint-Marcel, Saint-Michel,
Samatan, Verdun-sur-Garonneo
Battle of Muret (12 Sept)o
Prince Louis, son of Philip II, joined crusade (end of
1213
year)o
Siege of Casseneuil (capture, massacre, demolition of
walls)o
Battle of
Bouvines (27 [Founding of Dominican Order]
“By an official “Bishop Diego, Å
July)o document, which borrowing from the
is still extant, enemy, Grand Inquisitor Conrad of Marburg [Marpurg], so
Bishop recommended to the appointed by Pope (which office he dispensed for 19
Foulques legates a new type of years); Conrad used a red hot iron placed in the
constituted apostolate. They hand to test for heresy, complete with Mass and a
Captured of the
1214 Brother Dominic should give up their special prayer; the bruning iron was placed in the
fortresses of
and his other business and hand and carried 9 paces, then the hand was
Dome, in
È Perigord (kept companions devote themselves wrapped; after three days, if they were not burned,
preachers in the zealously to they were acquitted, otherwise they were burned
demolished), and
diocese of preaching. They alive; Conrad also used boiling water, wherein the
of Montforto hand was dipped up to the elbow; also the cold water
Toulouse. They should send away
were to [1] their followers, travel test, in which the presumed guilty was cast: if he
extirpate heresy, on foot without sank, he was considered innocent, if he floated, he
[2], combat vice, money and beg their was guiltyb
[Note U.S. constitutional ammendments In Prince Louis’ [3] teach the bread from door to Innocent III called Fourth Lateran Council (opened
act against what was codified by the first crusade, he faith, and [4] train door, imitating the 11 Nov) to “We excommunicate and anathematize
Prince Louis joined
Fourth Lateran Council: unlawful and Simon de men in good way of life and every heresy raising itself up against this holy,
1215 seizure of property without just Montfort entered morals” preaching of the orthodox and catholic faith which we have expounded
Fourth compensation, probable cause prior to Toulouse (Apr- (Mandonnet) apostles” above. We condemn all heretics, whatever names
Lateran arrest, innocent until proven guilty, no Oct)o (Hinnebusch)
they may go under. They have different faces indeed
Council self-incrimination, trial by jury of impartial
but their tails are tied together inasmuch as they are
peers, no double-jeopardy, speedy and
alike in their pride,” including seizure of their property
public trial, no cruel and unusual
and turning them over to the secular sword, unless
punishment]
~80 person called Waldenses, they proved their innocence. This canon was directed
Persecution of
arrested by Conrad of Marburg, tested to heretics, who were said to have the audacity to
1215 È heretics in using the red-hot iron method, found “claim for themselves the authority to preach” without
Colmaro
guilty, and burned alive in Strasbourgb being sent [by the Pope or his Bishops]”s
Several
Waldenses
Wealthy Toulouse burgher Pierre
burnned alive in
Seila (Cella) “presented” several
Toulouse, sent to The Donincans published Rules explaining the
1215 homes to [St] Dominic, which became
the secular judge manner of questioning heretics in the Netherlandsb
the headquarters and prisons for the
by Dominic,
French Prince Louis joined crusade

Dominican inquisitiono founder of the
Dominicansb
Siege of
Simon de Montfort received Beaucaire brought
1216 investiture as Lord of Languedoc (10 crusaders their Death of Innocent III (6 July)
Apr)o first defeat (May-
Aug)o
Papal Bull of Honorius III confirmed
Simon de Montfort entered Toulouse,
the Order founded by Dominic
1216 crushing the revolt and dismantling
[OFP—Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum
defenseso
or O.P.], Dominicanso
Simon de Montfort captured
fortresses of Crest in Dauphiné, La Persecution of
Peter Valdo died in Bastide, Monteil, Montgrenier, and heretics of
1217
Bohemia Pierre-pertuseo Cambraio
È Opening of siege of Toulouseo
È Death of Simon de Montfort (25 June)o
1218 Beghart burned in Erfurt
È Death of Pierre de Vaux de Cernay (late Dec)o
Prince Louis’ second crusade; capture of Marmande,
1219 È
unsuccessful siege of Toulouse (May-June)o
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen succombed Heretics Theologian Almaricus, who reproved
1220 to demands of clerics and published laws È persecuted at the invocation of the saints as idolatry,
to give them further rights in “Privilegium” Troyeso burned alive in Parisb
1221 È Death of Dominic (6 Aug)o
1222 Death of Raymond VI (Aug)o Deacon burned at Oxford

Death of Philip II (4
Death of
King Louis VIII led crusade
July)o Raymond-
1223 Roger, Count
Louis VIII crowned at
Rheims (6 Aug)o of Foix (Apr)o
Amaury de Montfort left Languedoc
1224
(15 Jan)o
Death of Arnald-
Cathar churches
Amalric, Archb. of T. Aquinas born in
1225 assemble at
Narbonne (29 kingdom of Naples
Pieusseo
Sept)o
Raymond VII excommunicated by Death of [St] Francis
1226 È
Council of Bourges (28 Jan)o of Assisi
1226 È Louis VIII’s crusade (June-Nov)o
Louis VIII died at Montpensier (8
1226 È
Nov)o
The King of France left
Humbert of Beaujeu to G. de la Motte,
conquer the area for Albi-
himself and Rome; Waldensian
Gregory IX became Pope (1227-1241); early in his rule he
Humbert besieged a Deacon and
gave extraordinary powers to judge matters of faith, turning
1227 suspicious town named others burned
those convicted over to the secular arm in Inquisitio
Borriens; upon entering the alive in
town he burned alive all Borriens (note haereticae pravitatish3
who would not become his “Doctrine of
Catholic, including their the Papists”)b
pastor, G. de la Motteb
[contra U.S. law: no freedom of Council of Toulouse, chapter 5, “We ordain, that the
Treaty of Meaux signed, Raymond VII
conscience, guilty until proven innocent, house in which a heretic is discovered shall be razed to the
scourged before the altar of Notre Dame de
1229 and the “lawful” seizure of and destruction ground; and the farm or land upon which a heretic is found,
Paris (12 Apr)o
of any property on which a heretic is shall be confiscated”b
found] Council of Toulouse (Nov)o Æ
From the Council of the Prelates of France: “Of the abjuration of Council of Toulouse, canon 14, “We prohibit lay persons
heresy.—‘In order that, through the help of God, the heretics may be more to have books of the Old and New Testament, with the
easily exterminated, and the Roman Catholic faith may be the sooner exception of the Psalter, and the portion of the Psalms
1229 planted in the land, we decree, that you shall perfectly observe all the contained in the Brevary, or in the Hours of the Very
statutes, ecclesiastical ordinances, laws, and commandments that have Blessed Virgin. But we prohibit them very vigorously from
been enacted regarding this matter, by the apostolic see (the pope and his being in the vulgar tongue even in the books listed”s
legates), and by princes. Moreover, that you make all males as well as
females, the male sex from fourteen years and upwards, and the female
Council of Beziers, chapter 35, “Also the houses in which
sex from twelve year and upwards, abjure all heresy, and besides, promise
any heretic shall be found, livingor dead, accused or
with an oath, that they will observe the Roman Catholic faith, defend the
condemned, being with the knowledge and consent of the
1229 Catholic church, and persecute the heretics. All those who, after such
proprietors of said houses, provided said proprietors have
abjuration, shall be found to have apostacized, and not to observe or fulfill
achieved their legal age, you shall cause to be demolished,
the penance imposed upon them, shall be punished with the proper
and shall confiscate all the goods of those who live in them,
punishment, such as apostates deserve.”b unless they can legally prove or show their innocence or
1229 Council of BeziersbÆ ignorance”b
Severe persecution of Waldenses in
Germany (French Rhine area), many
burned for their faith; confessions on the Excerpt of the three letters/decrees of Holy Roman Emperor Frederic II:
rack led to the knowledge of many 1st: “Men, as well as women, whatever name they may bear, we sentence to perpetual infamy,
1230
adherents and accomplisses throughout that neither oath nor faith shall be kept towards them [foreshadowing of John Hus’ death]; but
Germany, France, Italy, and especially we banish them, and order that their goods be confiscated, never more returned
Lombardyb
to them. We likewise ordain … that all officers … swear an oath that they will … expell from
Three decrees of Holy Roman Emperor their jurisdictions all heretics, indicated by the church….”
Frederick II (at the request of Pope 2nd: “We therefore decree and ordain that heretics, of whatever name, shall receive condign
1230 Gregory IX) issued against the punishment, throughout the empire, wherever the church shall condemn them as heretics, and
Albigenses and Patarini, leading to deliver or indicate them to the secular judge. …
severe persecutions in 1231b Æ “We ordain like punishment for those whom the crafty enemy stirs to be their advocates, or who
are their improper protectors….”
3rd: “The sects of the heretics, are not called by the name of any ancient heretics, lest they
should be known; … but after the example of the ancient martyrs, who suffered martyrdom for
the Catholic faith, they liewise, from their suffering, call themselves Patarini, that is, delivered
unto passion or suffering.
“But these miserable Patarini, who are estranged from the holy faith of the eternal Godhead,
destroy with one sweep of their heretical wickedness, God, their neighbor, and themselves….
they destroy their neighbor because, under the cover of spiritual food, they administer heretical
wickedness; but far more cruelly they rage against themselves, because, after destroying their
souls they, as extravagant squanderers of their life, and improvident seekrs of their death, also
ultimately expose their bodies to a cruel death, which they might have escaped by a true
1230 confession of, and constancy in, the orthodox faith.
“And what is hardest of all to say, those who survive are not only not deterred by the example
of others whom they see die before their eyes, but they even strive to be burnt alive in the sight
of men.
“Therefore we cannot refrain from drawing the sword of just vengeance against them the more
vigorously to persecute them, as it is judged that they practice the more extensively the
knavery of their superstition, to the exclusion of the Christian faith, on account of the Roman
church, which is held to be the head of all other churches, as it is known that they came from
the borders of Italy, and especially from Lombardy, as we have ascertained, their wickedness
overflows far and wide….”b
Repercussions of the decrees of the
Emperor, let to greater persecution of
1231 Anabaptistic Waldenses in the Rhine
valley of Germany and France: who were
informed against, and made manifest by
torture on the rack, and who were burned Death of Foulques
Montségur became
1231 alive under the vigilant eyes of the de Marseilles,
Cathar strongholdo
Dominican monk, Conrad of Marburgb Bishop of Toulouseo
Guilhabert de
19 Waldenses
Castres convened
1232 burned alive in
the Synod of
Toulouseb
Montséguro
Gregory IX appointed Conrad of Pope Gregory IX appointed Robert le Petit
Marburg to impliment (a.k.a. Robert le Bougre) to impliment Pope Gregory IX’s “Excommunicatus” established a
“Excommunicatus” in Germany; Conrad “Excommunicatus” in France, with the special permanent tribunal to combat the heresies of the
asked for assistance from Dominican assistance of the Dominican prior of Cathari (Albigenses) and Waldenses Å
1233
Monas- priors of Regensberg, Friesach, and Besançono
tic Strasbourg (using Bull “Ille Humani Pope Gregory IX declared “We excommunicate and
[itiner- Generis”) anathematize all heretics, Cathars, Patarenes, Poor Men of
Pope Gregory IX granted Dominicans
ating] Lyons, Passagini, Josepini, Arnaldistae, and others by
general authority for monastic [itinerating]
Inquisi- whatever names they may be known, having indeed
tion inquisition (13 Apr)o different faces but being united by their tails and meeting in
Codified the same point through their vanity”
Inquisitor Conrad of Marburg died at the Three Dominicans thrown into a well at
hand of heretics Cordeso
Inquisitor Inquisitor
s William Raymond Arnald Cathala
Arnald VII published Council of Tarracon prohibited
1234 exhumed certain
and Pierre his “statutes owning Old or New Testaments
dead heretics; he
Celan against
is roughly treated
(Seila?) heretics”o
1234 condem- by a mobo
ned 210
persons to Dominican convent [and
1234 be burned prison] in Narbonne sacked by
alive at mobo
Moissaco
Count of Toulouse and council expelled
1235
Dominicans from Toulouse (Nov)o
Pope Gregory IX sent Robert
Boulgre O.P. as an inquisitor to
1238 France and Flanders on account of
the increase of the Waldenses in
those regions
183 Cathars burned alive in the presence
1239 of the Count of Champagne in Montwimer
(Marne)o
Raymond Trencavel besieged
1240
Carcassonne (Sept)o
Pierre Raymond VII promised Louis IX
1241 Council of Lombertsb2
Celand to destroy fortress of Montséguro
continued 11 inquisitors, including
his William Arnaud and Stephen of
1241
inquisition Narbonne, murdered in
Avignonet
Raymond VII’s rebellion (Apr-
Oct)o
1242 È
Massacre of Avignonet (28
May)o
Inquisi- 224 Waldenses
tion of apprehended by “Processus
Pierre Pope
Bernard the Bishop of Inquisitionis” was
Celand de Inquisition Treaty of
Narbonne and Albi, published to provide
Innocent IV
1243 continued of Ferrier Lorris reminded local
Cauxd in d o
and the Seneschal assistance and
authorities to
his and Gary (Jan) of Carcassonne, further guidance to
Lauran- work with
inquisition burned alive near inquisitors
gais and
Toulouse Toulouseb
[apparent Council of Beziers decided to inquisitors
ly the destroy Montséguro under penalty
1243 È only È of severe
inquisi- Began siege of Montségur (13 censure if they
tions May)o did not
record Ramon Damors brought letter Council of Beziers prohibited
available from Cathar Bishop of owning heretical books (see below)
to Penn. Cremona to Bertrand Marty Pope Innocent IV grants absolution
State at Montséguro to Raymond VII (2 Dec)
1243 È Professor È
Henry Durand, Bishop of Albi, Council of Narbonne attended by
Charles brought reinforcements for army commanders besieging
Lea siege of Montségur (Nov)o Montségur
(1887)]l2
Night attack attempted (5
Pons de Parnac and Ferrer conducted inquisitions in

Laurangais region and city of Toulouse (Man 609)d
Jan?)o
Montségur following the murder of 11 inquisitors in

Pierre Celan conducted inquisitions in Southern
Bernard de Caux conducted his inquisition in

Night sortie of garrison failure
1244 (1 Mar)o
France (continued into the 1250s)d

Truce concluded between
besiegers and besieged (2
Mar)o
Avignonetd
Capitulation of Montségur (14
1244
Mar)o
Massacre of Montségur (16
1244 Mar)o; approx 250 burned
alive
First Council of Lyons to clarify
laws on excommunication and
1245
plenary absolution for participation in
crusades
At the University of Paris Thomas
Aquinas joined the Dominicans and
argued for their cause [as an
1245 È È È apologist for the inquisition in
Southern France? Was this not his
ultimate purpose in writing his
Summa?]
Louis IX (aka St. Louis) Council of Beziers [1243 or 1246],
ordered the construction of a Canon 36 stated, “You will fully
1246 È È È
special prisons to house watch, according to all that is right
heretics in Carcassonne and and legal, that theological books not
Bézierso be possessed, even in Latin, by lay
1246 È È È people, nor in the vulgar language
by clerics.”
1247 È È È È
Aragonese Inquisition established

1248 È
boundaries
Count of Toulouse has 80
1249 credentes [heretics] burned at
Wald-
Barleigh (Agen)o
enses
Death of Raymond VII (27
1249 inquisited
Sept)o in
Dominicans Conrad Dorfo and his Southern Pope Innocent IV appointed and sent Dominican and
disciple John were sent to Worms by the Pierre Celan inquisited in Franceb
1251 Franciscan inquisitors to Toulouse; Dominicans Conrad
Pope Innocent IV; condemned many Quercyd
Dorfo and his disciple John were sent to Wormsb
heretics to the fireb
Inquisitor of Lombardy, Peter
Verona, assassinated near Milan;
1252 he was raised to sainthood 24 days
later by the Pope Innocent Ivb
Pope Innocent IV deposed Robert,
Bishop of Lincoln, who “reproved the 11 years of
Jean de St. Pierre (brother of B de Caux) avarice, ambition, arrogance, and tyrrany severe inquisit-
1253
continued inquisition of his brotherd of the Pope… in order to enrich his ions in Lombardy
illegitimate children, nieces and (1251-1262)b
nephews”b
Fragments of the
inquiisitions of Jean Former Waldensian, Reinerius Saccho, who became their
1254 de Saint-Pierre and inquisitor, wrote “Summâ de hæreticis”, describing them,
Réginald de and inadvertantly affirming their orthodox beliefs
Chartresd
Capture of Quéribus, 11 years of

one of the last Cathar severe inquisit-
1255 strongholds in ions in Lombardy
Languedoco (1251-1262)b
In Cambray [Belgium], Jacobines

1258 and Dominicans caused many to
be burned aliveb
Italian physician in Paris, Gerard

Sagarellas, wrote a book against the Death of Reinerius Saccho, fomer
1259 Franciscans; Bonaventura, general of the Waldensian, become their inquisitor,
order, replied that Sagarellas believed like and author of Summâ de hæreticis
the Waldensesb
Letter of Pope Alexander IV to the

Dominican inquisitors of Lombardy
to persecute the Christians there,
1260 and excommunicate any secular
authorities that did not execute
suspects of heresyb
Decree of Pope Urban IV against
Waldenses and Albigenses of
Lombardy and margravate of
1262 Genoa; there is no writing extant
which explains the suffering and
deaths that ensuedb
Records of inquisitions of Pierre de Fenouillet and Hugue de Saissacd

1263
Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica
Thomas Aquinas, O.F.P., that “Great Angelic Doctor,” wrote his Summa
Theologica as an apologetic for Roman Catholic theology and its inquisition, as
well as for the practices of his Order, the Dominicans, and their primary role in
1265 the inquisition of and extirpation of the Evangelical Albigenses.
For example, in the Section “Secunda Secundae”, Question 11, Aquinas
addressed “Heresy” (from http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3011.htm):
Article 1 defined heresy: “Therefore heresy is a species of unbelief, belonging to
those who profess the Christian faith, but corrupt its dogmas.”
[Aquinas continued]
Article 2 defined heretical faith by quoting Jerome: “If anything therein has been
incorrectly or carelessly expressed, we beg that it may be set aright by you
1266 who hold the faith and see of Peter. If however this, our profession, be
inquisition in Carcassonned
approved by the judgment of your apostleship, whoever may blame me, will
prove that he himself is ignorant, or malicious, or even not a catholic but a
heretic.”
[Aquinas continued]
Death of Alphonse of Article 3, explained whether heretics should be tolerated: “I answer that, With
Poitiers and Jeanne regard to heretics two points must be observed: one, on their own side; the
of Toulouse; other, on the side of the Church. On their own side there is the sin, whereby
1271
Languedoc region they deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication,
passed to French but also to be severed from the world by death. …much more reason is there
crown for heretics, as soon as they are convicted of heresy, to be not only
excommunicated but even put to death.”
1273
inquisition in Carcassonne (Registre
Arsieu, H. Amiel, and H. Bouniolsd

[Aquinas continued]
Fenouillet and Hugue de Saissacd

Records of inquisitions of Pierre de
Inquisitions in Toulouse by R. de
“On the part of the Church, however, there is mercy which looks to the conversion
Plassac, Pons de Parnac, P.

of the wanderer, wherefore she condemns not at once, but ‘after the first and
second admonition,’ as the Apostle directs: after that, if he is yet stubborn, the
Doat XXV)d
1273 Church no longer hoping for his conversion, looks to the salvation of others, by
excommunicating him and separating him from the Church, and furthermore
delivers him to the secular tribunal to be exterminated thereby from the world by
death.”
Second Council of Lyons reaffirmed celibacy of priests,

1274
detailed issues of ordination, excommunication, etc.
Consultation of four Bishops (Narbonne, Arles,

Aix, and Alban) against the Waldenses: “Who
is so great a stranger in France, as to be
ignorant of the damnatory sentence which has
now, for a long time, been most justly used
1280 against these heretical Waudois; and should we
doubt a matter of so notorious and common,
which has cost the Catholics so much money,
sweat, and labor, and has sealed so many
condemnations and executions of unbelievers”b
Increased search and persecution of
1283 Waldenses that were again increasing in
Franceb
Continued
È executions to
utterly
È È exterminate the
1284 Waldenses È Aquinas died
astonished
certain bishops
and advocates
of Avignonb
Gerard Sagarellus in Parma and
Seine conducted inquisitionsd

J. Galand and G. de Sainte-
Dulcinus of Novaria declared
heretics by Roman adherents, as
1285 having borrowed the beliefs of the
Waldenses; Sagarellusb burned
alive in Parma (of Dulcinus and his
wife, see 1308)
1286
1287
19
10 Jews and their
1288 È books burned at the È
stake in Troyes
1289 È È
Council of Pope Boniface VIII declared the
25 leading
Records of inquisitions of
P. de Fenouillet and H.
Toulouse Fraticelli heretics, they were hunted
citizensd2 from Albi prohibited down and burned, the living and the
de Saissacd
1299 arrested, inquisited, persons from dead were exhumed for burning;
and imrpisoned owning Old hence the bodies of Herman, Andrew,
indefinitely on and New and Guillemete were exhumed and
charges of heresy Testaments their bones burnedb
1300
Boniface VIII’s “Unum Sanctum” (18
1302
Nov 1302) established the Pope as
Unum
È head over all religious and secular
Sanc-
realms, by virtue of the “two Swords”;
tum
he died the next year
“About this time Peter Joannis
taught that the pope was the
antichrist, and the Roman synagogue
1303 the great Babylon. About his
martyrdom we have not been able to
learn anything”b
Beginning of Avignon
Pope Clement V left Rome for
1305 Papacy near disputed area in
Records of inquisitions of Pierre de Fenouillet and Hugue de

Avignon, France
Southern France
[Sample] Rules for Inquisitorsb Pope Clement V
(temporary move closer to the disputed territory with the

Orthodox Bishops, as noted in the “Charter of Niquinta”)
(1) It is not permitted or advisable to Bernard Gui, condemned Dulcinus and
dispute concerning the faith in the inquisitor of his wife as arch-heretics,
1307 presence of the laity; Toulouse; and commanded them, as
(2) No one is to be regarded as converted, he wrote well as their adherents to
if he will not accuse all those whom he be exterminated
knows to be such as he is;
Saissacd
Avignon Papacy
(3) He who does not accuse such as he a more Leader of an Evangelical-
is, must be severed from the church as a complete type of sect, Dulcinusb,
diseased member; that the sound manual on
Geoffroy and his wife Margaretb,
members may not become corrupted by it; inquisition;
d’Albis torn limb from limb, and
(4) After one is delivered to the secular Gui’s manual
judge, great care must be exercized, that inquisition in was entitled, with them 140 othersb
1308 Carcassonne “Pracuca burned alive in Novaria,
he be not allowed to prove his innocence,
or show his harmlessness before the area (Ms officci Lombardy [northern Italy];
people; for it he is put to death, the people 4269)d 400 moreb people
will take offense; and if he is discharged, surrounded and died in
the (Catholic) faith will be endangered; (6) the crusade of the Pope
Observe: The inquisitor must always Clement V
20
take the deed for granted, without any Inquisitionis
1309 consideration, and ask questions only in È È heretice È
regard to the circumstances of the matter, pravitatis”]
Not saying: Have you made confesion to
1310 È Worker burned in a barrel in London È
the heretics? but, how often have you
made your confession to the heretics? Council of Vienna dealt
1311 Again, do not ask: Have they slept in your È with the Order of the
(temporary move closer to the disputed territory with the Orthodox Bishops, as noted in the “Charter of Niquinta”)
house? but, In what room of your house Knights Templar
did they sleep? and the like. (continued
1312 È È
below)
In Crema [Austria], very
many Waldenses,b
condemned by Dominican
inquisitors, were burned
In Zuidenitz,
alive as heretics; one of
Poland, a
their martyred leaders,
great
1315 named Lolhardb, stated number of È
that there were 80,000
Waldensesb
believers in Austria and
were burned
Bohemia
alive
In Steyer [Austria], three
Avignon Papacy
large books of [additional
martyrs’] confessions and
examinationsb were found
[Sample] Rules for Inquisitors (cont)b Pope John XXII issued a papal decree
(7) The inquisitor may look into a book, as against the Fraticelli, prohibiting them from
though he had noted in it, the life and meeting publicly or in secret, from electing
conduct of the accused together with pastors or teachers over them, and from
practicing worship (as they did not follow [See papal decree given
1317 everything in regard to which he is in Avignon France]
interrogating him; the sacramental system of the Church of
Rome Å
(8) The accused must be threatened with
death, if he will not confess, and be told In Marseille, four former Franciscansb
that his doom is sealed; that he must burned alive as heretics (they were against
regard his soul, and, first of all, forsake his “apostolic poverty”)
1318 heresy.b È È
Pope John XXII
Jean de
conducted inquisitions in Pamiers
unleashed further
Jacques Fournierd (later Pope
Beaune Bernard Gui, persecution of the

Benedsct XII of Avignon)
1319 conducted Inquisitor of Waldenses in France

inquisitions in Toulouse
through his Jacobite
Carcassonned
(Dominican) inquisitorsb
Four
heretics Bernar
Inquisi-
burned in d Gui,
1323 tions in È
Carcasson Toulou
Lodèved e 24 Apr se
1323l2
21
1324 È È È
Inquisitions in
Pamiersd
1325 È È
1326 È È
1326 È A so-called heretical sect

Inquisition of
in Portugal called
Carcasonne,
Pamiers, (Man “Gendarmes de Jesus”c
1327 [Police of Jesus]
DDD)d
appeared in Portugal
1328 Carcasonne
Avignon Papacy
(GGG, Doat
1329 XXVII)d
Intense persecution of Waldenses in
Bohemia and Poland; “very many” b were
executed by the inquisition
1330 John Astonb apprehended by the
Formerly a Dominican monk from
Archbishop of Canterbury, died in prison
Heidelberg, Eckhartb, aka Richard,
condemned as a heretic and publicly
burned
1334 Inquisitor Jacques
inquisi- Fournier became
È
tor as Avignon Pope Benedict
Pope XII (1334-1342)
“Police of
Jesus”c
1366 spread to
Roman Papacy reinstated

Tuscany and
Avignon Papacy
Senes
Waldensian “heretics” called Turilupins by
1372 John Tylius in his Chronicle of the Kings of
France (1372)b
Severe
Books of the Turilupins burned in Paris, persecution in
1373 along with a woman, Peronne of Flanders,
Aubeton,b who was publicly burned Artoic, and
Hainault
At Vienna, Henry de Haffra, wrote on
Genesis, against the merits of the sainst,
1376 and reproving the clergy and Pope for its È È
many errorsb
Pope Urban
VI elected as
1378 È È
Second Pope
in Rome
22
Minorite friar,
M. Cesenas,
The Bohemian, M. Matthaeus Catholic scholar, Nicholas Clemangis, È È wrote against
Parisiensis, wrote a large book against opposed certain superstitions of the the Pope; he
1380 the Pope, saying that he was the antichrist, Church of Rome: feast days, excessive was deposedb
as did Lupoldus de Bedenborghb eating and drinking, and evil speakingb Avignon
È È Pope Clement
VII
Peasant’s Revolt blamed on growth of sent a monk
1381
Lollard movement as an
1382 Wycliffe completed inquisitor to
deal with
[the Avignon location had begun to achieve its purpose?]

Wycliffe his first edition of the
Bible Bible heretics in
certain
1384 Wycliffe died
partsb2; in the
next 13 years,
John Purvey
Roman Papacy reinstated

230 heretics
1388 completed 2nd edition
were burned
Avignon Papacy
Wycliffe Bible
aliveb2
W. Swinderby, a priest of Lincoln, arrested
for preaching contrary to the Church of
1389
Rome; was compelled by fire to read a
recantation; rearrested and burned in 1401
36 Waldenses burned alive in Bingen,
1390
Germanyb
443 Waldenses inquisited (many tortured
1391 on the rack), refusing to recant they were
put to death in Pomeria on the Baltic Seab
W. Brute appeared before John, Bishop of
1392 Hereford, holding to articles against the
Church of Romeb
1400 John Tauler called the Roman Church to Persecution
[Crespin, b W. Sautreec burned in London È È
Book I] reform in his many writings expandedb2
Henry IV published Statutum ex Officio
against 15 articles of the Wycliffites; the 7th
read: “That any layman, though he have not
studied at college, has the right to preach È È
the Gospel everywhere, and that he may
teach upon his own authority, without
1401
permission from his ordinary bishop” b
Henry IV passed De Heretico Comburendo
against translating or owning a Bible, and
authorizing burning heretics at the stake È È
W. Swinderby burned alive in Smithfield,
London
23
W. Thorpebc severely mistreated and
burned at the Caslte of Saltwoden
The Five Articles by which W. Thorpe,
former priest, apprehended, was charged:
1407 1. That the sacrament of the altar, also after È È
the consecration, that is, after the priest has
read the canon, it still remains bread;
2. The images are not to be worshiped, nor
any honor shown to them;
3. That no pilgrimages ought to be made;
4. That the priests have no right to
1407 appropriate tithes for themselvesl È È
5. That men ought not to swearb
Pope
Alexander V,
Avignon
Papacy
Papacy
Papacy
Roman
Council of Oxford prohibited translation
Pisan
1408 elected as
into venacular
third Pope in
Pisa, Italy
Following Council of Oxford, J. Wycliffe’s
bones exhumed, burned, and scattered
over the Thames; his books confiscated and
Avignon Papacy continued

1410
Roman Papacy continued

burned
Pisan Papacy continued

A certain tradesmanb burned over a slow
fire in London
R. Actonc, J. Brownc, and J. Beverlauc
1413 burned in London; J. Claydonc, R.
Turmingc, totalling 36c burned in London
Council of
Constance (in
1414
Constance,
Austria); 260
teachings of
Wycliffe
condemned;
1415 John Husc burned at the stake at Council È È È John Hus
of Constance condemned
and burned at
the stake;
Jerome of
1416 Jerome of Praguec burned at the stake in Papacy restored to Prague also
Constance Rome alone condemned
and burned
1417 Catherine Saubebc burned at the stake in
Montpelier for Waldensian heresy
1418 J. Oldcastlec, Lord of Cobham, burned at
the stake in London
1420 H. Grunfelderc burned at Ratisbonne
(Reinsbourg)
24
1421 J. Purveyc died in prison after 25 years of In Flanders, many Waldenses

cruelty burned aliveb
1422 W. Taylorc burned for heresy in London
1423 H. Radtgeberb burned in Ratisbonne

(Reinsbourg)
1424 J. Draendorf executed in Worms
1426 P. Toraw [Torea]b martyred in Spire
1427 J. Savonarolab burned alive in

Florence
Young king Henry VI wrote a letter to John
Extor on the 6th of July that he should
apprehend the priest W. White, chaplain
Thomas of Settling, the priest W.
Northhampton, “and all others that are
1428 suspected of heresy, whoever they may be,
and wherever they may be found, whether
in free cities or without…”b
W. Whytec [White]b, Abrahamb, J.
Waddonb burned in Norwich
Margaret Backsterb
R. Hovendenc
1430 imprisoned until death
burned at the stake
or secretly put to
in London
death in England
P. Crawbc, a
1431 T. Buglec burned at
Bohemian, burned at
the stake in London
the stake in Scotland
Waldensian inquisitor Pierre Fabri
renewed the prior work of Francois Borel,
1432
in extirpating heresy from the Alpine
valleys
T. Rhedonbc, a Frenchman, went to
1436 Rome to preach reform, was
imprisoned and burned at the stake
1439 In Basel, A. de Romab condemned as
a heretic
Jean Voyle inquisited Waldenses in Fatherc of the Duchesse of Crete
1441
Provence R. Dulec hung and strangled in England
burned by a Papal legate
A. Chartetiusb wrote a book against
J. Lefevre
the unmarried life of the priests; P. de
1450 d’Etaples born in
Lunab wrote against the papacy and Picardy, France
chuch
Pope Nicholas V’s Bull, Romanus Pontifex (8 Jan 1455)
1455
gave Portugal claim to the “New World”
25
1457 Many Waldensesb put to death in

Eichstaedt, Germany
1458 M. Hagerc executed in Berlin
A Waldensian burned L. Vallab arrested for repudiating

1465 papcy and its vows, banished and
in Lille
died in Naples
1466 Erasmus born
J. de Wesaliab
G. Mortgensternb
began preaching in
began preaching
Worms against the
1470 against the lack of
supremacy of the
virtue of the monks;
Pope; he was later
nothing else is known
arrested in 1479
of his fate
and burned È
1471, Rome’s “Taxation Pope Sixtus IV published “Taxation of the Casuistic
Sale of Stephen b an elder of Parties of the Papal Shop…” to provide monetary
of the Casuistic the Waldenses Rome’s “Taxation of
Indul- Parties of the the Casuistic Parties uniformity for sellers of indulgences (Rome: [2 early eds no
gences burned alive in date], 1486, 1492, 1503, 1508, 1509, 1512, 1514; Venice
Papal Shop…” Vienna; persecution of the Papal Shop…”
became published in published in Paris (16 eds: 1532, 1584)p
big spread to many other
Cologne (1515, Waldenses in editions up to 1545)p
busi- Pope Sixtus 4 further authorized the inquisition in Spainc
1522)p Bohemia and Austria
ness
J. Veyllet O.F.M. (Franciscan) was named inquisitor of
1473 Waldenses in the Piedmont valleys of Farissimere,
Argenteria, and Loysiam2
Spanish Inquisition established under Ferdinand and
1478 T. More born
Isabella
1479 J de Wesaliab burned alive in Mentz
M. Luther born in
1483
Eisleben
Pope Innocent VIII affirmed the publication of “Malleus
Maleficarum” [hammer of wickedness] (9 Dec 1484), which
B. Hubmaier born in U. Zwingli born in described witchcraft (including refusal to baptize infants) and
1484
Friedberg Wildhaus appropriate methods of torture; “Malleus” was directed to
Northern Germany (where also Anabaptists were); “Malleus”
was presumably prohibited in 1490
Papal Bull gave Archdeacon of
J. Eck born (1486- Cremona the authority to extirpate
1486
1543)
the Piedmont “heretics”b2
Bull of Pope Innocent VIII for the extirpation of the
F. Lambert
1487 “Waldenses, and all other Hereticks whatsoever,” given to A.
d’Avignon born
de Capitaneis, for the Catholic bishops of Evreux,
Lyons, and Vienna, “that the Catholick Faith in our times be
propagated, and the evil of Heresie be rooted out from the
1487
borders of our Faithfull;” addressed “necessary extirmination
and dissipation”, seizure of heretics’ property, absolution of
26
any or all fealty or contracts, and abstinence from all
1487
commerce with heretics.m2
G. Farel born in Gap,
1489 T. Cranmer born
France
Motherc [unnamed 1490]b of
1490 Lady Yonge burned at the stake
in England
J. Langlois burned at I. Loyola born in
1491
the stake in Paris Spain
[“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean
1492 blue”]
Spanish
The Spanish inquisition promulgated
Inquisi-
against Jews, Mohammedans, and
tion More at Oxford
Saracens; it was extended to all who
begun in
did not have allegiance to the Catholic
the Low
church, including Waldenses and
Lands
Albigensesb
Pope Alexander VI promulgated Inter
H. Picard burned at caetera (4 May 1493) allowing the
1493
the stake in Paris kingdom of Castille to colonize in the
“New World”
1494 W. Tyndale born
Menno Simons
1496
born in Frieslandm
1498 J. Savanarolac ]stranged and]b
burned at the stake in Florence, Italy
P. Scriptorusb taught against
1499 transubstantiation, was driven into
banishment È
More became friend
1500
of Erasmus Ì
Luther entered
1501
University of Erfurt
Zwingli taught at Lamberty (15 yrs old) Erasmus published
1502 St. Martin School, entered monastery of his 1st edition
Basel Observant Greek/Latin NT
Franciscans
Erasmus published
1503 first edition of
Enchiridion
Hubmaier at Univ. of Hubmaier became
1503 Friedberg (under J student of J. Eck
Eck); received B.A. Å
Hussitesb made to confess Catholicism to
1504 the King of Bohemia, those refusing were Scriptorusb died in exile
put to death
27
Luther received
M.A from Erfurt.;
J. Rogers born in
1505 entered J. Knox born
Deritend, Aston
Augustinian
Monastery
Zwingli ordained,
R. Olivétan, cousin of
1506 beings ministry in
Calvin, born in Noyon
Glarus
Waldensesb made to confess Catholicism
1507 T. Norysc burned in
to King Uladislaus of Bohemia, and if not
Norwich, England
were exterminated
N. Rustb taught in Mecklenburg: (1) That letters of indulgence
were nothing but subtle deceptions to rob the plain and simple
people of their money; (2) That the pope does not have as
Tyndale studied in
much power as people suppose; (3) That the popes, cardinals,
Cambridge under Erasmus wrote In
bishops, and prelates were leading lascivious lives, etc. (4) J. Calvin born in
1509 Erasmus, translated Praise of Folly at
That saints ought not be invoked; Rust was compelled to flee to Noyon, France
his Enchiridion into home of More
Wismar, and then elsewhere; his fate is unknown
English
Waldensesb inquisited in the area of
Mecklenberg, near Mooren
B. Liblinensisb taught:: (1) That it is impossible that the whole

world should obey a single man, as is the pope; (2) That the
popes themselves were not of one mind; for one prohibites that Priest Thomasc and
which another has instituted to be observed; (3) That therefore T. de Bongayc
1510 it is sufficient to believe in Christ, and to obey Him alone; the burned in Norwich,
fate of Liblinensis is unknown England
Hubmaier ordained, becomes rector at
Univ of Friedberg Æ
J. Picusb, J. Hiltonb, and others spoke Tyndale earned B.A
against the papal abuses of the time; their at Cambridge Hubmaier changed
fate is unknown Lefevre published universities to study
1512 Hubmaier attended Paul on justification Pop d’Ayec burned under Eck at
Univ of Ingolstadt by faith Ingolstadt
Luther awarded in Norwich; N.
(under J. Eck), Å
Doctor of Theology Peakec burned in
received Licentiate
and doctorate Ypswich with his dog
The Frenchman, W. Budaeusb wrote: (1) The popes and bishops originate war
between princes and potentiates; while they be rights ought to advise and help to
1513 peace; (2) They fill the world with pride, avarice, gluttony, drkinging, lasciviousness,
whoredom, adultery, surpassing in these vile deeds the laity; (3) They are Epicures,
who do not care for eternal life, as they show by their works; they are to their
hearers the cause for eternal damnation
Lefevre accused of
heresy and Tyndale earned
1514
defended before M.A. at Cambridge
the Sorbonne
28
Luther (reading
1515
Lefevre?) realized R. Huntc burned in
meaning of Rom London
1:16-17
Luther published Hubmaier named
first edition of a chaplain at cathedral More wrote Book
Zwingli began
German Theology in Regensburg; One of Utopia,
1516 ministry in
Johann Tetzel sells joined crusade which undermined
Eindsiedeln
indulgences in against Jewish Lollardie
Luther’s area community
1517,
95 Luther (~34 yrs old)
These nailed 95 Theses on
s of the Wittenberg door
Luther
Hubmaier attends Zwingli opposed
Diet in Augsburg to Samson’s sale of More became
1518
oppose Jews of indulgences; King’s Counselor
Regensburg ministered in Zurich
Luther involved in Hubmaier joins in J. Eck disputed
Leipzig Disputation expelling Jews from against Luther at
against J. Eck Regensburg; miracle Leipzig Disputation
1519 on site of synagogue
Luther wrote Two
leads to the building
Kinds of
of Beauteous Mary
Righteousness
[zur
schönen Maria];
1519 Hubmaier named
chaplain
Luther published To J. Bugenhagiusb Marguerite de Pope Leo X issued
the Christian (aka. Pomeranus) a Bull excommunica-
J. Crespin born in Valois , sister of
1520 Nobility, The of Wittenberg wrote King Francis I, ting (i.e. calling for
Arras, France
Freedom of the a little book treating converted through the extirpation of)
Christian and The Unborn Infants, Lutheran Luther
Pagan Servitude of stating that men had tracts; provided
the Church (a.k.a. erred for twelve Farel taught in some protection for
1520
Babylonian Captivity centuries Paris Lefevre and
of the Church); Lutheran nucleus
Luther burned bull Olivétan, cousin of at Meaux
of excommunication J. Calvin,
1520 converted to
evangelical faithl
Emperor Charles
Luther appeared at Hubmaier accepted Lambert reading Briçonnet stopped promulgated a law
Diet of Worms; pastorate in Luther in his Farel from More became by which Loyola wounded in
1521 stated “Here I stand, Waldshut; read monastery in preaching in Under-Treasurer of Lutheranism [and
battle
I can do no other, Oecolampadius on Avignon, became Meaux; Calvin England
Zwinglianism]b was
God help me” Luther intrigued with attended University
made illegalc
Reformation of Paris, where he Inquisitor-General
principles earned B.A. and Adrian Boeyens
1521
M.A. banned Lutheran
writings
Luther published Hubmaier attended Zwingli begins
NT, with its famous evangelical reforms in Zurich;
Preface meetings at the Lucerne Council
Statues and images house of Hans exhorts removal of
of the saints burned Blabhaus in “obstructions to
in Wittenberg Regensberg marriage”
H. Sypphen burned C. Stadiusb was Lamberty (35 yrs
While Lamberty
at the stake in said to secretly hold Lamberty old) began reading
Altdorf, Bavaria, preached on prayer
to the beliefs of the preached in Luther, fled the
1522 to Mary and the Tyndale accused of
Germany; many Anabaptists Geneva, Lausanne, Franciscan Loyola “converted”
Inqui- saints in Zurich, the heresy of Inquisitor-General
others secretly Lamberty, in Freiburg; preached monastery (May) to the cause of the
sitor Zwingli Lutheranism, Adrian Boeyens
drowned in the Eisenach, waiting to against Catholic by volunteering for Roman church;
Gene- interrrupted moved to London, elected Pope
Rhine in Halle, meet Luther in superstitions in an official trip; began writing his
ral as “Bruder, du irrst” and then to Adrian VI
Germany Wittenberg, wrote Bern (July), headed entered Spiritual Exercises
Pope [Brother, you err], Hamburg
“139 Propositions” to Zurich Switzerland via
after a long
Crespin noted that by which he was Lyons
discussion he
the Anabaptist’s willing to debate converted, ending
began from Saxony, anyone on issues
with Lamberty
from one named related to the
removing his cowl
Nicolas Stork, with Reformation, no
and discarding his
a militant adversary came
Rosary
millenarianism forward
Lambert
The hermit J. Lefevrep New
Hubmaier attended Vallièrew burned at Testament
d’Avignony met published; became
second Zurich the stake in Paris
with Luther in Zwingli authored
Wittenberg disputation; Austrian (may have rejected Grand-Vicarp of Augustinians H. Loyola went on
“67 Theses” for the virgin birth)
officials accused
First Zurich
Meaux Voezc and J. Eschc pilgrimage to
1523 Hubmaier of joining L. de Berquinw Briçonnetp, Bishop burned in Bruxelles Jerusalem;
Lambert disputation;
Lutheran sect; tried for heresy of Meaux, recanted for the Lutheran completed writing his
d’Avignony (36 yrs Waldshut accepted attended Second
(e.g. for translating his Lutheranism, heresy spiritual exercises
old) was first Zurich disputation
reforms Erasmus’ and turned over J.
Reformer married Enchiridion into Leclerkp to show
French)w his sincerity
The
Bohemian- Hubmaier
Luther Moravian Old
“Neues Lid” Waldensian conducted
on the mass in J. Leclerkcr (of
b Evangelist Farelp
1523 martyrdom of H. Koch German and
in Gap, France
Meaux) branded,
Voez and and L. abolished tortured, and his
Esch in Meisterb put laws on body burned
h2 to death in fasting and
Brussels celibacy
Augsburg,
Germany
Menno Simons was
Hubmaier ordained to the
“Peasant’s
Revolt” (for C. Tauberb wrote “18 Zurich accepted Farelp disputed Tyndale fled Catholic priesthood
arrested and Theses” and against Romanism in March 1524,
freedom of reforms, and Lamberty visited England, moved to
conscience); burned alive “On Heretics removed images, in Basel, Switz; Hamburg, Germany, probably in Utrecht,
and Those Metz (for 8 days),
blamed on in Vienna, closed monasteries went to Montbeliard and visited Luther and served as priest
1524, Who Burn during the time of
Anabaptists Austria and Strasbourg for 7 years in
Pea- Them” the arrest of
sants Castellan was Pingjumm
Revolt City Council of troubling the city;
Lambert d’Avignon Zwingli (~40 yrs
wrote on marriage H. Zutphaniensisb old) married Ana
Zurich (under Lambert published
horribly put to death Zwingli) published “116 Propositions”;
and publishes a Reinhart, (whom a city ordinance
by the Ditmarish had to flee the city
commentary on he had known against
peasants for Strasbourg
Song of Solomon since 1522?)
Anabaptistsb
Hubmaier and 60 Zwingli leaned Lamberty wrote J. Castellanc
others baptized by against infant Frederick the degraded of the
Luther published W. Reublin in baptism; Zwingli Wise of the priesthood and
“Bondage of the Waldshut; publishes arrests Hubmaier martyrdom of burned alive, Metz,
Will” Gospel tract, when he fled to Castellan, France (12 Jan),
Summary of the Zurich; Hubmaier published a tract after nine months in
Entire Christian Life released after he called “Le martyre prison
Luther (~42 yrs old) Hubmaier (~41 yrs read a recantation de Jehan Lefevre wrote
married Katherine old) married Elsbeth of believer’s Chastelain”; commentary on
von Bora Hugline baptism general epistles
Lambertw also
Waldshut “Peasants Tyndale completed
wrote of the Bishop Tunstall
Revolt” overthrown Anabaptist Waldensianp and translation, printed,
and Cardinal
martyrdom of J. and published NT in
Luther wrote “Stab,
c Wolfgang Ulimar French refugees Leclerk in the Wolsey opposed J. Pistorius de
Smite, Slay” against G. Tambar and The German W. English; he used
1525 c +10 others burned begin colporting Preface of his the Tyndale Bible, Wordenc burned in
Peasant’s Revolt George and others Bibles from France Schuchc of St. Luther’s order of
burned at the stake in Waldsee commentary on confiscating, The Hague, Holland
into French Hippolite, burned at canonical books
in Vienna, Austria Micah buying and burning
Switzerland the stake in Nancy, and introductory
that Bible
Former Bavarian Anabaptist Melchior Marguerite of France; J. material
priest, L. Keyser, b 20 Anabaptists left Navarrep assisted Pavanes crw
studied the writings Veit [Vet?] burned to die in tower in colporteurs, burned at the stake
of Zwingli and at Ettach [at Drache
Zurich especially into at Place de Grève,
Luther; traveled to in 1527?] b
Southern France Paris; the Hermit of
Wittenberg and
The fate of M. Livryp also burned
there took the Lord’s
at the stake, parvis
Supper; he returned Pastorc from Saulnierw who
Brisgau drowned for was imprisoned Notre Dame, Paris
to Bavaria and
joined the marrying in Prague with Pavanes is
Anabaptists b uncertain
Zwingli attended M. Nicolasc was
Lamberty attended Hubmaier baptized
Baden Disputation; Calvin began
Feb 5th Act of Papal Letter of
Hans Denck and Parliament of J. Rogers arrested for bounty Clement VII, Cum
Diet of Spier, as did Zurich council studies at Univ of
others; wrote Twelve France made it graduated from of 30 gold Carolins, ad Zero (7 Dec
1526 Philip of Hess and passed edict that Orleans, earned
Articles on the illegal to own or to Cambridge with a sentenced, placed in 1526) published for
200 Hessians; Spier made adult baptism B.A. and Licentiate
Christian Faith; fled sell Bibles in B.A. a sack and drowned purposes of
affirmed “whose punishable by in Arts
to Moravia France at Antwerpt, inquisition
region, his religion” drowning Brussels
Menno Simons
began reading the
The Reformatio
Eccelsiarum G. Joubertw Bible for the first
Archduke burned alive in time, two years after
Hassiae prohibited his ordination to the
1526 Ferdinand began to Paris for having
refusal to baptize priesthood, in order
unleash persecution held the Lutheran
infants, as well as to validate the
rebaptisms doctrine
doctrine of
transubstantiationm
20 Anabaptists L. de Berquinw
1526 killed in Wurttenberg tried for heresy for
province the second time
In Bavaria, former
priest and
Anabaptist L.
Keiserbc placed in Leonhard von
the fire and rolled Archduke
Liechtenstein
out; pushed back in Ferdinand crowned
turned Hubmaier
and rolled out the king of Bohemia
over to Ferdinand
other side; finally his
body was cut to
pieces and returned Felix Manz [1526]b
to the fire became the first
Former monk, the Anabaptist to be Farel preached
1527 G. Carpenterc condemned to near Bern,
Anabaptist M. burned at the stake death by drowning Switzerland An old woman, the
Sattlerb was burned in Bavaria, Germany in Zurich 5 Jan Anabaptist widow
in Rotterburg, other Weynkenb,
brethren received G. Blaurockc and 1527 daughter of Claes, Anabaptists J.
the sword, sisters another burned in strangled and
Tyrol Walenb and two
were drowned burned at The
Hague 20 Nov 1527 othersb roasted by
Anabaptist T. a fire in Haarlem
[includes the
Herrmannb and 67 G. Wagnerb burned emotional dialogue
othersb were alive in Munich on 8 she suffered up to
martyred at Feb 1527 her death]b
Kitzbuehl
P. Flistedec and A. Lefevre completed
Franciscan Renierp M. Henryc burned at Loyola began his
Clarebachc burned burned at the stake translation of OT
from the Latin the stake in Tournay, studies in Paris (until
at the stake in 25 Lutheransp
in Viennap P Bartw (E. de la Vulgate Flanders 1535)
Cologne, Germany arrested in Nonay,
Court) burned at
Former barefoot B. Hubmaierbt and brought to D. de Rieuxc slowly Menno Simons
1528 the stake in Rouen
friar, turned burned at the stake Vienna, several burned to death chose to believe the
[there is a question
Anabaptist, L. in Vienna [Bruenn, died in prison, over a fire in Bible over the
if he converted to
Schiemer Moravia]b and 2 others paid fines
Judaism] Meaux, France [first teachings of the
[Schnoener]b and others (Thomasb and were released known French use Catholic church,
about 70 others of l’estrapade, a finding assistance in
and Dominicusb);
martyred in Hubmaier’s wife device by which a Luther’s writingsm
Rottenburg on the drowned in Danube person was raised
1528 14 Jan 1528 and lowered over
the flames]w
H. Feyerer
[Feierer]b and 5 H. Schlaefferb and
Anabaptist L. Frickb executed
1528
brethrenb and 3 with a sword in
sistersb burned Schwatz
alive in Munich
3 Anabaptists
Anabaptist L.
brethrenb and 2
Schneiderb
beheaded in sistersb burned
Augsburg alive at Znaym,
Moravia [Note: Sebastian
Franck wrote that
18 Anabaptistsb W. Ulmanb +10 “far more than two
burned alive in Anabaptistsb thousand” Little Hans of
Salzburg burned in Walzen Anabaptists were Olivétan studied b
1528 put to death by Hebrew and Greek Stotzingen
Anabaptist H. in Strasbourg beheaded in
9 Anabaptist Pretleb burned alive popedom; in Zabern, Alsace
Ensisheim alone
brethrenb and 3 Anabaptists about 600 were
sistersb executed Vilgardb and
slain]b
by the sword in
Casparb of
Bruck, on the Mur, in
Schoeneck
Steyermark
beheaded near
Brixen
Anabaptist Vigil
1529 Plattner [Plaitner]b
put to death by Bishop Briçonnet
Luther attended sword in Bavaria Zwingli L. de Berquincrw of Meaux,after he
Marburg Colloquy, participated in First burned at the stake More became Lord
Anabaptist Louis recanted
disagreed with Cappel war; in Paris after his Chancellor of
bt
Hetzer (after long attended Marburg Lutheranism for
Zwingli on Lord’s third accusation of England
imprisonment) + 2 Colloquy the third time was
Supper heresy
othersb put to death executed for heresy
by sword at
Constance
E. Binder +2 burned 4 brethrenb and 4 In Basel, 3 of 9
in Salzburg sistersb (named in rebaptized
van Bracht) Anabaptists were
martyred on 16 Nov banished; the other
b
C. Prader +
in Ful, Elschland 6 apostacizedb
several othersb
shut up in a house Anabaptist hymn
and burned in writer Hans [John]b
Salzburg Hutb was tortured
and burned in
Anabaptists Anna
Augsburg, after his
Malerb and Ursulab death, he was
drowned in Hall in condemned to death
the valley of the Inn
by fireb
Nine Anabaptistb
D. Kropfb + 2 men and several
brethrenb and 4 sistersb were
condemned of
sistersb martyred in Anabaptism at
Bairisch-Graitz, in Altzey; the men died
Steyermark; men by by the sword and
the sword and the women were
women drowned drowned in a
horsepond
H. Langenmantelb and manservantb put
to death by sword, and maidservantb
drowned, at Weissenhom
1529 Seven Anabaptist
brethrenb (including Eight Anabaptists
a 14 year old lad executed in Vill
who had been
confined for a year) Anna of Freiburgb
“executed for the drowned in Freiburg,
evangelical truth”b at and then her body
Gmuend in Swabia was burned
About 350 Two brethrenb and

Anabaptistsb 2 sistersb martyred
executed in Alzey; P. of
others maimed and Langenlonsheim
tortured was beheaded in
Creitze
Anabaptist itinerant evangelist G. Blaurockb was
evangelizing and planting churches in Switzerland and Tyrol for
1529 2-3 years; H. van der Reveb seems to have assisted with new
churhes; both Blaurorck and van der Reve, and their
companions were arrested in Gusodaum and burned alive near
Clausen in Etzlandt
Excerpts from the final writings of Blaurock and van der Reve related to their
evangelistic fervor:
“The enemy fights with me in the field in which I now am; he would fain drive me
from the field. But Thou, O Lord, givest me the victory. … O God, how soon didst
1529 Thou hear me, thou speedily camest with Thy help and turnedst back mine
enemies; therefore, I will sing praises to Thy name in my heart, and forever spread
abroad the grace which has come to me”b
“He now causes His divine Word to be published and instructs men, that they
should turn from their sinful life, believe in Christ, be baptized upon faith, and obey
the Gospel. … O Father, through grace Thou didst choose us, and didst not despise
to put us into Thy work; grant that, when the evening comes, we may receive the
hire with rejoicing.”b
Many Anabaptists were put to death in the Gusodein district,
in Clausen, Brixen, Stertzing, Balzen, Neumark, Katren, Terlen,
Gundersweg; and in the valley of the Inn, at Inst. Petersberg,
Stejen in the Spruckthal, Schwatz, Rattenburg, Kufstein, and
Kitzbuehlb
1529 Eventually Jacob Huter gathered many Tyrol Anabaptists and
they migrated to Moraviab
Judas’ arose, who betrayed the Anabaptists to priests and
judges, men as Prabeiger, G. Frueder, P. Lantz, and Pranger
sought out the brethren and for money turned them over in
large numbersb
Anabaptist W.
Brandhuberb, Hans
[Niedermair]b Brandhuber wrote
Anabaptist G. Mittermaierb and “that in everything
1529 Baumannb 70 othersb martyred which is not
beheaded in in Linz, above the contrary to God, we
Wurttemberg Enns; Peter should be obedient
Niedermair was and subject to the
later released after 3 authorities”b
years imprisonmentb
Anabaptist G. Former Lutheran,
Luther wrote
Augsburg Grunwaldb burned now itinerant
Tyndale completed Anabaptist preacher,
Confession in alive at Kufstein on
translation of and c Melchior Hofmann
preparation for a diet the Inn; Aldab was published Thomas Hytten
burned at the baptized Jan
called by Emperor executed several Pentateuch G. Morel estimated
days later at the Lefevre published stake, Maidstone, Volkerts Trypmaker
Charles Vs3 Farel led revival that there were
same place and reform in French Bible England; T. in Strasbourgm
1530 800,000 persons
authorized by King c
Bilney burned at Itinerant Anabaptist
Neuchatelp Francis I
professing the faith
the stake Bishop preacher, J. V. of the Waldenses
Anabaptist G.
23 year old Patrick Thomas More of Trypmaker,
Lambert d’Avignon Steinmetzb was
died (in Marbourg?) beheaded at Hamiltonc martyred Norwich, presiding baptized Sicke
in Scotland Freerks Snijder in
Portzen, Germany Emden, East
Frieslandm
Luther published Anabaptists M. A taylor, S. F.
Commentary on Melchoir Hofmann
Mater “the painter”b, began to preach
Menno Simons was Snijderm, martyred
Galatians Zwingli transferred to be for rebaptism in
W. Eslingerb, Anabaptist
Anabaptist W. Mairb participated in doctrines in
priest to his home Leeuwarden, 20th
1531 Painb, Melchiorb, village of
and 2 othersb Second Cappel Strasbourg, March, in Friesland;
and 3 others war; died in battle Witmarsum, the reason for his
executed by the initiating the
(including a 16 year Frieslandm death impacted
sword in Walsburg Melchioritesm
[Wolfsberg], old servant)b … Menno Simonsm
Kaernthen executed by sword David Joris, a
at Gmunden flemish born
Anabaptist G. Lutheran, was
1531 Zaunringeradb died influenced by
by sword in Melchior Hofmann,
Franconia, near and became a
Bamberg Melchiorite
Anabaptist V. J. Rogers became Cranmer
Schmakald League Pelgrimsb captured, Farel attended
general synod of rector of Holy Trinity appointed In Assersouw,
formed and Peace released,
Waldensian and reader at St. Archbishop of Anabaptist H. J.
of Nuremberg recaptured, tortured, churches in Paul’s, London Canterbury Kraenb and Maryb,
finally had his left Chanforans, they
side opened and J. de Caturcecr G. Baynamc and a
his wife, and two
decided to Olivétan charged burned at the stake othersb; Mary was
At Stertzing in had boiling oil put in, underwrite a with translating Bucherc burned at
Etschland, six then was burned in Languedoc for drowned in Haarlem,
1532 French translation what became the saying “May Christ the stake in London
Anabaptists (L. alive in Glabbeck of the others in
of the Bible done French Geneva for denying
Gruber, H. Beck, L. Juelich rule in our hearts” W. Thracec Gravenhage were
by Alpine Biblep purgatory
Schumacher, P. instead of “Drink to exhumed and chained to stakes
Anabaptist C. evangelist the King”
Plaver, Peter, and Feichterb and burned at the stake with fires placed
Olivétan; Farel in Toddington R. Bayfieldc, monk around them until
H. Taller)b were several others, also arrived in Geneva, from Bury,burned they roasted to
tortured on the rack in Stertzing, were taught French for translating death
and executed tortured and refugeesp books of Tyndale
executed
At Schwatz in the
valley of the Inn, J. Pointetc, Anabaptist S.
1533 J. Rogers went to
Anabaptist L. Festb Lutheran church in physician from Cranmer annulled Snyderb arrested in
[Cres- Antwerp as chaplain
was executed Olivétan went to Paris numbered Savoye, guilty of marriage of Henry Leeuwaerden,
pin, Bk to the English
Anabaptist new Geneva p recommending VIII and Catherine Friesland, where he
I about 400 people merchants; was
mother Christina marriage for monks of Aragon was executed with a
ended] converted to
Haringb died by the and priests due to sword
sword in Kitzbuehl prominence of
venereal diseases, Protestantism under
300 Anti-Mass burned alive in the influence of W.
posters (by Paris Tyndale and M.
1533 Antoine Coverdale J. Frithc burned at
Marcourt)w were the stake in
A. Canuscr burned
placed in Paris London, captured
alive in Paris
(and 5 other cities); and tried by T.
Rogers married
one was placed in M. Hofmann More due to
Antwerp native
King’s bedroom at imprisoned in unbelief in
Adriana de
1533 the Louvre Strasbourgm; transubstantiation
Weyden
(Lutherans Matthys hijacked
accused)cp the movement;
went to Munster
Calvin presided At the request of
Olivétan over Mass three Six Lutheransr, Charles, duke of
1534 completed French 1 Nov 1534 English
Matthys arrived in times at incl. the paralytic B. Savoy, P. Berfour of Anabaptist W.
Major Bible translation as Senate abolished
events Luther published Munster and Angouleme Miloncr burned authority of Pope in
Roccapiata sent an
Wiggersb of
commissioned by over a slow fire, N. A. Hewetc burned army of 500 men
in Ger- entire Bible announced that the chapterp England, transferred Harsinghorn near
Waldensians (incl. at the stake in into the Piedmont
many, (including Kingdom of God had Valetonc, J. du it to the King Henry Schagen in North
Etienne de la N. Volcyr wrote a London for valley of Italy, “val
France apocrypha) in come, and that c c VIII; hence,
Forge); later tract on the death Bourg , H. Poille , agreeing with Frith Lucerna” to destroy
Holland, was
and German believers must now Bible colporteur E. Anglican church beheaded for the
revised to become of J. Castellan all that they found,
Eng- defend itm French “Geneva (Traité nouveau de de la Forgecr, founded; Tyndale faith
as they were all
land la desecration et female school- revised entire NT
Bible” p deemed
execution actuelle teacher Catellec Waldensian heretics
de Jehan Castellan burned in six Paris
Matthys was killed [Paris, 1534])w plazas while
in a sortie against Archbishop of
the beseiging army; Paris was giving
1534 Jan of Leyden took
J. Rogers joined P. Quoquillardc Mass to Francis I, More arrested and
[Cres-
Luther in Wittenberg his place as king of martyred in King of France imprisoned for not
pin,
Book II
to study the Munsterm Besançon; Marie accepting edict of
Scriptures; was Senate
began Becaudellec
ordained to the
this burned alive in Aftermath of
ministry
year] Essarts; Nicolasc, Placards Incident J. Rogers moved to
J. de Poisc, and E. Total condemned to Wittenberg to study
death-102; the Scriptures
Bourletc martyred
in Arras executions-27r
Munster was Geneva Emperor Charles V issued to the Lowlands a decree against
More and J.
overthrown by an Disputation called; Anabaptists:
Sorbonne sought Fischer, Bishop of
army mustered by Catholic party c burned Rochester, “In order to guard against and remedy the errors which many
Calvin; Marguerite J. Cornon
the Catholic Bishop boycotted; Geneva sectarians and authors of contempt, with their adherents, have
de Valois at the stake in beheaded for
voted to prohibit dared for some time to sow and spread in our territories,
1535 of Munsterm; the protected him, he Bresse; P. Gaudet c treason; three
population was Catholicismp Chartreux monks
against our holy Christian faith, sacraments, and the
fled to Switzerlandp burned at the stake commandments of our mother the holy church, we have at
massacred [it was a in Savoy strangled and
Calvin settled in different times ordained, and caused to be executed many
squelched attempt stretched for
Baselp decrees … that the chief promulgators and sectarians may be
at self-government] treason
punished and corrected as an example to others. And since it
has come to our knowledge, that notwithstanding our aforesaid
decrees, many and various sectarians, even some who call
themselves Anabaptists, have proceeded, and still daily
proceed, to spread, sow, and secretly preach their aforesaid
Jan of Batenburg abuses and errors, in order to allure a great number of men and
kept the Munsterite women to their false doctrine and reprobate sect, to seduce
1535 ideals alive; his them and to rebaptize some, to the great reproach and
followers were called disregard of the sacrament of holy baptism, and of our edicts,
Batenburgersm statutes and ordinances; therefore we, intending to guard
against and remedy this, summon and command you, that,
immediately upon receipt of this, you cause it to be proclaimed
within every place and border of your dominions, that all those,
or such as shall be found polluted by the accursed sect of the
Anabaptists, of whatever rank or condition they may be, their
chief leaders, adherents, and abettors, shall incur the loss of life
and property, and be brought to the most extreme punishment,
without delay; namely those who remain obstinant and remain
in their evil belief and purpose, or who have seduced to their
sect and rebaptized any; also those who have been called
1535
prophets, apostles or bishops—these shall be punished with
fire. All other persons who have been rebaptized, or who
secretly and with premeditation have habored any of the
aforesaid Anabaptists, and who renounce their evil purpose and
belief, and are truly sorry and penitent for it, shall be executed
with the sword, and the women buried in a pit.
“And in order to better detect these Anabaptists, their adherents
and accomplices, we expressly command all subjects, to make
known and report them to the officer of the place where they
reside or shall be found…
“Moreoever, we prohibit all our subjects from asking for mercy,
forgiveness, or reconciliation for the aforesaid Anabaptists, or
1535 from presenting any petition for this purpose, on pain of
summary punishment; for because of their evil doctrine, we will
not have or permit that any Anabaptists shall have any mercy
shown to them, but that they shall be punished, as an example
unto others, without any dissimulation, favor or delay…”
[from Brussels, 10 June 1535]b
300 Munsterites (including the brother of Menno Simons) laid
hold of an old monastery (Oude Kloster) outside the city of
Bolsward and entrenched itself there; government forces
beseiged the cloister and killed 130 of them; the remaining
were executed on April 7thm; Menno Simons felt personally
responsible for their blood, as he had not dared to part from the
Church of Rome up to that time…
The “Old Cloisterites” genocide (above) led to the final
Tyndale arrested in “conversion” of Menno Simons to turn from the ease and
Antwerp, held in a safety of the Church of Rome, with all its heretical teachings; he
1535
castle near Brussels dared to openly attack the evils of the Catholic church; this went
on for 9 months in his parish of Witmarsumm
P. Kosterb, ordained Anabaptists S. Jansb, H. G. van
Anabaptist teacher, arrested
Campenb, S. Benedictusb, and
in Amsterdam, sentenced to
death by the sword, which two women (Femmetgenb and
took place in 1535 Welmutb) were apprehended in
Anabaptist A. Claessen b Hoorn, West Friesland; the men
beheaded in Leeuwaerden, were beheaded and the woman
Friesland drowned
Menno Simons definitively broke from the
David Joris was
Catholic church, leaving his post at
disowned by the
Witnarsum in Jan 1536; he spent the year
Obbenite
in hiding, leaving traces of his
Anabaptists,
whereabouts (Witmarsum to Leeuwarden,
founded a sect
back to Witmarsum and to Groningen) in
called the Twelve Germansc
Farel convinced- the records of the martyrs who were later
Davidiansm burned in London;
Anabaptists J. threatened Calvin punished for sheltering himm
Kelsb of Kufestein, to stay in Genevap fivec burned at the Anabaptists P.
stake in Edinburgh Gerritsb, P. Jorisb, Seven Anabaptists
M. Seifensiederb of
Wald, and H. M. Gonincr P. Leydeckerb, and from Gofedaum in
Oberackerb of strangled and Johanna Melsb Etschland were
1536
Eschtland were drowned in were tortured on the arrested and put to
betrayed and Grenoble rack in Zierichzee, death; “Thus they
arrested in Vienna, then burned were put to death
where they were mightily admonishing
G. Cowbridgec T. Cromwell Tyndalec betrayed the people to
burned alive interceded on to Antwerp
burned at the stake repent”b (H. Beck,
Calvin wrote the Tyndale’s behalf authorities,
at Oxford W. Schneider, C.
first edition his condemned for
Institutes for King Alzeiter, B. Gesel,
Rogers began work Anne Boleync, her heresy, strangled, Wolfert, H. Maurer,
Francis I of to complete brother, Lord of and burned at the
Francep and P.
Tyndale’s Rocheford , and stake in Brussels
c
Kranewitter)b
translation of OT others put to death Erasmus died
Menno Simons married Gertrude m

Menno Simons was ordained an
Anabaptist elder by Obbe Philips (who
After a first himself left the brotherhood in 1541) in the
Anabaptists S. imprisonment and province of Groningen sometime in early
release, Anabaptist
Glasmacherb and The completed 1537, at that time they were known as
G. Vasserb went to “Obbenites”m
H. Gruenfelderb Pechstall, Austria, to
Tyndale Bible was
were arrested at published in Paris In Cassel of
1537 evangelize and plant
Imst. in the and Antwerp under Flanders, the
a church; a deceiver the pseudonym
uppervalley of the Anabaptist P. de
betrayed him; he Thomas Matthew
Inn, and were was arrested, Keursb was
executed by sword tortured, and arrested for
executed by sword separating himself
from “this wicked
world”; he was
imprisoned and
martyred
Anabaptist minister Anabaptists H.
H Peizb was Wuchererb and H.
arrested with some Bartelb were
1537
of his fellow arrested in Bavaria,
believersb; they were repeatedly
died in prison tortured on the rack,
and burned alive
M. Pierrec burned at
the stake in Douay
Anabaptist M. Olivétan
Widemanb or Beck Geneva expelled disappeared while
Anabaptist L. Farel and Calvinp travelling to Rome;
was arrested in Anabaptist teacher
Lochmairb (a In December 1538, was thought
Ricten in Allgau; he a decree was P. Vandruyenb and
was beheaded and former priest) and O. poisonedp and left to
published in M. Stevensb, J.
burned Greizingerb (with a die in Ferrare, Italy
large sum upon his England “against Blockb, and
[from 1538 on, it the believers Two young
Anabaptist M. of head) were Anabaptists J. Adrianb were
1538 became more baptized according strangled and
[here Vilgratenb and C. apprehended and common in France to the ordinance of J. Nicholson Styaertsb and
brought to Brixen in c Peterb arrested in burned in Vucht near
ends Schumacherb for heretics to be Christ” b (called Lambert)
Tyrol; Greizingerb Herzogenbusch (9th
my arrested in Olivétanp burned hanging burned at the stake Mereedor, Flanders;
was severely Sept); 11th Sept,
input of Michelsberg in disappeared while over a fire, using an in London [not they contracted
van tortured to tell of Paul’s wifeb was
Priesterthal; travelling to Rome, espadrade, instead Winchester]h worms in prison, and
strangled, alone with
Bracht] executed with sword those who had the bait was to of being attached to were finally executed
harbored him; he two other womenb
discuss questions a stake] by sword
was put on the rack and J. van
Anabaptist H. of Hebrew
multiple times but Capelleb; 14th Sept,
Seyelb of Mur and gave no information, translation; never
27 English
Hansb of Wels were he was burned alive heard from; thought 27 English a young manb was
Anabaptists fled to beheaded
arrested in poisoned Anabaptistb put to
on Oct 31st; the Netherlands to
Sandweid of Lochmairb was death in the
flee persecutionb
Kaernthen; they beheaded Nov 2nd Netherlands
were executed by
sword
Anna of
The 31 English
b Rotterdamb was put
King Ferdinand J. Vindocinr, Cromwell ordered Anabaptists (16 to death for her
L. Courtetc burned Law of “Six “Great Bible” men and 15 women)
sent his Marshall former priest, Articles” brought to testimony of Christ in
at the stake in placed in English who fled persecution
from Vienna to burned at the stake English Parliament the same city on Jan
Savoy churches were arrested in
arrest 150 in Agen 24th; she left a
In Tyrol, Apolloniab, Anabaptist men
Delft and put to
testimony for her
wife of L. Seyle, death the same year
and women in son, Isaiah
arrested as an Steinborn, Austria,
1539 Anabaptist, brought T. Reynertsb, an
on Dec 6th; they Anabaptist from
to Brixen, where she were brought to the A. Jacobsb, his
was tested and 31 English Friesland, was
castle of arrested and killed wifeb, and sonb
drowned Anabaptists fled to were arrested,
Falkenstein, where on a wheel on 8 Jan
they were Delft, Holland to flee brought to
1539 because he
questioned and kept persecutionb Monickendam,
had sheltered
for some time Menno Simons; tortured, and
Simons has also drowned
baptized him
Pictures of Anabaptist leaders were
posted in West Friesland, and prices
began to be placed on their headsb
Menno Simons
1539 wrote the 250 page
Foundation of
Christian Doctrine
and the 60 page
Christian Baptismm
Ninety Anabaptist Etienne Brunc
men were burned at the stake
sentenced to go to in Dauphin; C. le
the sea; they were Crespin received
Peintrec burned at
driven through the doctorate and is R. Barnesc, W. Paul III established
the stake in Paris
country, where they approved as Jeromec burned at Loyola’s Society of
Calvin (~31 yrs Lawyer to
1540
shared the Gospel
old) married T. Cromwellc the stake in 4 theologiansc Jesus (Jesuits),
as they went; 75 Parliament of executed London; T. Garretc martyred at Louvain “The Church
men were able to Idelette de Bure France; witnessed Militant,” by Papal
M Oryr established decapitated in
escape and return to burning of London Bull
as Inquisitor
Moravia, the rest Claude le Peintrec General of France
were placed to row
in the Galleys; their
fate is unknownb
J. Marlarc
decapitated and
Marguerite
Loyola elected first
English Parliament Boulardc buried
R. Mekinsc, 15 secretary general of
passed Law (1541) alive in Douais; J. Jesuits
year old brought
At the Disputation of Six Articles that before Bishop Jusbergc
of Worms, Eck its citizens must Bonner of London, decapitated in
called attention to believe: who delivered him Bruxelles
Pastor A. de la
the changes (1) Transubstantia- up to be martyred; Anabaptist leader,
Melancthon had Farel and Calvin Voyecr strangled tion; (2) Use of Host Obbe Philips, laid
1541 (or neck broken) Jeanc, Gillesc (a In an attempt to
inserted into the returned to Geneva only; (3) Celibacy of extirpate down his office as
and burned in German) and
Augsburg Priests; (4) Binding bishop and left the
Confession, making Bordeaux nature of vows of Lancelot burned Anabaptism from
c
in London at 5 Friesland, money “brotherhood”m
it too favorable to chastity; (5) Private was put on Simons Simons shifted his
Calvinistic viewss3 masses at church a.m.; R. Spencerc head (100 gold
ministry to
only; (6) Necessity and A. Hewetc guilders), as well as Amsterdamm
of confessionsc burned a pardon from Simons authored
Queen Mary, regent the 160 page The
of the Netherlandsm True Christian
Faithm
Constantinc, G. Tielemansc
Dirk Philips
martyred in Pope Paul III
became the O. Bouncerc,
[Mennonite] Bruxelles; Remyc published bull to
J. Challesc, decapitated, and his convene Council at
1542 Anabaptist bishop
[traveling pastor] in [it became habitual G. Fonquesc, all J. Mortonc and wife, Matthinette du the Alpine city of
Inquisi burned for heresy in
in France that T. Bernardc Buisetc, was buried Trent
-tion the area of Danzigm
tongues were cut Rouen burned in Lincoln; alive in Douais
rees- Ecclesiastical
out before burning Knox converted to J. Porterc died in
tabli- Menno Simons and Ordinances made Dec 7, 1542, Pope Paul III
at the stake, lest reformation prison in London
shed Dirk Philips law in Geneva
martyrs preach to Gillis of Aachen for reading from the
Charles V placed a instituted the
by ordained Roelof the crowds as they became the Apostle Paul in the
bounty of 100 gold “Congregation for
Pope Martens [aka. [Mennonite] Guilders on the head Pontifical Inquisition”
were burning] Bible at church
Paul III Adam Pastor] as a Anabaptist bishop of Simons, (of which no
bishop; Pastor was [traveling pastor] in forbidding people to document exists
later excommuni- the Rhinelandm shelter him or to outside of Rome’s
cated in 1547m read his booksm closed archives)h3
In Emden, East In West Friesland,
[it became common Secretary to the A. Peersonc, R.
Friesland, Countess Remission of
practice to burn Cardinal of Paris, F. Testwoodc, and
Anna set up a crimes was
Zwinglian Protestant Bible colporteurs Bribardc burned in J. Marbeckc promised for any
church under the with their Bibles Paris; and Priest J. burned at the stake murderers or
leadership of John a Calvin authored and books tied de Becc burned in at Windsor due to thieves, a pardon of
his tract around their necks] Troye Six Articles the Emperor, as well
Lascom
“Advertisement … as 100 Carl
1543
Menno Simons on the invention of Poet Clement Guilders for anyone
settled his ministry in the holy bodies and Marotc, suspected The University of
who would turn over
northwest Germany, reliques…” Paris published 25
of being Lutheran Articles of the Menno Simonsb
away from the fled to Geneva; he Faith by which Menno Simons
severe edicts of Holy later helped with Evangelical heretics moved his ministry
Roman Emperor editing the Geneva were to be tried into northwest
Charles Vm Bible
Germanym
In East Friesland, G. Hussonc gave Anabaptists L.
Converted on a
Gospel booklets King Francis I Lamberts and J.
three “Anabaptist” [Husson was tied business trip to
before parliament signed an arrest Claeszoon
groups existed: by the hands and Calvin authored Germany, F. de St
of Rouen, went to warrant for certain (Claassen, a
Bratenburgers, feet behind his his tract “The Romainc wrote
1544 do likewise in Waldensians and ordained minister),
Davidians (followers back and hoisted Excuse of the letters to Spain and
Dieppe, was found, Lutherans who both baptized by
of David Joris), and up by a large pulley Nicodemites” tracts in Spanish,
arrested, tongue lived in Merindol Menno Simons,
Menists (later above a fire] was immediately
cut out, and hung and Cabrières were martyred on
Mennonites)m arrested arriving at
over a fire Jan 19m
Anvers, found guilty
Jan 28-31, 1544,
of being “parfait
Menno Simons met
Lutherien,” partially
with John a Lasco Belgium Inquisitor
burned, removed,
1544 to discuss matters of Jacques Mason
not recanting, built
theology, they died (68 yrs old)
up the fire again, in
disagreed on the
Spain
incarnation, the
calling of ministers, Ex-Munsterite,
and baptismm Menno Simons fled David Joris, left
to Cologne, the “Anabaptist”
Simons produced a Germany, where sect he founded
statement of faith, Archbishop Herman called Davidians,
“Brief and Clear von Wied was moved to Basel,
Confession” to deal transforming the joined the
with the incarnation bishopric into a Reformed church,
and calling of Lutheran and changed his
1544 ministers m principalitym name to John of
Brugesm
Lasco published
Simons confession
and used it against
him, although
tolerating Menistsm
Crespin Since the

condemned for Waldensian and
Council of Trent began
heresy, forced to Lutheran sects
flee to Strasbourg were reproved and
1545 P. Brully (aka contrary to the A. Estallufret, Rochc, an
Mioce)c and J. Catholic faith, and J. de Bucqc, artist, mutilated
since many of these N. van Poulec,
Chobardc burned one of his
lived in Merindol and M. statues of
at the stake for
and Cabrières, on
heresy in Lorraine; Huerblocqc , Mary, for this
In Metz, where the 16th of April burned at the blasphemy he
Farelc had everyone in the two stake in was burned at
[strategically located between Rome and

preached, Adamc towns were Belgium; Marie the stake in
massacred, over (aka Marion) Spain; M.
in an area controlled by Austria]

beaten to death
with sticks and 850 killedc, de la Pierrec Ensinas
trampled by a historian H. Martin and wife of J. burned at the
Council of Trent
police horse, also estimated 4 to 5 de Bucqc stake in Rome
Wittenberg,
1545 Threec forced in thousand killedr; buried alive in
the river, stoned, some refugees fled Belgium
and drowned; Bible to Geneva
bookseller in
Avignon beaten
and burned with
two Bibles at his
neck (one in front
and in back)
P. Bon-Painc Rogerc burned at
C. Senarclens
burned at the stake the stake in
1546 wrote Historia vera
in Paris for London; Anne
[Cres- de morte sancti uiri
evangelizing; P.
pin, Bk Ioannis Diazii Askewc, N. The Spanish J.
Luther (~63 yrs old) J. Diazc martyred in Chapotc, strangled The Fourteen from Meaux (P.
II
died in Eisleben
Hispani (Basle,
Leclerk, E. Mangin, M. Beleniamc, J. J. Eck died
Diazc (aka
Neubourg and burned at the
ended; 1546)w about the Caillon, J. Bouchebec, J. c
Adams , and J. Ensinas),
Bk III stake for bringing
martyrdom of J. Brissebar, H. Butinot, F. Lascellesc burned turned over by
began] Bibles into Paris; E.
Diaz Leclerk, T. Honnore, J. at the stake in his brother,
Poulliotc burned at
the stake in Paris Baudouin, J. Flesche, J. London burned in
Picquery, P. Picquery, J. Romec,
The Lutheran
Princes were Mateflon, and P. Petit)c plus likewise his
defeated by the a man named Couberonc brother
Catholics in the who was encouraging them Françoisc was
Smalcald War; this were burned alive in Paris, killed in a
1546 forced Menno one, M Piquery, was hung querelle over
Simons to flee because of his youthfulness the Gospel
Cologne and
Archbishop H. von
Wiedm
Menno Simons fled

to Holstein,
Germany, on the
Baltic, where he
remained to the end
of his life (1561); he
became the
Anabaptist bishop
[traveling pastor] of
1546 northern Germany;
Holstein was under
the rulership of the
King of Denmarkm
At Lubeck the
[Mennonite]
Anabaptist bishops
met to discuss the
doctrinal position of
N. Blesdijkm
Emperor Charles V J. Taffigonc & his
sought to unify all fo wife J. J. l’Angloisc burned in
Germany through Sejournamc, S.
the Diet of Sense; M. Miquelotc
1547 Augsburg, Mareschalc & his (Destoubequin) in Tournais;
continued the policy wife J. Baillyc, G. L. du Prec in Paris; and J.
of the Diet of Spier Michautc, J. Brugièrec at Issoire
(1526) s3 Boulereauc, and J.
Bretenayc burned Under Henry II, King of
[Mennonite] at the stake in France (1547-1559), was
Anabaptist bishops Langres instituted a special courtroom
met semi-annually at to deal with heretics, “La
1547 Emden to discuss Chambre Ardente” (1547-
matters of doctrine 1559), as a result 600
and disciplinem Huguenots were arrested
from 1547-1550r
Anabaptist bishop
Adam Pastor was
excommunicated
1547 due to false teaching
on the divinity of
Christm
S. Nivetc of Meaux martyred
Crespin fled for in Paris; O. Blondelc burned J. Rogers returned
J. Rogers returned Crespin arrived in at the stake in Tours for
1548 Geneva to England (from
to England Geneva warning someone of their Germany)
impious and superstitious
speech
H. Burrec burned in Dijon; E.
Investigation of Peloquinc to have tongue cut
King Henry II into out and to be burned over a M. Nicholasc,
atrocities of Menier small fire in Paris; a Tailorcr c
Calvin’s wife,
in the massacres at for the King in Paris (who Cranmer authored Augustin and
Idelette died Knox in his wife,
1549 Merindol and gazed at the King as he Book of Common
(married about 9 England Marionc
Cabrières; no burned); and widow Anne Prayer
yrs) martyred in
decision was Audebertc was captured as
rendered, which led Belgium
she sought to flee to Geneva,
to more killings tried in Paris, burned alive in
Orleans
Menier executed To celebrate the return of King
Gaulteryc in Digne Henry II into Paris, two former
and B. Audouinc priests, F. Venotc and L
1549
in Aix-en-Provence, Galimarc, burned alive after
and several the King’s dinner in front of
othersc also the Notre Damer
Against the desires Second French

of the Sorbonne Authorized
C. Thierryc burned Faninoc hung
Council of Trent Continued

(that wanted no Bible, called
at the stake in Louvain, and burned
French Bible),
Orleans; J. published Ferrare, Italy
second French
J. Rogers received
Authorized Bible Godeauc and G.
Common man A. the crown livings of
1550 published, called Beraudinc likewise
c St. Margaret
the Louvain Bible; in Chambery; Wallace burned in Moyses
Loyola
hoped to replace colporteur M. Scotland before a
completed F. Negri wrote
Lefevre’s Bible and Moreauc likewise in great crowd of
draft of the De Fannii
(especially) the Troyes impressive folk
Constitutions Faventini
Swiss Olivétan
version for the Jesuit (1550)w
order
C. Monierc roasted
over a fire in Lyon;18 year old T. de Gilot Vivierc, his brother-in-law
M. Secenatc, a St. Paulcr burned M. Lefevrec, his father, J.
former priest, alive in Paris for Lefevrec, and Gilot’s wife,
burned at the stake quietly correcting Hanon Lefevrec) from
in Nimes someone for their J. Rogers named Valenciennes (in the Low
vulgarities; 22 year vicar of St. Lands) burned at the stake,
1551 old colporteur J.
Edict of Chateau- Sepulchre’s and Hanon was pregnant at her
briand (from the Joerycr and his reader of St. Paul’s arrest, so she was kept in
“Chambre young servantc prison until she gave birth, then
Ardente”) listed 46 burned alive in she was burned alive; Michelle
articles describing Toulouse (Bibles de Caignonclec was burned
heresyr around their necks alive with Gilot and the others
G. de
The “Five of Lyon”:r Hamellec
M. Albac, D. Peloquinc, burned at the
Calvin and P. Viret P. Escrivainc, former priest, stake in Young
(pastor in Geneva) returning to Geneva Tournay; C. Englishman, G.
wrote to the Bernard Seguinc,
with his sister, Volcartc, Gardinerc took

Lausanne Five C. Favrec, and
degraded and Humbertc, a consecrated
while they were in P. Navihèrec burned alive at
prison, as well as arrested on their Edward Philebertc, hoste from the
Ville-Franche; H. Cardinal and
D. Peloquin; some third day in Lyon, c
Seymour , the and P. Rouxc
1552 Gravierc martyred stepped on it
letters describe the imprisoned, judged Duke of Somerset were burned at
conversion of a guilty of heresy, in Bourg-en-Bresse; the stake in (before the
beheaded
thief in prison strangled and R. Poyetc Flanders King), was
named Jean burned at the (illegitimate son of G. da Milano tortured, then
the Chancellor of wrote of burned over a
Chambon who stake; P. Bergiercr, fire in Lisbon,
later went to having signed the France, Guillaume Fanino’s
Geneva Poyet) burned at martyrdom Portugal
confession of B.
Seguin, was the stake in Anjou (Passione de
strangled in Lyon fanino
martyr)w
M. Dymonetcr N. Nailc arrested King Edward died;

[beginning with N. Reformed Pastors martyred for heresy with Bibles from Queen Mary took
1553 Nail became Calvin, Viret, and in Lyon; L. de Geneva burned the throne
[Cres- common in France Farel correspond Marsacc and his
over a fire in Paris; Jane Grayc and
pin, Bk to tie sticks in the with the Five of A Magnec burned her husband,
III mouth of the Lyon, M. Dymonet, cousinc, and E. alive in Paris; G. Guilford Dudleyc,
ended; condemned so that R. Lefevre, and Gravotc burned at Neelcr, former J. Rogers placed beheaded by
Bk IV they could not others while they the stake for heresy Augustin monk, on house arrest in Queen Mary
began] speak to the crowd are imprisoned in in Lyon; S. Laloéc burned at the stake London
while being burned] Lyon martyred in Dijon, in Evreux; E. le
his executioner, J. Royc and
Sylvestre, was P. Denocheauc
Execution of the converted as a
Socinian Servetus executed in
result and moved to Chartres; P. Cranmer authored
(who had a price Geneva; D.
1553 Serrecr, former 42 Articles of the
on his head from
the Inquisition) in Peloguinc burned priest, burned at the Church of England
Geneva at the stake in Ville- stake in Toulouse
franche
J. Crespin P. Panierc, former G. Dalençoncr,
shocked by the member of Bible colporteur, January 1554, J.
martyrdom of the parliament of betrayed, martyred Rogers sent in O. Catelinec, converted in
Lausanne Five, Bourgogne, with a repentant Newgate prison by England, burned alive in his
and desirous that decapitated in Dole dyer of clothc in Bonner, the new homtown of Gand, Belgium; T.
their deaths not be of Bourgogne; J. Montpelier; R. Le Bishop of London; Calberguec burned alive in
1554
forgotten began Filleulc and J. Fevrecr arrested in he was there with J. Tournay for owning a Geneva
writing his History Leveilléc hung and Lyons, burned at Hooper, L

songbook, and for writing
of the True burned alive in the Saunders, J. spiritual songs; J. Maloc
Witnesses to the Paris for travelling stake in Paris; P. de Bradford, and executed in Mons
Truth of the to Geneva; F. la Vauc burned others
Gospel, Who with Gambac burned at alive in Nimes
Their Blood the stake at Bresse
Signed, from John in Lombardie; D. Le
Hus to the Present Vayrc, former
Time (Geneva, priest, from
1554) Normandy, Knox fled to
1554 colporteur of Geneva
Geneva Bibles,
raised from the fire
three times before
being burned alive
in Rouen
27th March J. Lawrencec, R.
L. Rabus Feb 4th in London J. Rogersc, the first
G. de Dongnonc, Whitec, and W. Dighelc at Paul IV
published historien heretic burned alive under reign of
der heyligen … former priest, Queen Mary, he was a former priest, was Gloucester, W. Pygatc at gave
martyrern burned at the stake
married, ordained in Wittenberg, and Braintree, J. Alcockc died of special
(Strasbourg, 1555) in Limoges returned to England to preach the sickness in a London prison, D. Witcoqc powers to
Gospel, became a professor of theology his body was thrown on a beheaded Jesuits
under Ridley (later burned Oct 16th); manure pile 24th April, in Mons; to make
Waldrue war on
Bishop J. Hooperc burned in Gloucester; Pastor G. Marshc burned at
1555 The Chambery Five the stake at Westchester, Carlierc the
H. Gudakerc, primate of Ireland
[Cres- (J. Vernouc, A. buried alive disciples
poisoned; 5th Feb, Minister and Lawyer and W. Flowerc burned at
pin, Bk Laboriec, J. in Mons for of Jesus
More R. Taylorc thrown in the fire at Aldham Westminster for whistling
IV allowing (named
Trigaletc, G. during mass; 31st May,
ended; correspondence Common; 8th Feb, L. Saundersc, Bible after the
Bk V available between Tauranc, and B. minister in London, burned at the stake in Minister J. Cardmakerc reading in 1326 so-
began] the Chambery Five, Bataillec) at first Coventry; 26th Feb, Bishop R. Ferrorc burned at the stake in her home; called
John Calvin, sentenced to London with businessman J. J. heretics
burned at the stake at Carmarthen; 5th
Pierre Viret, and rowing for the Warrenc Porceauc in
March, T. Thomkinsc burned on hand
others included by King’s ships, martyred in Portugal,
prior to being burned at the stake in Feb-May 1555 English
Crespin changed to Mons called
London, also T. Higbyc at Horndon; T. Martyrs
beheading in “Police
February: 5 ministers
Chambery, Savoy, Caustonc burned at Raleigh; 15th W. of
March: 8+2 persons
France Hunterc at Brentwood; 25th S. Knightc at April: 1+1 Jesus”)
Malden May: 1+1
A convicted thief, Toulee, spoke against Rome and the Pope before his
death, leading to a proclamation; in June 1555, the Archbishop of
Crespin published
Canterbury published this proclamation: “Anyone not accepting the
the second edition
Holiness of the Pope was to be condemned as a heretic”
of his martyrology
(excommunication as defined by Aquinas [above] meant the death
penalty)
M Bucer’sc and P Fagius’c bodies Also martyred in July, J.

Villegaignon Vice Admiral of
asked the Geneva England, exhumed and burned as heretics in Wadec burned in Dartford; D.
1555 town council for Cambridge, likewise the body of the wife
Villegaignon, set Harmanc in Lewes; J.
ministers of the of P Martyrc at Oxford; 9th June, T.
sail from Le Havre, Landerc in Steyning; the
Gospel; they sent France, Wattsc at Chelmsford; 10th June, Count lame R. Hookc and T.
P. Richier and G. presumably in the
T. Hawkesc burned at the stake in Eversonc in Chichester; N.
Chartier who were hopes of Goggeshall for not wanting his son Hallc in Rochester
accompanied by establishing a baptized in the method of the
many from France, Reformed colony in Papists;11th June, N. Chamberlainc, in [Crespin wrote that in the
set sail from Brazil, with peace Colchester, J. Simsonc in Rochfort, and first 2 years of Queen Mary’s
Council of Trent
Honfleur, France and tranquility for reign 800 Protestants (mainly
Continued
c
those who believe J. Erdley at Rayleigh; 12 June, W. leaders) were put to death!]
th
the Gospel from Butler , T. Osmond ; J. Bradfordc and

c c
Francec John Leafc burned on a pile of wood in
1555 Smythfield near London; 11th July, G.
June-July 1555 Engl
Mingc, a minister of the Gospel, died in
Martyrs
prison before martyrdom; 12th July, J.
June: 6
July: 12+1 died in prison
Blandc, J. Francksc, N. Scheterdenc,
and H. Middletonc burned in Canterbury
In August, G. Ailewardc died in prison; 6th of Sept burned in
J. Absc burned Edmondsbury; J. Canterbury, G. Bradbrigec,
Denleyec burned in Uxbridge; Elizabeth J. Tuttyec, A. Burwardc, G.
Warnec burned in Stadford; J. Catnerc, R. Steuterc; 11th
P.
Neumanc burned in Safron; Six burned James Leafc died in prison B. LeBlasc
on the 13th Aug in Canterbury: R. in London, also were burned Algierc
burned at
burned at
Cokerc, H. Lawrencec, G. Hopperc, G. T. Haywardc and T Gorwayc the stake in
the stake
Sterec, and R. Wrightc; 14th of August, at Litchfield; R. Smythc, G. Tournay
in Rome
R. Citierc burned in Tautone; the 26th G. Andrewc, and G. Bingc died
Tankerfieldc and G. Baumefordc in St. at the Tower of London
Albons, P. Patinghanc in Uxbridge, and (“Tower of Lollards”); 19th R.
R. Smythc burned at Stanes; the 30th S. Gloverc and C. Bungayec
N. DuChesnec Harwoodc and T. Fussec burned at burned at Coventry; 16th of Brothers F
traveling from Ware; the 31st J. Neumac and J. and N.
Oct J. Webc, G. Painterc
Lausanne to get his Denleyec burned at Safronwalden and burned in Canterbory, Bishop Matthyscc,
1555 wife, arrested in burned at
G. Harlesc at Barnet; 2nd of Sept Rev. of London N. Ridleyc and
Gry for not lifting the stake in
c bishop of Worchester H.
his hat before an R. Samuel burned in Ipswich; 3 G.
rd
Malines
c
inquisitor, burned at Alyn at Walsingham T. Cosby at c Latimerc burned at Oxford; (Belgium)
the stake in Gry on Chetford, T. Coxc at Yexford also died in Oct, G. on Dec.
October 8th Wisemanc died in the Tower 23rd
of London, J. Gortec died in
prison in Colchester,
Aug-Oct 1555 English Martyrs
August: 14+1 died in prison
1555
September: 12 + 3 died in prison
October: 2 bishops
c
J. Philpotc, church T. Cramner , Laurentc and J.
doctor, burned at Archbishop of
J. Rabecc, former the stake in Canterbury, author Fasseauc Pope Paul IV
of 42 Articles, beheaded at
C. de la Franciscan, had his London; five men published
tongue cut out and burned in London accused of treason, Mons, Belgium; Index librorum
Canesierec, A. de
was raised and on Jan 27th, Pastor burned at the stake prohibitorum
arrested in Lyon on
lowered over a fire T. Whittlec, B. in Oxford; five Lopphenc further
his way to Geneva, burned in burned over delineating
in Angers; Former Greenc, T.
burned at the stake Canterbury: J. slow fire and J. prohibited
priest, P. de c
in Lyon on Feb 1
Rousseau burned Brown , J Lomasc, Anne de Lespe- Bibles and
similarly in Angers Tudson c , J. c
Albright , J. darmec also other books
Wentc, with 2 Solec, Jeanne martyred in Ath,
women, Agnes Belgium
Painterc,
(Isabelle) Fosterc, Agnes Snothc;
Jeanne burned at Bury, J.
1556
Crespin published Lashfordc;two Abbesc
[Cres- women burned in
two more editions Loyola died in
pin, Bk London: Anne
of his martyrology, Rome
V Pottenc, and the
including Book 3
ended]
wifec of Micheal
the shoemaker
J. Bert- Martyrs: March 24, Salisbury: Spicerc, Maundrellec,

randc, Corbeleyc; April 2, Cambridge: minister J. Hoillardec;
martyre Rochester: Hirtpoolec, and a widow Jeanne Bechesc;
The Ministers from 30th April François Minister R. Oguierc and
d in April 10, in London: 2 ministers, G. Tymmesc, R.
Geneva and the de Mauny, at his son
Blois;

boats, arriving in Archbishop of Pambra Drakesc; G. Ambroisec, J. Cavelc, T. Spurgec, R.
Arnaud
Bordeaux, officially m J. Bauchedonc
Brazil, after much Spurgec; April 28, in Golchester: minister C. Lysterc; J.
1556 Monierc prohibited the burned at the
[Cres-
difficulty, were well Hullierc Masec, R. Nicholc, J. Spencerc, J. Hamonc, S. Joynec; stake in Lisle,
received by and singing of the burned in
pin, Bk
Villegaignon; who Jean de Psalms at home, May 5, in Glochester: 2 blind men, Thomasc and J. Flanders, eight
VI Cam- days later his
asked the ministers Cazesc church, or in the bridge; Uprisec; Crokerc and the lame and aged H. Lauerokc;
began] condem- wifec and other
toestablish police streets, nor sale or Former May 16, in London: a widow Catherine Hutc, with two
and church order ned to owning of Psalms or tailor girls, Jean Hornec and Elizabeth Thaeuelc; May 19 in son, Martinc,
according to the be New Testaments in turned were burned at
dragged Beccles: E. Polusc, J Dennyc, and a woman named
custom of Geneva Frenchc travelling the stake
though Spencerc; May 31 in London: G. Leachec (died in
the prison); June 1 in Lewes: T. Harlandc, J. Osewardec, T.
streets Redec, T. Abingtonc, and 2 preachers T. Hoodec, T.
of evan- Myllesc; June 23, in London: minister G. Aheralc; then
Bordeau gelist
x June 25, J. Clementc + 2c who died in prison; June 27,
George
in Alchester: a servant (Lyon)c; in Stradforde: H.
Eaglesc,
partially Adlingtonc, R. Jacsonc, G. Holiwelc, T. Bowerc, L.
strangled Parmenc, L. Coyxec, H. Wiec, J. Dorefalc, J. Rothec, E.
1556
, cut into Hurstc, G. Searlesc, Elizabeth Peperc and Agnes
fourths in Georgec; in London died in prison: T. Paretc and M.
Cloches-
Huntc; June 29 in Edmond-Burye: Spurdanec,
ter, head
put on a Fortunéc,and anotherc July 1, in London: J. Carelsc
stake died in prison; July 16, in Nuberie: J. Guynec, Askenc,
and J. Palmerc; July 18, in Grenestade: T. Dingatc, J.
Formanc, mother Triec; Aug 1 in Darbie: a blind
womanc; Sept in Bristau: a weaverc; Sept 24, in
1556
Amesfield: J. Hartc, T. Rauendalec, a shoemakerc, a
leathersmithc, N. Holdenc; Sept 25, in Bristau: young
manc; in Newent, J. Hornec and a womanc; a the
Canterbury castle: died of hunger: J.
Clarkec, D. Chettendenc, G. Fosterc, Colporteur B.
Priest J. Casabonec, from and the wife of Polkinsc; early Oct in Hectorc,
Agenois, arrested and burned Northhampton: a shoemakerc; Oct 18 at strangled and
1556
at the stake for not teaching burned in
Canterbury castle: three prisonnersc
according to the church Thurin, Italy (or
died
1555)m2
In Brazil, P. Hamelincr, Burned at the stake C. Conickc (Le

Villegaignon fomer priest, in Dijon: A. Roy) burned at
turned on the converted at Sepharonc, P. the stake in
Geneva ministers Saintes, France, Cenec, Jacques, N. Bruges, Geneva
on the issue of imprisoned (in Flanders; A. mission trip to
1546), escaped du Rousseauc; N.
transubstantiation, Emphlitiusc Sicily suffers 6-
death by Sartoirec burned
siding with a alive in Chamberry; (Merula) 12 martyrsf
Cointac, a denouncing, for 12

midnight riot against burned at the every three
Sorbonne years established
a Protestant stake in Mons; years
graduate, ended in printing press in
Geneva, was gathering on St A. Dierickc
some Geneva James street, Paris: martyred in
martyrs in Brazil married with
1557 one person Moerkerke
children, then
became colporteur, trampledr, 100-120
and was strangled arrested, leading to
(trumpets blarring) the death of some in Burned in
and burned in jail, and the burning Turin, J.
English Geneva Bordeaux
of others the next English Geneva
NT printed, a Bible Vavaillem2;
A meeting of 50 year New Testament
divided into verses burned in Val
[Mennonite] published
for the first time d’Oste, N.
Anabaptist bishops
met in Strasbourg Sartorism2
to discuss “the
ban”m
See Arrested in Paris, G. Last martyrs under Queen Mary: deacon
Frances Civauxf, G. Varaglec News of five
[Romyen would martyred in Dijon; Tardifc, J. Caillouc, C. Simsonc, and shoemakers C. burned alive in
either be burned Devenyshc and H Foxec; in Huntington, martyrsc (J.
B. Romyenc and N. de Jenvillec, Thurin [Italy]; J.
Confession of the alive, or if he burned at the stake Lawtonc; dead in London prison: J. du Bordelc, M.
Anabaptist T. van recanted strangled betrayed, body du Champc
1558 dislocated, then in their hometowns; Mainerdc; In Clochester, J. Harrisonc, and an Vermeilc, P.
Imbroeckb in (then burned); they
N. Clinetcr, T. Bourdonc) in
also announced his burned over a fire Dayec, and Agnes Georgec; in Anabaptistc
Cologne Brazil from
death asking all in Marseille; G. Gravellecr, and Norwich, R. Harris, J. Daws, the wives executed in
Guerincr martyred Geneva
good Christians to Philippe de Lunsr of Georgec and threec; dead in London Anvers
in Paris, recanted, [Belgium]; G. mission team
bring wood to the (Gravelle)c prison, T. Tylerc and M. Wethersc,
town marketplace then came to his martyred in Paris; 5 executed were: H. Pondc, M Verdicktc
to burn a senses, the crowd or 6 days later .Rycarbiec, J. Holidaiec, J. Flondc, R. martyred in
Lutheran]c kindled the fire formartyred in Paris: N.
Lavonderc, R. Hollandc, and T. Brussels
him and assisted in le Cenec and P.
his death; young c c
Sowthan ; in Norwich: T. Withed ; in
Gabartc; also
boy J. Morelcr martyred in Paris, Brainsford: J. Sladec, Pikesc + 3
convertrd when two students othersc; in Winchester: Bambridgec
seeing the (tortured by water
martyrdom of and fire): F.
Rebezies and Rebeziescr and F.
Danville ( ), Danvillecr; died of Mary Tudor died Nov 1558,
almost torture in Paris two months after her father-in-
equivocated, he prison: R. du Seauc law, emperor Charles V; the
was burned alive in
Paris and J. Almaricc same week as Mary died, so
did the Cardinal and Papal
1558
Legate Reginald Pole (who
had received absolution from
the Pope for taking part in the
Anglican church, and
persecuted many)
J. Barbevillecr N. Ballonc, Bible

burned alive in a colporteur, brought
large fire in Paris; to the place of his
on the same day a martyrdom with a
“Paul IV ordered among the Biblia

thief was also hung ball in his mouth,
prohibita (prohibited books) a whole series
in Paris; P. strangled, then
Eliza- of Latin Bibles. He added that all Bibles in
Chevetc, more burned in Paris; his
beth I the vulgar tongue could not be printed nor
Calvin wrote final than 60 years old, companion, N. Knox returned to
1559 became kept without permission of the Holy Office.
edition of Institutes invited to share the Guenonc, the first Scotland Queen of This was in practicality a prohibition of
Gospel to a to be martyred England reading the Bible in the vulgar tongue”
Franciscan did so, under the reign of (quoted from Dictionnaire de Théologie
was apprehended, Francis II;
Catholique, vol 15, col 2, p 738)s
cruelly murdered in Marguerite Le
Paris; M. Mariec, Richec, betrayed by
Bible colporteur her husband for not
from Geneva, hung attending Mass,
over a fire and hung over the fire May 1559, under
burned in Paris, and burned in Paris; Ferdinand and Elizabeth,
with two ropes of likewise a young in Valdolit, Spain, a
hay in his mouth; carpenterc in Sens; specially built gallery (for
Bibles burned with P. Miletc hung over royalty), stage, and
him; colporteur A. a fire and burned in grandstands for the
Daussic, following Paris; the deaf J. judgment on 30 Lutheran
torture to extract heretics: the Augustinian
Beffroyc burned
information on alive in Paris; P. doctor F. de Cacallac,
colaborators, two of his brothers, a
burned alive in Arondeauc burned
alive in Paris; priest F. de Biveroc (iron
Clermont; M. in his mouth) and J. de
counselor to the
Rousseauc, G. Le King, clerk of the Biveroc (to perpetual
Courtc, and P. parliament of prison), two of his sisters
Parmentierc France, after a long Blanchec and
burned alive for process, A. du Constancec, and the
having a Prayer Bourgcr, hung over bones of his mother;
meeting in Paris; J. a fire naked and priest A. Perezc; Also D. A. Verdicktc,
Ysabeauc burned burned alive in P. Sarmientoc, his wife,
brother of G.
alive in Tours Paris; A. Coiffierc above, was
Mencia de Figueroac, D. also taken and
martyr in Danmartin;
L. de Roxasc, Anne burned at the
1559 bookseller J. Judetc
burned alive in Henriquesc, C. del stake; B. le
Campoc, C. de Padillac, Hevc quietly
Paris; T. Moutardec
A. de Huezueloc (iron in decapitated to
burned alive in
his mouth), Catherine avoid suspicion
Valenciennes; A. de
in Brussels
Richieudc, beat to Romainc, F. Erremc,
death and Catherine Ortegac,
disemboweled in Isabella de Stradac,
Draguignan Jeanne Velasquesc, an
ironworkerc, [a
Portuguese Jew] C.
Vaesc, Jeanne de
Sylvac [wife of de Bivero
above], Leonoro de
Lisverosc [wife of
Huezuelo above], Marina
de Sajavedrac, D.
Quadrac, Marie de
Rojasc, A. Dominiquec,
[Englishman] A. Basorc;
1 condemned to be
burned alive (A.
Marcgrave
Huezuelo), 13
(Anvers)
condemned to be
passed Law to
[U.S. law to strangled then burned,
catch those
1559 assemble the rest to do perpetual
who assembled
peaceably] penance in prison; 37
unlawfully, with
others remained in prison
a financial
until another event was
reward
planed
The Cardinal of Second “event” under
Loraine, the Duke Ferdinand and Isabella: Adrianc,
of Guise, and the from the church in Seville: betrayed by his
Duke of Nemours, J. P. de Leonc burned father, and
conspire to keep the alive; J. Gonzaluec Henryc were
newly named strangled and and burned

1559 burned alive in
Huguenots from alive with 5 women: Anvers; C.
appealing their case Isabel de Vaeniac, Maria Halewync and
to the King; the de Viroesc, Corneliac, H. Janssenc
Huguenot leaders
Marie de Bohorchesc, strangled, half
were massacredc and
her sister Joannec, burned, left on
Julien Hernandesc, J. de a wheel as a
trophy to
Death of King Leonc, and escaped Marcgrave’s
Francois II allowed monk Jean Hernandesc brutality in
some peace for (having been in Frankfort Anvers
Reformed churches and Geneva); Francisca
in France, as the de Chavesc burned alive,
Parliament of medical doctor C. de
1559 France called for an
end to persecution Losadac, C. de
until the Arellanioc; herein
determination of a Crespin had no further
Council on the information on the
issuec hundreds imprisoned and
condemned by these
masters of inquisition,
fear, and repression
In Flanders, C. de In Rome, Italy,
Axiom 3 and 4 of the Jesuits, published in
Quekerec, J. Dienssartc, pastor trained
Cologne (1560)c: in and Geneva
“3. That it is not-at-all for the political and Jeanne de
Bourgeois, J.
Magistrates to mix themselves with or gain Salomezc strangled,
English Geneva
Knox drew up a
partially burned, cut into L. Pascalc,
1560 knowledge of the doctrine that is proposed Summary of
Bible completed thirds and buried; J. detained,
to the people: but that this solicitude is Doctrine tortured, found
delegated to the priests. That upon issues Herwinc converted in guilty of
of religion, the only duty of the Magistrates London, arrested and Lutheranism,
is, to execute the rebellious and burned alive in Flanders; strangled while
contradictory of the Roman seat. Jean de Cruesc turned preaching
“4. In confering the doctrine of the Church over to Inquisitor of before his
with the rules of the word of God, whoever Flanders, Renay, partially death, then
finds them in discord, contradicts those of strangled and burned in burned before
the Pope, ought to be exterminated from Belle, buried by friends Pope Pius IV
the midst of men, either by sword or by English and a number
Crespin published
fire, so that peace and tranquility may be Geneva of Cardinals
1560 a Latin version of
conserved. If so had occurred 40 years Bible
his martyrology
ago in the location of Luther and his published
sectarians, it would have been seen for a
long time that there would have been a
restitution of Ecclesiastical repose so
desired.”
J. de Loc burned alive in Mathurinc and
L’isle; 27 year old J. de his wifec, J. de
Boscherec secretly Carquignanc
drowned and stabbed in from the valley
Anvers; J. Keyserc of Lucerne
drowned and hung on a (Piedmont)
post, then buried; P. burned alive
Annoodc and D.
Gallandc arrested on trip Some
to England, tortured, Waldenses

burned, strangled, bodies converted to
placed on display on tall Rome, others
Queen Mary fled, the
stakes in Dunkirk; J. des
Crespin added Stuart arrived in remainder were
1561 Book 4 to his Scotland and Buissonsc decapitated in
prison at night; further severely
French martyrology opposed reforms of persecuted;
Knox persecution in L’Isle: P. le
e.g. Pastor
Petitc, burned alive; S. Jean roasted in
Guilminc and J. Denisc a fire; 60 died;
(22 years old), burned they sought to
alive; S. Hermec, burned defend
alive; at Anvers, an themselves;
assembly of 4-500 the Duke of
believers meeting in the Savoy sent in
woods was broken up by 4-5,000 troops
Le Drossard, 5 were to bring them
taken, 4 were released, under
B. de Hoyec (24 years subjection of
old) was decapitated;
Charles IX called Reformed pastor/ J. de Lannoyc lifted up Rome; rapping,
Menno Simons died an Assembly of evangelist went to and burned in Tournay persecuting,
of natural causes (!) the royal court, Vaissy, Burgundy and burning
1561 in Wustenfelde, cardinals and (near birthplace of took place;
Holstein, Germanym theologians of the “Bloody” Mary I of 100+ died
Roman church (40- England?) to plant a
50 in all), with 12 church, Oct 12th,
Reformed pastors which grew to 500-
and 20 delegates 600 within a week,
(de Bèze as their and needed to meet
spokesman) “to outside; 900 took June 5, 1561, treaty of the
bring peace and communion on Dec Duke of Savoy declared in
unity in the 25th favor of the “Waldensian”
1561
kingdom”c Churches of the Piedmont, as
they were unable to take their
valley (lasted about 1 year)c
19 April, the Prince 8 Oct, C.

March 1, the Duke
1561 Assembly resulted in of Guise and 200 of Condé wrote the Elinckc
22 May, T.
the 14 articles of the “Edict men ransacked the Queen Mother to secretly
Wateletc drowned in
of January“ [1562]c (written Vaissy church April 10, the bring order;
burned alive in Honscot; 10
to trouble the Reformed meeting, Cardinal of Guise, apparently with no Liege after 4
churches) stipulating: massacring 50- archibishop of result [a fore- Oct F. Varlutc
years of
-No services in any town Sens, and his shadowing of the and A. Daykec
60c, 250 others St. Bartholomew
imprisonment;

-No carrying of weapons stabbed and priests, led a 15 Aug, J. de beheaded in
-No business meetings procession to the massacre to come; Tournay; A.
delimbed who was her Namurc placed
without presence of a royal place where the Carronc
confessor?] in a used resin
delegate Huguenot church chased down in
1562 barrel over a
-Ministers must give an oath had met outside The King of France with
of loyalty before royal official Sens (in obedience France was fire; Florentinc
Renaudine sw
-No preaching against the to the Edict); finding accused of of Cologne
hung in St. Francvillec,
Mass and other ceremonies no one there, they favoritism for the Renaudine
of the Church of Rome returned to Sens to “Edict of Nicolas; the
May 8, Pastor L. blind A. martyred,
-Prohibition against murder dozens and January”c Carron burned
unauthorized itinerant Morelc (of Vaissy) pillage the Michelc
Cardinal of Guise in part while he
preaching released from jail suspected tortured,
had sought to take was praying;
-Prohibition against hiding a Huguenots in town part in the strangled, and
Barbe and
fugitive from the law [i.e. burned in
Augsburg Jacqueline de
travelling evangelist]c Tournay
Confession by St. Amand
dissimulationc drownedc
A triumverate F. du Calvet forsook his In Marseille, At Rouen, A.
established themselves office as the Bishop of May 1, J. de Marloratc, minister
to exterminate the Montauban to become a Vegac killed by and former
1562 Reformed churches; Huguenot Pastor, was mob; May 7, A. Augustinian, N.
Civil War erupted in married; 10 June
France, as the Duke of arrested, 27 June Vazec and 15 yr Cottonc, Soccansc,
Guise began to condemned to be hung, old nephewc and the Lord of
massacre Huguenots in strangled, and goods killed; others Mandrevillec
Cahors, Carcassone, confiscated, which took killed: J. Garinc, decapitated or hung
1562 and elsewherec place in Toulousec G. Olivaric, H.
Pastouretc, and
L. Romilletc
Civil war waged by the
Duke of Guise
continued
The Spanish
Charles IX promulgated the In Poland, as the Gospel Inquisition burned
edict De pacification which was bearing fruit under alive many suspects
led to further attrocities by the reign of Sigismond, of heresyc
Reformed pastor when his son became
those of La Saincte Ligue At Tournay [Belgium],
from Paris, La king, several heretical
[The holy league]c Roche-Chandieu G. Cornuc, elder of
teachers ruined within
wrote, History of the church, strangeld
the church, being
1563 the persecutions and burned; W.
Stancarus and an Italian
Rape and murder committed and martyrs of the named Blandrata (a Oomc and J. de
against Huguenots in Le church of Paris Socinian like Servetus); Wolfc drowned in
Maine, Tours, Chateau de [added to then the Tartars and Anvers prison; N. de
Loir, Vendome, Blois, Crespin’s 1570 ed] Moscovites invaded la Tombec and the
Bourgogne, Dijon, Poland extirminating lame R. du Montc
Languedoc, Provencec over 20,000 peoplec burned alive in
Tournay
Council of Trent rendered
M. Robillardc arrested binding upon all Catholics by
in Tournay, held Pope Pius IV (hence it was
1564 prisoner 1½ years, deemed binding on all
Coun- J. Mutonisc, burned alive at the baptized Christians); council
cil of former Dominican J. de Madocc, marketplace; in required absolute
Trent Calvin (~55 yrs turned pastor, pastor, arrested in Tournay, H. submission to the Pope and
hung in Provence Lorraine, strangled
Ren- old) died Destailleurc and J. to all of Rome’s decrees
(4 Feb), without in secret, and
dered Picc, arrested with a In Flandres, J. Catelc,
Bind- trial, for thrown into bushes
Geneva book and a having taken his children to
ing evangelizing
letter from Anvers, Germany, returned and was
burned alive at the arrested in Lisle, where he
marketplace was burned alive over a slow
fire
At Anvers, C. Smitc, The fourth rule of Pius IV’s
former Carmelite, Index (of prohibited books)
1564 Reformed pastor in stated, “Experience proves
[End of Anvers, betrayed by a that if we allow the
Cres- false seeker, tortured indescriminate reading of the
pin, Bk when questioned, a riot Bible in the vulgar tongue, it
VII] occurred at his burning, leads to temerity [rashness
resulting in his being or boldness] among men
stabbed by the
more for evil than for good”s
executioner
In Tournay, former Following the decrees of the
1564
[Cres- Crespin published Franciscan P. Milletc, Council of Trent the
called “Horseman”, Cardinal A. Perrenot
pin, Bk 8th book of his
VIII martyrology married, studied as a established new bishops as
begins] minister, tormented and inquisitors in the major cities
burned alive of the Low Lands
Former Reformed preacher
turned inquisitor at Renay in J. De Gravec,
Pierre de la Place Flanders, Titelman, arrested arrested for suspicion
wrote, of heresy, and for not
1565
Farel (~76 yrs old)
Commentary on J. de Cruelc, one who had at
died baptizing his child at
the state of religion one time recanted, was
the Catholic church,
and the republic sentenced to death, which he
was strangled and
protested; he was beheaded
burned in Flanders
in Renay
L. de Blekerec, from
There was a Flanders, accused by his wife An illiterate man, 70
measure of peace and mother-in-law, strangled, years old, saved in
1566 for the Reformed partially burned, and left his later years, J.
churches in France hanging; buried by Desreneauxc, burned
from 1565-1566 sympathizers who were then alive in Lisle
arrested
Following a request
Four men, M. Bayartc, C. du from 200 Bourgeois of
Flotc, J. Datricourtc, and N. the Lowlands, to
Tourneminec, arrested for moderate the law
1566
giving a pamphlet to someone called “Les placards”
open to the Gospel, burned of the King of Spain,
alive in Lisle ithe law was rather
made more severe
J. Tuscaenc, 22 years old
chose a feast day to enter a Agreements signed
Church and take the hoste and King Philip put
1566 from the priest and trample it, an end of the Spanish
his hand was cut off, he was inquisition in the
burned alive, and his ashes Lowlands
were thrown in the river
M. Bardelotsc imprisoned Further attrocities and
and hung in Flanders for sacking took place
1566
preaching where it was not against the Reformed
allowed in Anvers
Others martyred in
Queen Mary Pastors G. de Bresc, P. de la Valenciennes: M.
abdicated throne; Grangec, and others arrested Herlinsc (father and
M. Tachardc, Parliament
minister from after the siege of son), and J. Mahievc,
1567 declared Valenciennes, hung; when decapitated, as well
Montauban, hung “Reformed Church”
in Toulouse Guy was hung, he fell off the as M. de la Hayec, P.
as official in ladder and led to a stampede
Scotland in which many were killed de la Ruec, and F.
Pattouc
J. le Seurc and J. Catteuc, Four drowned in
former monks, tortured and Venice inquisition: J.
1567 hung in Cambray; N. du Puisc Guirlaudac, A.
tortured and hung in Artois Ricettoc, F. Segac,
under one of the new Bishops and F. Spinolac
(former priest)
The new Duke of Alve

showed his power by hanging Several days later, in
in Bruxelles Reformed Bruxelles, were
Bishops’ noblemen and church leaders: decapitated two
1568 Bible Gc. and Tc. de Battembourg Counts: of Edmondc
published and of Hornec; J. Le
(two brothers), P. Dendelotc,
Grain killed by the
P. Winglec, M. Cockc, J.
sword in Bruxelles
Formaultc, and othersc;
In civil war of the Prince of
Orange, several died in Liege
1568 for the Gospel: C. de
Lesennec (a minister) and M.
Charlesc
Six bourgeois decapitated by In Tournay, M. de
the Duke of Alve in Lanoyc and J. Le
Lembourg: decapitated: H, Greanc burned alive
Hueschc and G. Frekinc; with mouths strapped
Crespin King’s author P. tongues branded, partially as do the Spaniards;
republished the Hamonc strangled burned, and hung outside the
1569 English Geneva G. Touardc, 80 years
in Paris; N. city: F. Nizec, T. Tolmontc, old, could not stand
[End of Bible (privilege of
Cres- John Bodley; 4 vols Croquetc, Pc. and and a thirdc; and burned when preparing for
pin, Bk dated 1568, 1569, Rc. de alive: J. van Akenc; surgeon the burning, was
VIII] 1560) with the Gastines(father M. Guillaumec decapitated returned to prison
Psalms in typical and son), strangled where he was
“Geneva” verse and hung in Paris Confession regarding drowned; J. Sorretc
believer’s baptism by the burned alive; P.
Anabaptist J. de Roore while Cottreelc tongue
b
in a prison in Flanders pierced and burned
alive
Crespin completed Peace of Saint-
Book 8 of his Germain-en-Laye
books, History of put an end to the
1570
the True Witnesses Third War of
to the Truth of the Religion on 8
Gospel August 1570
The Huguenot
Admiral Gaspard
de Coligny was
1571
readmitted into the
king's council, Sept
1571
1572 Despite a vow of Pope Gregory XIII
St. safe passage for a minted a medallion J. Wouterss can
Bar- royal wedding, to honor the Kuyckb arrested for
tho- approx. 100,000 massacre of being rebaptized
Crespin died (12
lomew Huguenots killed in Protestants in
April)
Mas- Paris and France, inscribed
sacre surroundings on St. Ugonottorum strages
in Bartholomew Day 1572 [Huguenots
Paris Massacre (24 Aug) slaughtered 1572]
Table of Notations for Specific Sources

a = J.-H. Merle d’Aubigny, Histoire de la Réformation du Seizième Siècle, 4 vols (Paris: Firmin Didot Frères, 1867).
b = Thieleman J. van Braght, The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror of the Defenseless Christians Who Baptized Only Upon the Confession of Faith, and Who Suffered and Died
for the Testimony of Jesus, Their Savior, From the Time of Christ to the Year A.D. 1660, trans from the Dutch by Joseph Sohm, 2nd English edition (1660; 1837; 1886;
Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2007).
b2 = E. H. Broadbent, The Pilgrim Church (1931; Grand Rapids: Gospel Folio, 1999).
c = Jean Crespin’s Histoire des vrais tesmoins de la verite de l’evangile, qui de leur sang l’ont signée, depuis Jean Hus iusques autemps present [History of the True Witnesses
to the Truth of the Gospel, Who with Their Blood Signed, from John Hus to the Present Time] (Geneva: Crespin, 1570; Liège: Centre nationale de recherches d’histoire
religieuse, 1964).
d = Bibliography of Jean Duvernoy (http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/auteur/biblio_duvernoy_2002.pdf) [inquisitions were only listed in chronology if they had dates associated with
them. However, once an inquisitor became established in a particular city, it was generally a perpetual office, whether or not records are extant].
d2 = Georgene Webber Davis, The Inquision at Albi, 1299-1300, from Studies in History, Economics, and Law, No. 538 (New York: Columbia Unversity, 1948).
f = John Foxe, Acts and Monuments (1570).
h = Léon-E. Halkin, “Table alphabétique des noms de personnes et de lieux du martyrologe de Jean Crespin” [Alphebetical table of the names of people and of places in the
martyrology of Jean Crespin] (Liège: Centre national de recherches d’histoire religieuse, 1964).
h2 = Léon-E. Halkin, “Hagiography Protestant” [Protestant hagiography], in “Mélanges Paul Peeters, 2”, Analecta Bollandiana (Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes, 1950), 68:453-
63.
h3 = Léon-E. Halkin, Initiation à la Critique Historique [An initiation to historical criticism] (Paris: Armand Colin, 1963).
j = James Hastings, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (1928).
l = Daniel Lortsch, Histoire de la Bible en France [History of the Bible in France] (Paris: Sociéty biblique, 1910); accessed: 4 March 2005; from: http://www.bibliquest.org/
Lortsch/Lortsch-Histoire_Bible_France-2.htm; Internet.
l2 = Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3 vols (1887; New York : Russell, 1955).
m = J. C. Wenger, ed., The Complete Writings of Menno Simons (Scottdale, PN: Herald Press, 1956, 1984).
m2 = Samuel Morland, History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont (London, 1658; Gallatin, TN: Church History Research and Archives, 1982).
o = Zoé Oldenbourg, “Chronological Table,” in The Massacre of Montségur, Peter Green, trans (New York: Pantheon, 1962), 390-95; translation of Le Bucher de Montségur
(Paris: Gallimard, 1959).
o2 = Jean Odol, “L’acte de naissance des échêvés Cathares: La charte de niquinta, Saint-Félix, 1167” [the birthing act (or articles of incorporation) of the cathar bishoprics: the
chart of Niquinta, Saint Felix, 1167]; from: http://www.couleur-lauragais.fr/pages/journaux/2005/cl69/histoire.html; accessed 21 Sept 2007.
p = Franck Puaux, Histoire de la Réformation Française [History of the French Reformation], 6 vols (Paris: Michel Lévy, 1859-1862).
r = Matthieu LeLièvre, Portraits et récits Huguenots [Huguenot portraits and accounts], premiere série (Toulouse, Société des Livres Religieux, 1903).
s = Histoire du Livre Saint en France [History of the Holy Book in France], from: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/hlybk/bible/ france.htm; accessed 2 February 2005; Internet.
s2 = Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi, History of the Crusades against the Albigenses, in the Thirteenth Century (London: Wightman and Cramp, 1826; New York:
AMS, 1973).
s3 = Philip Schaff, ed., [The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge] A Religious Encyclopedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology:
Based on the Real-Encyklopadie of Herzog, Plitt, and Hauck, 3rd Edition, 4 vols (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1891).
t = Thomas Armitage, History of the Baptists, revised and enlarged (New York: Bryan, Taylor, 1889).
w = David Watson, “The Martyrology of Jean Crespin and the Early French Evangelical Movement, 1523-1555,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of St. Andrews, 1997.
61
y = Roy Lutz Winters, Francis Lambert of Avignon (1487-1530): A Study in Reformation Origins (Philadelphia: United Lutheran Publication House, 1938).
z = Monique Zerner, ed., Inventer l’hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’inquisition [Inventing heresy? Polemic discourses and powers before the inquisition],
Collection du centre d’études médiévales de Nice, vol. 2 (Paris: C.I.D., 1998).
z2 = Monique Zerner, L’histoire de catharisme en discussion [The history of Catharism in discussion] (Nice 2001).
Several Closing Observations

• Disclaimer: some dates may vary.
• As far as inquisition records: Prior to 1962 some inquisition records were kept sealed in various libraries (Vatican, as well as perhaps Paris and Madrid). There was only one
extant inquisition record known to Henry Charles Lea, as recorded in his three volume A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (1887; New York: Russell, 1955). Then a
German publication in 1930 complained that the inquisition records were kept under lock and key in the Vatican archives (see L. Pastor, Histoire des Papes, trans A. Poizat
[Paris, 1930], 12:916; quoted in Léon-E. Halkin, Initiation à la Critique Historique [Paris: Armand Colin, 1963], 212). Halkin noted, “When will the Catholics make the St.
Bartholemew a day of reparation? I will not push the history of religious intolerance to the point of the St. Bartholemew. It is the central problem of the inquisition that I wish to
address, without hatred and without taking sides. If the inquisition does not justify itself, she can be explained. She would explain herself better and more easily if the archives
were open to historians: legend is more dangerous than history” (ibid., 199; translation mine). Apparently, certain of the records were made available. This was the life work of
Jean Duvernoy. Anne Brenon wrote of the inquisition archives, “Paradoxically, it was in the publication and study of the inquisition archives that opened the first flaw of this wall
of certainty [as to the heretical nature of the Albigenses].” (Anne Brenon, Les Archipels Cathares [Cahors, France: Dire, 2000], 13. Translation mine).
o Henry Charles Lea, in his A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (1887; 1955 [1:549-50]) went to pains to laud the character of inquisitor Bernard de Caux, and to
deny the report that he sent 637 persons to death (by the secular arm) during his inquisitorial efforts in Toulouse, as was reported by Dom Brial, in Recueil des Historiens
des Gaules (21:xxiii). Of the hundreds [or thousands] of inquisition records written, the records of Bernard de Caux were the only ones available to Lea at the time of his
writing. One wonders why his record was released, of all the possible records that are/were hidden in the Vatican library (remembering the burning of the records from the
National Library in Paris after the fall of Napoleon).
o As regards the destruction of manuscripts: Hélène Kern in her introduction to Antoine Court’s (d. 1760) brief biography of Claude Brousson (d. 1698), spoke of the
destruction of manuscripts, even in the municipal library of Geneva: “This is the reason why everything that touches on French Protestantism is surrounded with mystery
which is complete, and the documents, that were held as compromising, were most often destroyed” (Hélène Kern, “Introduction,” in Antoine Court, Claude Brousson
[Paris: Librairie Protestante, 1961], 11).
• Léon-E. Halkin, professor at the University of Liège, Belgium, studied Crespin’s martyrology, after years of study of 16th Century Liège. He published his thoughts about Crespin
in “Les martyrologes et la critique,” in Mélanges Historiques (Lausanne: Faculté de théologie de l’église évangélique libre du canton de Vaud, 1952), 52-72:
o Regarding Crespin’s authenticity: “Our research was limited to the Low Lands—in the larger sense of the term [i.e. Belgium and the Netherlands]—and it covered thrity
years. In each one of these cases, of which the enumeration is joined to the present expose, the martyrologies were revealed as documents of varying value but of true
importance for religious history” (ibid., 69. trans mine).
o Regarding the the number of martyrs in Crespin: “For only one principality, our personal research convinced us that the number of martyrs known through the martyrologies
must be multiplied at least by ten” (ibid., 66. trans mine); Watson wrote, “For the Parlement of Dijon, Crespin was aware of 82% of those executed, whereas he knew only
of 14% of those codemned to death by the Parlement of Rouen, and 13% of those executed by the Parlement of Toulouse” (David Watson, “The Martyrology of Jean
Crespin and the Early French Evangelical Movement, 1523-1555,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of St. Andrews, 1997).
• Of Jean Crespin’s martyrology: Most martyrdoms here recorded (beginning in William Sautree martyred in London, 1400) were collated by the Geneva printer Jean Crespin in
his Histoire des vrais tesmoins de la verite de l’evangile, qui de leur sang l’ont signée, depuis Jean Hus iusques autemps present [History of the True Witnesses to the Truth of
the Gospel, Who with Their Blood Signed, from John Hus to the Present Time] (Geneva, 1570; Liège, 1964), with additional sources used for Anabaptists. One of the main
sources for martyrs during the reign of Queen Mary in England was Foxe’s Book of Martyrs. Foxe had received information of official records of Queen Mary’s reign after her
62
death from Edmund Grindal. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs was first published in Latin as Commentarii rerum in ecclesia gestrarum in 1554 (thus not including any of the killings from
Queen Mary’s reign).
o It is clear from these sources and from common sense that they could only write about those things of which they knew and could corroborate. It is therefore likely that the
numbers of martyrs are much greater (as noted below by Halkin), especially from Catholic lands, as few people were able to record or communicate the deaths of martyrs
due to religious oppression, the censorship of unapproved writings, and the explicit desire of Rome that the memory of the heretics be erased.
o It has been noted by several (Monter, Mentzer [see below]) that official judicial records of various city parliaments of France were lost or destroyed. In these cases, Crespin
is used as the best historical record. Roman censorship of heretics began in 1184 when Pope Lucius III condemned anyone who loved the Bible or taught doctrines
contrary to the Catholic church to excommunication and punishment by the secular powers of Roman Emperor Frederick I, normally to be burned alive (after the printing
press, these prohibitions were expanded to include authors, pseudonym authors, and their publishers).
o There was another category of martyrdoms that may easily be forgotten in the rhetoric as to the veracity of the martyrologists—the mob violence massacres. In France, as
well as perhaps in other countries of continental Europe, there were occasional massacres, such as those against the entire populations of Béziers in 1209, Avignonet in
1242, Montségur in 1244, and Merindol and Cabrière in 1545; or such as massacres in numerous towns in Southern France from 1209-1226 (followed by inquisition), and
the “Dragonnades” led by the Guise family, with massacres in Vaissy and Sens in 1562. Because little or no official action was taken to prosecute the perpetrators,
knowledge of these massacres is scant. They did, however, result in numerous martyrs for “religion” or the Gospel.
o Burning at the stake was an effective way to obliterate the reputation of, knowledge of, and memory of a martyr; eye witnesses being threatened with a similar fate were
terrorized into silence and subservience; additionally, eye witnesses had a pornographic and debased view of the burning martyr (as clothing burns first); it must be
remembered that martyrdoms were held in places where the Roman Catholic church had complete autocratic control of the “two swords”—spiritual and secular (cf.
Boniface VIII, Unum Sanctum [18 Nov., 1302]).
o The burning of writings of a supposed heretics went back to the burning of the writings of Nestorius (375-451). It was another method of obliterating knowledge and
memory of martyrs, as was the case for John Wycliffe; knowledge was controlled by controlling the printing presses, as for example the Pope controlled the printing
presses in all of Western Europe before the Reformation, this is why very little is known of the Paulicians and the so-called Albigenses, more is known of the Waldenses as
their churches remain to this day; a free press takes on new meaning in light of this autocratic control of knowledge with its accompanying religious oppression and control
of conscience.
• Martyrdoms are now known only if there was a record of them; hence the martyrdom of thousands of Albigenses and Waldenses were lost in the sands of time, as were the
martyrdoms of unknown Huguenots in France and Anabaptists in Austria-Germany; simultaneously there was and is a constant effort to call the few records that do remain
invented, exaggerated, Protestant propaganda, or economically-motivated. The downplaying of these accusations in the U.S.A. began with professors of Church history in the
late 19th Century, Philip Schaff and Henry Charles Lea (these are the kind of men that are generally published). Because of these type of late 19th Century writings and because
of the constant denials of Roman Catholic church historians, broad-minded American Evangelical authors by the mid-20th Century virtually ignored the martyrdoms of their
theological predecessors, nor did they consider the ecclesial or political impact of their deaths. Because of this ignorance, it is no surprise, therefore, that the U.S. (regional)
Evangelicals-Catholics Together statement was signed by some Evangelicals in 1994.
• In Crespin: The spelling of names may vary, due to translating from English into French and/or Latin and back into English, as well as the fact that Crespin was working from a
Middle French alphabet where a “U” was a “V”, a “W” was “V V”, “J” was an “I”, a middle “s” is an “f”, etc. (e.g. ANTOINE BVRVVARD = Antoine Burward, THOMAS Fuffe = Thomas
Fusse = Thomas Fust; ETIENNE HARVVOD = Stephen Harwood) ; the names of cities and towns in England are notoriously misspelled in comparison to contemporary
orthography; the countries in which certain towns were located also varied, as borders changed with various kings, weddings, and wars. Léon-E. Halkin, professor at the
University of Liège, Belgium, did a wonderful job researching each name, published in his “Table alphabétique des noms de personnes et de lieux du martyrologe de Jean
Crespin” (Liège: Centre national de recherches d’histoire religieuse, 1964).
• A higher percentage of English martyrs (listed on this chart) are people of ecclesial or societal position; whereas most of the French martyrs tended to be common folk,
probably because some of the sources for Crespin’s information were the common folk fleeing for safety to Geneva. Crespin’s sources for the English martyrs were taken from
Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and from other sources.
• About martyrs:
63
o The ancillary writings included in Crespin show that each martyr had his own existential story. In a sea of names and numbers the individual lives and stories of the martyrs
are easily forgotten.
o Virtually all the martyrs went through grueling individual (completely alone) interrogations with monks and priests designed to get them to recant their faith at any cost—to
the point where some had only to say “Jesus Mary” to be strangled prior to their burning.
• Three categories of people not included as martyrs were: (1) those who were unknown; (2) those who were sentenced to life rowing on the galleys for France or Italy, and (3)
those who recanted their believe in “salvation by faith alone,” “the uselessness of the Mass,” or some other contested aspect of Roman Catholicism (clearly enumerated in the
Council of Trent) after they were arrested for heresy. Although, in this regard, the French Bishop Briçonnet of Meaux was martyred after his third recantation, as one cannot
believe someone who denies their own faith. It must also be remembered that official court records were destroyed for certain peiods in many towns (Jean-François Gilmont,
“Les centres d’intérêt du martyrologe de Jean Crespin [1554-1570] révélés par la cartographie et les statistiques,” Miscellanea historiae ecclesiasticae, Vol 5, Issue 61, 358-69;
Raymond A. Mentzer, Jr., Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500-1560 [Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984]; William Monter, “Les exécutés pour hérésie par
arrêt du Parlement de Paris (1523-1560),” Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, 142 (1996), 191-224), and that the Presidential Courts instituted by
Henry II, king of France, kept no records. It goes without saying that mass violence and vigilante attacks were rarely recorded in official government court records.
• By the way, it must be remembered that there were martyrs for the Gospel in Spain up to the 1824, as reported in The Columbian Star (1824, 77).
• It is interesting to note that this color chart has the appearance of a “Trail of Blood.”
64

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Inquisition and Martyrdom

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I N Q U I S I T I O N A N D M A R T Y R D O M (1002 to 1572)

Being a Historical Study of Evangelism and Its Repression

& A Critical Edition Chronological Chart of European Christianity

All rights reserved

Third Lateran Council (art. 27) named “the loathsome heresy of

Pope Alexander III launched another preaching crusade against the

French Prince Louis joined crusade

1222 Death of Raymond VI (Aug)o Deacon burned at Oxford

Pons de Parnac and Ferrer conducted inquisitions in

Montségur following the murder of 11 inquisitors in

Bernard de Caux conducted his inquisition in

France (continued into the 1250s)d

Aragonese Inquisition established

Capture of Quéribus, 11 years of

In Cambray [Belgium], Jacobines

Italian physician in Paris, Gerard

Letter of Pope Alexander IV to the

Records of inquisitions of Pierre de Fenouillet and Hugue de Saissacd

inquisition in Carcassonne (Registre

Arsieu, H. Amiel, and H. Bouniolsd

Fenouillet and Hugue de Saissacd

Plassac, Pons de Parnac, P.

Second Council of Lyons reaffirmed celibacy of priests,

Consultation of four Bishops (Narbonne, Arles,

Seine conducted inquisitionsd

Records of inquisitions of Pierre de Fenouillet and Hugue de

(temporary move closer to the disputed territory with the

Beaune Bernard Gui, persecution of the

1319 conducted Inquisitor of Waldenses in France

1326 È A so-called heretical sect

Roman Papacy reinstated

[the Avignon location had begun to achieve its purpose?]

Roman Papacy reinstated

Avignon Papacy continued

Roman Papacy continued

Pisan Papacy continued

1421 J. Purveyc died in prison after 25 years of In Flanders, many Waldenses

1423 H. Radtgeberb burned in Ratisbonne

1426 P. Toraw [Torea]b martyred in Spire

1427 J. Savonarolab burned alive in

1457 Many Waldensesb put to death in

A Waldensian burned L. Vallab arrested for repudiating

B. Liblinensisb taught:: (1) That it is impossible that the whole

About 350 Two brethrenb and

Menno Simons married Gertrude m

Crespin Since the

[strategically located between Rome and

in an area controlled by Austria]

Menno Simons fled

Against the desires Second French

Council of Trent Continued

Council of Trent Continued

M. Dymonetcr N. Nailc arrested King Edward died;

Council of Trent Continued

M Bucer’sc and P Fagius’c bodies Also martyred in July, J.

the Gospel from Butler , T. Osmond ; J. Bradfordc and

J. Bert- Martyrs: March 24, Salisbury: Spicerc, Maundrellec,

Council of Trent Continued

In Brazil, P. Hamelincr, Burned at the stake C. Conickc (Le

Council of Trent Continued

J. Barbevillecr N. Ballonc, Bible

Council of Trent Continued

Council of Trent Continued