Hints And Tricks In Chemistry

Important Points From Homeostasis:

👉 There are two designs of nervous system in the
Animal Kingdom
1) Diffused nervous system
2) Centrallized nervous system
👉 In diffused nervous system brain and nerves are
absent.It is present in Cnidarians like Hydra, jelly
fish etc
👉 In centrallized nervous system, brain and nerves
are present. It is present from platyhelminthes to
chordates including humans.
👉 Marine perches, Saw fish and Cat fish are
osmoregulators.
👉 Hag fish, Shark and Skates are osmoconformers.
👉 Osmolarity of sea water is very high and about
1000mOsm/L while blood osmolarity of marine
animals range between 200 to 300mOsm/L.
👉 In the plants, leaves are called the
excretophores because they contain waste
materials and in the Autumn season they become
yellow and fall from the trees.
👉 Uric acid can be eliminated with 1/50 quantity
of water as compared to urea and 1/500 quantity of
water as compared to ammonia.
👉 Urea can be eliminated with 1/10 quantity of
water as compared to ammonia.
👉 The weight of kidneys is less than 1% of the
total body weight.
👉 The kidneys receive about 20% of the blood
coming from the heart each time it beats.
👉 The rate of the blood flow through both kidneys
is approximately 1.2 L/min .
👉 Internal urethral sphincter is made up of smooth
muscles and is involuntary in action.
👉 External urethral sphincter is made up of
skeletal muscles and is voluntary in action.
👉 Vasa recta is only present in juxtamedullaries
nephrons and absent in cortical nephrons.
👉 Descending limb of the loop of henle is highly
permeable to water while ascending limb is
impermeable to water.
👉 Hydrogen ions are secreted from the blood
capillaries to the renal tubules.Due to these ions
pH of urine is acidic while pH of the blood is
alkaline.
pH of urine=6.0 to 6.8
pH of blood=7.4 to 7.6
👉 ESWL technique is used for urinary stones less
than 2cm in size while PCNL technique is used for
urinary stone more than 2cm or for multiple larger
stones.
👉 Function of the kidneys is measured in GFR
(Glomerular filtration rate). Normal value of GFR
is given below
For Single Kidney=40 to 60 ml/min
For Both Kidneys= 80 to 120 ml/min
👉 The first successful kidney transplantation took
place between identical twin brothers in 1954.
👉 Any kidney which is present other than normal
position is called Ectopic kidney.
👉 Bats and Humming birds are heterotherms.
👉 Humming bird is the smallest bird in the world.
Size is about 2.2 inches and weight is about 16
grams.
👉 Those plants which face 40°C or above
temperature, they produce special proteins called
"Heat Shock Proteins". These proteins prevent the
enzymes of plants from denaturation.
👉 Heat loss in the dogs occurs through panting.
👉 Heat loss in the bats occurs through salive and
urine.
👉 Antipyretic drugs such as aspirin and
paracetamol lower the set point and relief from the
unpleasant symptoms of fever but probably slow
down the normal defence mechanism.